無(wú)形資產(chǎn)英文

無(wú)形資產(chǎn)英文第1頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)2Lecture3Intangible

assets第2頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)3COMMONWEALTHOFAUSTRALIACOPYRIGHTREGULATIONS1969WARNINGThismaterialhasbeencopiedandcommunicatedtoyoubyoronbehalfofCurtinUniversityofTechnologypursuanttoPartVAofthe

CopyrightAct1968(theAct)ThematerialinthiscommunicationmaybesubjecttocopyrightundertheAct.AnyfurthercopyingorcommunicationofthismaterialbyyoumaybethesubjectofcopyrightprotectionundertheAct.Donotremovethisnotice第3頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)4ObjectivesUnderstandthekeycharacteristicsofintangibleassets.Examinetheinitialrecognitionandmeasurementcriteriaofintangibleassets.Accountingforintangiblessubsequenttoinitialrecognition.Amortisationofintangibles.第4頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)5DefinitionofintangibleassetWhatareintangibleassets?Anintangibleassetisanidentifiablenon-monetaryassetwithoutphysicalsubstance.(AASB38,Para8)Examplesinclude:Patents–governmentgranttoproduce/sellinvention,20years.Copyrights–righttoreproduce&sell(extends70yearsafterauthor’sdeath).Trademarks–distinctiveproductsorservices.Franchises–licencetosellunderspecificconditions.Research&Development–expenseresearch;recognisedevelopmentinlimitedcases.第5頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)6ApplicationofIAS38AASB38(orIAS138)appliestointangibleassetsexcept:Intangibleassetsthatareinthescopeofanotheraccountingstandard;Financialassets;Explorationandevaluationassets;andExpenditureonthedevelopmentandextractionofresources.第6頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)7ThenatureofintangibleassetsWhatismeantby“identifiability”?Paras11-12 Anassetmeetstheidentifiabilitycriterionwhenit:Isseparablei.e.iscapableofbeingdividedfromtheentityandsold,transferred,licensed,rentedorexchanged,eitherindividuallyortogetherwitharelatedcontract,identifiableassetorliability;orArisesfromcontractualorotherlegalrights,regardlessofwhetherthoserightsaretransferrableorseparablefromtheentityorfromotherrightsandobligations.第7頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)8ThenatureofintangibleassetsIdentifiabilitydistinguishesintangibleassetsfromgoodwill.Thecriterionofseparabilitytestswhetheranentitycandivideanassetfromotherassetsanddealwithitasanindividualasset.Inmostcases,separableassetsarecapableofbeingexchangedbyanentitybecausetheentityhasacontractualorlegalrighttomaketheexchange.However,somecontractuallegalrightsarenotreadilyseparablefromtheentity.e.g.somelicencesarenotseparablefromanentity.第8頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)9ThenatureofintangibleassetsWhyconsiderintangibleassetsinaseparatestandard?Intangibleassets:Lackphysicalsubstance.Assetcanbeusedatthesametimeformultiplepurposese.g.customerlist;Manyintangiblesarenotsubjecttothediminishingreturnscharacteristicofphysicalassets;e.g.softwareprogramforstudentenrolments.Intangiblesmayhavenetworkeffects;thevalueincreasesasuseincreasese.g.telephonenetwork.第9頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)10ThenatureofintangibleassetsIntangiblesmaybemoredifficulttomanageandoperatethantangibleassets;Propertyrightsarehardertodetermine;Therelationshipbetweentheinvestmentandultimatebenefitsishardtotrack.Thereisahighdegreeofuncertaintyregardingthefuturebenefitsofintangibleassets;Aredifficulttotrade.Theremaybenoactivemarketforthem.e.g.brandnames.Thesecharacteristicsmaycausedifficultieswithmeasurement,recognitionandclassification.第10頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)11ImportanceofintangiblesWhyhaveintangibleassetsbecomeimportant?Lev(2001)suggested:Intensifiedcompetitioninducedbyglobalisation,deregulation&technologicalchange.Corporateinnovationandincreasinguseofinformationtechnology.Theseeconomicforcesgiverisetoinnovation-relatedintangibles,humanresourceintangiblesandorganisationalintangibles.Lev(2001)reportedmeanmarkettobookratiosincreasedovertheperiod1977to2001reaching6:1inMarch2001.Forevery$6ofmarketvalue,$1appearsonbalancesheet;theremaining$5representintangibleassets.第11頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)12Importanceofintangibles第12頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)13RecognitionofintangibleassetsWhenshouldintangibleassetsberecognised?(Para18-21)Therecognitionofanintangibleassetrequiresanentitytodemonstratethattheitemmeets:Definitionofanintangibleasset(Para8-17);andRecognitioncriteria(Para21-23).第13頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)14RecognitionofintangibleassetsAnintangibleassetshallberecognisedif,andonlyif:(a)itisprobablethattheexpectedfutureeconomicbenefits attributedtotheassetwillflowtotheentity;and(b)thecostoftheassetcanbemeasuredreliably.thecostoftheassetcannotbereliablymeasured,anintangibleassetcannotberecognisedbecauseAASB38requiresinitialmeasurementatcost.(Para24)第14頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)15MeasurementofintangiblesInitialMeasurement:Howshouldintangibleassetsbemeasuredatinitialrecognition?(Para24)Anintangibleassetshallbemeasuredinitiallyatitscost.Separateacquisition:Para25,26,27Theprobabilityrecognitioncriterionisalwaysconsideredtobesatisfiedforseparatelyacquiredintangibleassets(Para25).Thepricepaidfortheassetautomaticallytakesintoaccounttheprobabilityofexpectedbenefitstobereceived.第15頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)16MeasurementofintangiblesThecostofaseparatelyacquiredintangibleassetcomprises:Itspurchaseprice;andAnydirectlyattributablecostofpreparingtheassetforitsintendeduseExamplesofdirectlyattributablecostsinclude:CostsofemployeebenefitsProfessionalfeesCostsoftestingExamplesofexpenditurethatarenotpartofcostofintangibleassetinclude:CostsofintroducinganewproductorserviceCostsofconductingbusinessinanewlocationAdministrationandoverheadcosts第16頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)17Businesscombinations(ii)Acquisitionaspartofabusinesscombination: Howshouldintangibleassetsbemeasuredatinitial recognition?(Para33-35)InaccordancewithIFRS3BusinessCombinations,whereanintangibleassetisacquiredaspartofabusinesscombination,thecostofthatassetisitsfairvalue.Theprobabilityrecognitioncriterionisalwaysconsideredtobesatisfiedforintangibleassetsacquiredinbusinesscombinations(Para33).Thereliabilityrecognitioncriterionisnormallymetforintangibleassetsassufficientinformationexiststomeasurereliablythefairvalueoftheasset(Para35).第17頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)18MeasurementoffairvalueHowisfairvaluemeasured?Para39,40,41 1)Quotedmarketpricesinanactivemarket.Anactivemarkethasallthefollowing(Para8):Itemstradedwithinthemarketarehomogeneous.Willingbuyers&sellersarenormallyfoundatanytime.Pricesareavailabletothepublic.Activemarketsarerareforintangibleassets. 2) Recenttransactionswherenoactivemarketexists. 3) ValuationtechniquessuchasNPVandknownratessuch asroyaltyrates.第18頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)19InternallygeneratedgoodwillWhendointernallygeneratedassetsqualifyforrecognition?

Internallygeneratedgoodwillshallnotberecognisedasanasset(Para49).Thereasonisthatinternallygeneratedgoodwillisnotidentifiablei.e.notseparable&doesnotarisefromlegal/contractualrightsanditscostcannotbereliablydetermined.UnderAASB138,recognitionrequiresthatidentifiableintangibleassetsaswellasgoodwillmustinitiallybemeasuredatcost,notfairvalue.GoodwillcanberecognisedonlywhenitisacquiredaspartofabusinesscombinationandmeasuredinaccordancewithIFRS3BusinessCombinations.

第19頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)20Recognition/measurementofinternallygeneratedintangiblesDifficulttoknowwhetherinternallygeneratedIntangibles(IGIs)qualifyforrecognition:Isthereanidentifiableasset.Determiningthecostoftheassetreliably.TodetermineifIGIsmeettherecognitioncriteria,generationofassetsareclassifiedinto:Researchphase;andDevelopmentphaseThereasonforthisisthatrecognitionofIGIsdependsonthepointoftimewhencostsaretobecapitalised.第20頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)21Recognition/measurementofinternallygeneratedintangiblesResearchisoriginalandplannedinvestigationundertakenwiththepurposeofgainingnewscientificortechnicalknowledgeandunderstanding(Para8).Developmentistheapplicationofnewresearchfindingsorotherknowledgetoaplanordesignfortheproductionofneworsubstantiallyimprovedmaterials,devices,processes,systemsorservicesbeforethestartofcommercialproductionoruse(Para8).Researchphase:nointangibleassetfromresearchisrecognised.Researchexpenditureisexpensed.第21頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)22Recognition/measurementofinternallygeneratedintangiblesDevelopmentphase:Anintangibleassetisrecognisediftheentitycandemonstratealloftheseconditions(Para57):Technicalfeasibilityofcompletingtheintangibleassetosthatitwillbeavailableforuseorsale;Itsintentiontocompletetheintangibleassetanduse/sellit;Itsabilitytouse/selltheintangibleasset;Howtheintangibleassetwillgenerateprobablefutureeconomicbenefits;Availabilityoftechnical,financialresourcestocompletedevelopmentandtouse/selltheintangibleasset;Abilitytomeasurereliablytheexpenditureattributabletointangibleassetduringdevelopment.第22頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)23Non-recognitionofinternallygeneratedintangiblesIGIscannotberecognisedinitiallyatfairvalueeveniffairvaluecanbereliablymeasured.ActivemarketsareunlikelytoexistforIGIs.However,forintangibleassetsrecognisedinbusinesscombination,itisassumedthatfairvaluecanbemeasuredwithouttheexistenceofactivemarkets.Internallygeneratedbrands,mastheads,publishingtitles,customerlistsarenotrecognisedasintangibleassets(Para63).Suchassetscanberecognisedwhenacquiredinabusinesscombination.Thereasonisthattheseitemscannotbedistinguishedfromthecostofdevelopingthebusinessasawhole(Para64).第23頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)24MeasurementsubsequenttoinitialrecognitionHowareintangibleassetsmeasuredafterinitialrecognition?Para72,75,81,82Afterinitialrecognitionatcost,anentitymustchooseforeachclassofintangibleassetswhethertomeasuretheassetsusingthecostmodelortherevaluationmodel.CostModel:Anintangibleassetshallbecarriedatitscostlessaccumulatedamortisationandanyaccumulatedimpairmentlosses.RevaluationModel:Anintangibleassetshallbecarriedatitsrevaluedamount,beingitsfairvalueatthedateofrevaluationlesssubsequentamortisationandanyaccumulatedimpairmentlosses.第24頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)25MeasurementsubsequenttoinitialrecognitionIfintangibleassets(e.g.brands,newspapermastheads,patents,trademarks)cannotberevaluedbecausethereisnoactivemarketfortheasset,theassetshallbecarriedatitscostlessanyaccumulatedamortisationandimpairmentlosses(Para78).Revaluationofintangibleassets:Increase:CRRevaluationreserveexceptforareversalofarevaluationdecreaseinwhichcaseCRRevaluationrevenueDecrease:DRRevaluationexpenseexceptforareversalofarevaluationincreaseinwhichcaseDRrevaluationreserve第25頁(yè)/共29頁(yè)26AmortisationofintangibleassetsHowareintangibleassetsamortised?Amortisationisthes