安全工程專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯

安全工程專業(yè)文獻(xiàn)翻譯 sAlthoughaccidentinvestigationisanafter-the-factapproachtohazardidentification,itisstillanimportantpartofthisprocess.Attimeshazardsexist,whichnooneseemstorecognizeuntiltheyresultinanaccidentorincident.Incomplicatedaccidentsitmaytakeaninvestigationtoactuallydeterminewhatthecauseoftheaccidentwas.Thisisespeciallytrueincaseswheredeathresultsandfewornowitnessesexist.Anaccidentinvestigationisafact-findingprocessandnotafault-findingprocesswiththepurposeofaffixingblame.Theendofanyresultofanaccidentinvestigationshouldbetoassurethatthetypeofhazardoraccidentdoesnotexistoroccurinthefuture.Yourcompanyshouldhaveaformalizedaccidentinvestigationprocedure,whichisfollowedbyeveryone.Itshouldbespelledoutinwritingandendwithawrittenreportusingasafoundationofyourstandardcompanyaccidentinvestigationform.Itmaybeyourworkers’compensationformoranequivalentfromyourinsurancecarrier.Accidentsandevennearmissesshouldbeinvestigatedbyyourcompanyifyouareintentonidentifyingandpreventinghazardsinyourworkplace.ThousandsofaccidentsoccurthroughouttheUnitedStateseveryday.Thefailureofpeople,equipment,supplies,orsurroundingstobehaveorreactasexpectedcausesmostoftheaccidents.Accident ccurByusingtheinformationroughaninvestigationasimilaroredisastrousaccidentmaybeccidentinvestigationsshouldbewithaccidentpreventioninmindInvestigationsarenottoplaceblame.AnaccidentisanyunplannedeventthatpersonalinjuryorinpropertynthepersonalinjuryrequireseornotreatmentitisminorIfitsinafatalityorinapermanenttotaltpartialortemporarytotallostsabilityitisseriousSimilarlydamagemaybeminororseriouseallaccidentregardlessofthefinjuryordamageAccidentsarepartgroupofeventsthatadverselyhecompletionofataskTheseeventsentsForsimplicitytheproceduresinlatersectionsreferonlytotsTheyarehoweveralsoapplicabletoincidents.1.AccidentPreventionAccidentsareusuallycomplex.Anaccidentmayhave10ormoreeventsthatcanbecauses.Adetailedanalysisofanaccidentwillnormallyrevealthreecauselevels：basic，indirect，anddirect.Atthelowestlevel,anaccidentresultsonlywhenapersonorobjectreceivesanamountofenergyorhazardousmaterialthatcannotbeabsorbedsafely.ThisenergyorhazardousmaterialistheDIRECTCAUSEoftheaccident.Thedirectcauseis lytheresultofoneormoreunsafeactsonsorbothUnsafeactsandconditionsaretheindirectcausesorsymptoms.Inturn,indirectcausesareusuallytraceabletopoormanagementpoliciesanddecisions,ortopersonalorenvironmentalfactors.Thesearethebasiccause.itymostaccidentsarepreventablebyeliminatingoneormorecauses.Accidentinvestigationsdeterminenotonlywhathappened,butalsohowandwhy.Theinformationgainedfromtheseinvestigationscanpreventrecurrenceofsimilarorperhapsmoredisastrousaccident.Accidentinvestigationsareinterestedineacheventaswellasinthesequenceofeventsthatledtoanaccident.Theaccidenttypeisalsoimportanttotheinvestigator.Therecurrenceofaccidentofaparticulartypeorthosewithcommoncausesshowsareasneedingspecialaccidentpreventionemphasis.vestigativeProceduresTheactualproceduresusedinaparticularinvestigationdependonthenatureandresultsoftheaccident.Theagencyhavingjurisdictionoverthelacationdeterminestheadministrativeprocedures.Ingeneral,responsibleofficialswillappointanindividualtobeinchargeoftheinvestigation.Anaccidentinvestigationshouldusemostofthefollowingsteps: specifictaskstoeach(preferablyinwriting).getupdatedinformation.osewhowerepresentbeforethedthosewhoarrivedatthesitertheaccidentKeepaccurateeachinterviewUseataperecorderifdesiredandifapproved.accident.ablecausesdirectindirectbasicstionstopreventatributethereportaccordingtoapplicableinstructions.Aninvestigationisnotcompleteuntilalleportiscompleted.Inpractice,theinvestigationwork, ationsproceedimespentontheinvestigation.3.Fact-FindingInvestigatorcollectsevidencefrommanysourcesduringaninvestigation,getsinformationfromwitnessesandobservationaswellasbyreports,interviewswitnessesassoonaspossibleafteranaccident,inspectstheaccidentsitebeforeanychangesoccur,takesphotographsandmakessketchesoftheaccidentscene,recordsallpertinentdataonmaps,andgetscopiesofallreports.Documentscontainingnormaloperatingproceduresflowdiagrams,maintenancechartsorreportsofdifficultiesorabnormalitiesareparticularlyuseful.Keepcompleteandaccuratenotesinaboundnotebook.Recordpre-accidentconditions,theaccidentsequenceandpost-accidentconditions.Inaddition,documentthelocationofvictims,witnesses,machinery,energysource,andhazardousmaterials.Insomeinvestigation,aparticularphysicalorchemicallaw,principle,orpropertymayexplainasequenceofevents.Includelawsinthenotestakenduringtheinvestigationorinthelateranalysisofdata.Inaddition,gatherdataduringtheinvestigationthatmaylenditselftoanalysisbytheselaws,principles,orproperties.Anappendixinthefinalreportcanincludeanextendeddiscussion.4.Interview conductinterviewsIfpossible,theteamassignedtothistaskshouldincludeanindividualwithalegalbackground.Afterinterviewingallwitnessestheteamshouldanalyzeeachwitness’statement.Theymaywishtoreinterviewoneormorewitnessestoconfirmorclarifykeypoints.Whiletheremaybeinconsistenciesinwitnesses’statement,investigatorsshouldassembletheavailabletestimonyintoalogicalorder.Analyzethisinformationalongwithdatafromtheaccidentsite.Notallpeoplereactinthesamemannermpleawitnesswithincloseproximitytotheaccidentmayhaveanentirelydifferentstoryfromonewhosawitatadistance.Somewitnessesmayalsochangetheirstoriesaftertheyhavediscusseditwithothers.Thereasonforthechangemaybeadditionalclues.Awitnesswhohashadatraumaticexperiencemaynotbeabletorecallthedetailsoftheaccident.Awitnesswhohasavestedinterestintheresultoftheinvestigationmayofferbiasedtestimony.Finallyeyesighthearing,reactiontime,andthegeneralconditionofeachwitnessmayaffecthisorherpowersofobservation.Awitnessmayomitentiresequencesbecauseofafailuretoobservethemorbecausetheirimportancewasnotrealized.5.ReportofInvestigation AsnotedearlieranaccidentonisnotcompleteuntilareportdsubmittedtoproperpecialreportformsarenmanycasesOthersinstancesmayreextendedreportSuchrepotsryelaborateandmayincludeaetitlepageabstracttableofentaryornarrativediscussioncausesandasectiononconclusionsandrecommendations.ccidentinvestigationshouldbeanartofyourwrittensafetyandogramItshouldbeaformalsuccessfulaccidentinvestigationesnotonlywhathappenedbutalsoandwhytheaccidentoccurredtionsareanefforttopreventaperhapsmoredisastroussequenceofucanthenusetheresultingandrecommendationstopreventfutureaccidents.recordsisalsoveryimportanttoizingandreducinghazardsAreviewofntandinjuryrecordsoveraperiodofanhelppinpointthecauseofviewofntsIfacertainworkershowsupaltimesontherecordasbeinginjuredndicatethatthepersonisphysicallyitedforthejobisnotproperlytraineddsbettersupervisionIfoneortwoonsexperienceahighpercentageofcidentinaworkplacetheyshouldberefullyanalyzedandcountermeasuresshould kentoeliminatethecauseIfthereareltipleaccidentinvolvingonemachineorprocessitispossiblethatworkproceduresmustbechangedorthatmaintenanceisneeded.ecordsthatshowmanyaccidentsduringahortperiodoftimewouldsuggestanenvironmentalproblem.dshavebeenidentifiedthentheinformationandsourcemustbeanalyzedtodeterminetheiroriginandthepotentialtoremoveormitigatetheireffectsupontheworkplaceAnalysisofhazardsforcesustotakeaseriouslookatthem.盡管事故調(diào)查是一種事后危害識(shí)別的方法，它依舊是危害識(shí)別的一個(gè)重要組成部分。有時(shí)系統(tǒng)中存在人們無(wú)法識(shí)別的危害，直到事故或事件發(fā)生才能得以辨識(shí)。對(duì)于復(fù)雜的事故，也許經(jīng)過(guò)事故調(diào)查才能真正發(fā)現(xiàn)事故原因，這種情況尤其適用于發(fā)生人員死亡或缺少目擊者的事故。事故調(diào)查是一個(gè)不斷發(fā)現(xiàn)事實(shí)的過(guò)程而不是以追責(zé)為目的的發(fā)現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤的過(guò)程。一項(xiàng)事故調(diào)查的最終結(jié)果應(yīng)當(dāng)確定危害或事故不存在或以后所有員工都應(yīng)當(dāng)去遵守它。這個(gè)程序應(yīng)該以書面方式