aps體育教育專業(yè)

體質(zhì)健康與測量體質(zhì)：體質(zhì)是人體質(zhì)量。它是在遺傳性和后天獲得性基礎(chǔ)上表現(xiàn)出來的人體形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)、生理功能和心理因素的綜合的相對穩(wěn)定的特征，一般來說，可以這樣認(rèn)為，體質(zhì)好的人身體是健康地，而身體健康的人體質(zhì)往往是較好的。PhysicalhealthandmeasurementConstitution:theconstitutionisthehumanquality.Itisacquiredbasedongeneticandacquiredontheformandstructureofbody,physiologicalfunctionandpsychologicalfactorsarerelativelystablecharacteristics,generallyspeaking,thiscanbeconsideredagoodconstitution,thehumanbodyishealthy,andphysicalhealthareoftenbetter決定人體質(zhì)量好壞的因素：1，先天的遺傳性。包括：形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)，相貌膚色，性格特征，身體素質(zhì)等如：血型：100%最大攝氧量：69%-93%2，后天的獲得：社會環(huán)境，勞動(dòng)條件，地區(qū)氣候，營養(yǎng)狀況，體育鍛煉，醫(yī)療衛(wèi)生，保健措施等Factorsdeterminingthequalityofthehumanbody:hereditarycongenital.Including:themorphologicalstructure,appearancecolor,character,physicalqualityetc.Suchas:blood:100%VO2max:69%-93%acquired:thesocialenvironment,theworkingconditions,climate,nutrition,physicalexercise,health,healthcare遺傳：（1）遺傳對身體形態(tài)有影響身體形態(tài)具體反映人的體型，遺傳對體型有決定性的影響（2）遺傳對身體素質(zhì)有影響（3）遺傳對性格有影響（4）遺傳對人體健康和壽命有影響體育鍛煉與體質(zhì)體育鍛煉能改善神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的功能，提高循環(huán)系統(tǒng)的功能堅(jiān)持體育鍛煉能使心臟血管系統(tǒng)有如下的好處：運(yùn)動(dòng)性心臟增大；心搏徐緩和血壓降低；每搏輸出量增多體育鍛煉能提高呼吸系統(tǒng)的功能體育鍛煉能增強(qiáng)人體運(yùn)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)的功能體育鍛煉能提高機(jī)體對外界環(huán)境的適應(yīng)能力體育鍛煉能提高人的心理健康水平Physicalexerciseandfitnessphysicalexercisecanimprovethefunctionofnervoussystem,andimprovingcirculationsystemfunctionInsistonphysicalexercisecanmakeheartandvascularsystemhasthefollowingadvantages:thesportofthecardiacenlargement;bradycardiaanddecreasedbloodpressureandstrokevolumeincreased;physicalexercisecanimprovethefunctionofrespiratorysystemphysicalexercisecanenhancethebodymovementfunctionofthesystemphysicalexercisecanimprovethebody'sabilitytoadapttotheexternalenvironmentphysicalexercisecanimprovethepsychologicalhealthlevelofpeople通常情況下測量包括：人體形態(tài)測量身高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重含義：身高標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體重是將身高和體重綜合起來，以每厘米身高的體重分布，確定學(xué)生體形勻稱度，可反映學(xué)生是營養(yǎng)不良、正常體重，還是超重或肥胖。身高的單位為厘米，體重為公斤，測試時(shí)保留一位小數(shù)1.胸圍：胸圍是胸廓的最大圍度，它表示胸廓的大小和胸部肌肉發(fā)育情況，在一定程度上能反映身體形態(tài)和呼吸器官的發(fā)育狀況。測量方法：受試者兩腳分開與肩同寬，兩臂自然放松下垂。測試者面對受試者，將帶尺上緣經(jīng)背部肩胛下角下緣繞至胸前，男性和乳房未發(fā)育的女性經(jīng)乳頭點(diǎn)測量，發(fā)育的女性經(jīng)乳頭上方的胸中點(diǎn)(第四胸肋關(guān)節(jié))測量腰圍：主要反映腹壁肌和腹部脂肪的情況，當(dāng)腹壁肌肉緊張度降低或腹部脂肪堆積過多腰圍會增加，體育鍛煉可使脂肪減少，腹部張力提高，因而可使腰圍減小。測量方法：測試者站在受試者的右側(cè)或?qū)γ?，將帶尺水平放在骼嵴上??4橫指的位置(相當(dāng)于腰部最細(xì)處)測量。臀圍：是臀部向后最突出部位的水平圍度。反映臀部骨骼、肌肉和皮下脂肪的發(fā)育狀況。Typicallyincludedmeasurements:BodyshapemeasurementheightstandardweightMeaning:theweightforheightistheheightandweighttogether,withdistributionofweightpercmheight,makesurethestudentsshapesymmetry,canreflectstudents'poornutrition,ornormalweight,overweightorobese.Heightincm,weightkg,keepadecimaltestbust:Thebiggestbustisthoraciccircumference,itsaidchestsizeandchestmuscledevelopment,reversetosomeextentDevelopmentstatusofreflectingbodyshapeandrespiratoryorgans.Measurementmethods:subjectswiththefeetshoulderwidthapart,twoarmsnaturerelaxationdroop.Thetestinthefaceofthesubjects,thetapeTheupperedgeoftheloweredgeofthebackscapularwoundtothechest,maleandfemalebreastisnotdevelopmentthroughthenipplepointmeasurement,thedevelopmentoffemaleThemidpointofthetopofthenipple(fourthSternocostaljoint)measurementwaist:Mainlyreflectstheabdominalmuscleandabdominalfat,whentheabdominalwallmuscletensionorabdominaladiposeaccumulationisovermuchwaistlinewillincreasephysicalexercisecanmaketoreducefat,abdominaltensionincreased,thusmakingthedecreaseinwaistcircumference.Measurementmethods:teststandsonthesubjectsoftherightortheopposite,thetapeplacedhorizontallyontheiliaccrestabovethe3~4fingerposition(theequivalentofthewaistisweakest)measurement.hip:Isthemostprominentpartofyourhipsbackwardlevelissurroundeddegree.Reflectthedevelopmentstatusofhipbone,muscleandsubcutaneousfat.身體機(jī)能測量，循環(huán)機(jī)能臺階試驗(yàn)含義：臺階試驗(yàn)是一項(xiàng)定量負(fù)荷機(jī)能試驗(yàn)，主要用以測定心血管系統(tǒng)的功能，也可以間接推斷機(jī)體的耐力。呼吸機(jī)能肺活量、肺活量體重指數(shù)肺活量：是指在不限時(shí)間的情況下，一次最大吸氣后再盡最大能力所呼出的氣體量。是反映人體生長發(fā)育水平的重要機(jī)能指標(biāo)之一。肺活量的大小與身高、體重、胸圍的關(guān)系密切，因此在對學(xué)生進(jìn)行評分時(shí)采用了肺活量體重指數(shù)來進(jìn)行評價(jià)。肺活量體重指數(shù)=肺活量：體重肺活量的單位為毫升，體重的單位為公斤Bodyfunctionmeasurement,CirculatoryfunctionsteptestMeaning:steptestisaquantitativeloadfunctiontest,ismainlyusedtodeterminethefunctionofthecardiovascularsystem,canalsobeinterConnectedtoinferthatthebody'sendurance.BreathingThevitalcapacity,vitalcapacityweightindexVitalcapacity:referstotheunlimitedtime,amaximumandtheninhaleasthelargestamountofexhaledgasability.Isoneoftheimportantfunctionindexreflectsthelevelofgrowthanddevelopmentofthehumanbody.Relationshipbetweenvitalcapacitysizeandheight,weight,chestcircumferenceclosely,sointhescoresofthestudentsusedthevitalcapacityweightindextoevaluatethe.Vitalcapacityvitalcapacity/bodymassindex=weightVitalcapacityunitforml,weightinkilograms感覺機(jī)能身體素質(zhì)測量速度50米跑、25X2往返跑該項(xiàng)目主要測量速度素質(zhì)速度素質(zhì)：可以反映人體中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的機(jī)能狀態(tài)和神經(jīng)與肌肉的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)能，也可以綜合地反映人體的爆發(fā)力、靈敏、反應(yīng)、柔韌等素質(zhì)。力量8.握力、握力體重指數(shù)握力：反映受試者的力量素質(zhì)。有研究表明，一個(gè)人的握力與其全身力量呈高度相關(guān)，并且能間接反映一個(gè)人的健康狀況。握力的大小與體重有關(guān)，因此用握力體重指數(shù)進(jìn)行評分。握力體重指數(shù)=握力：體重X100握力單位為公斤，測試時(shí)保留1位小數(shù)，體重單位為公斤，測試時(shí)保留1位小數(shù)耐力400米跑50米X8往返跑、1000米（男）、800米（女）上述指標(biāo)用以評價(jià)人體的耐力水平。耐力：是指機(jī)體長時(shí)間進(jìn)行肌肉活動(dòng)并對抗疲勞的能力。是衡量人的體質(zhì)健康狀況和勞動(dòng)工作能力的基本因素之一靈敏柔韌7.坐位體前屈用以反映人體柔韌性的測試項(xiàng)目。柔韌性：是指人體完成動(dòng)作時(shí)關(guān)節(jié)、肌肉、肌腱和韌帶的伸展能力。坐位體前屈測試和評價(jià)以厘米為單位，保留一位小數(shù)。有正值和負(fù)值之分PhysicalfitnessmeasurementSpeedThe50meterrun,25x2backandforthThisprojectmainlymeasuringspeedqualityThequalityofspeed:canreflectthefunctionalstateofthehumancentralnervoussystemandthenerveandmuscleadjustmentfunction,canalsoComprehensivereflectionofhumanexplosiveforce,sensitivereaction,flexiblequality,etc..Power8thegrip,thegripBMIGripstrength:thestrengthqualityreflectsubjects.Researchhasshownthat,washighlycorrelatedwithgripapersonwholebodystrength,andcanindirectlyreflectaperson'shealthstatus.Thesizeofgripforceassociatedwithweight,sothegripBMIscore.ThegripBMI=gripstrength/weightx100Gripstrengthinkilograms,retained1decimalplacestest,Weightinkilograms,retained1decimalplacestestEnduranceRun400metersand50metersx8runningtoandfro,1000meters(male),800meters(female)Theindexisusedtoevaluatethelevelofhumanendurance.Endurance:referstothebodylengthofthemuscleactivityandtheabilityofresistingfatigue.Isameasureofpeople'shealthandworkOneofthebasicfactorsofdynamicworkingabilitySensitiveFlexible7bodyanteflexioninsittingpositionInordertoreflectthebodyflexibilitytestproject.Flexibility:referstothestretchabilityofjoints,muscles,tendonsandligamentsofthehumanbodymovement.Sitandreachtestandevaluationincentimeters,retainadecimal.Therearepositiveandnegativevaluesof其他常用的體質(zhì)測量方法1,.立定跳遠(yuǎn)立定跳遠(yuǎn)是測試爆發(fā)力的項(xiàng)目，爆發(fā)力要求在最短時(shí)間內(nèi)發(fā)揮最大的力量。負(fù)值立定跳遠(yuǎn)的測試和評價(jià)以米為單位，保留兩位小數(shù)。2仰臥起坐引體向上投沙包、擲實(shí)心球跳繩踢毽子6.籃球運(yùn)球、足球顛球、足球運(yùn)球、排球墊球介紹幾個(gè)體質(zhì)健康評價(jià)常用指標(biāo)的測量Othercommonlyusedphysicalmeasurementmethod1,thestandinglongjump.Standinglongjumpistestingtheexplosiveforceoftheproject,theexplosiveforcerequirementsofthemostofthepowerintheshortesttime.Testingandevaluationofthenegativevalueofstandinglongjumpinmeters,retainedtwodecimalplaces.situpspullupsthrowsandbags,throwasolidballropeskippingkickingshuttlecock6thebasketballdribble,dribbleDianqiufootball,soccer,volleyballIntroducedseveralcommonlyusedmeasuringphysicalhealthevaluationindex介紹幾個(gè)身體形態(tài)評價(jià)指數(shù)：體質(zhì)指數(shù)（BMI）=體重（kg）/身高m2評價(jià)：18.5?22.9為正常體重；23?24.9為超重；25?29.9為I度肥胖；習(xí)0為II度肥胖。國際公認(rèn)的判斷肥胖的方法。健康指數(shù)=腰圍/臀圍評價(jià)：男性應(yīng)小于0.9；女性應(yīng)小于0.8為健康。維爾維克指數(shù)=（體重+胸圍）/身高X100反映了人體長、圍、寬、厚度和組織密度，與心肺和呼吸機(jī)能密切相關(guān)，并且可以說明人體的充實(shí)度和發(fā)育發(fā)達(dá)程度。是一個(gè)很好的營養(yǎng)評價(jià)指標(biāo)。男、女性自7歲開始，該指數(shù)隨年齡增長而增加Thispaperintroducesseveralmorphologicalevaluationindex:bodymassindex（BMI）=bodyweight（kg）/heightM2Evaluation:18.5~22.9forthenormalweight23~24.9overweight;25~29.9ismorethanorequalto30forthefirstdegreeofobesity;seconddegreeofobesity.InternationalpublicMethodtorecognizethejudgmentofobesity.healthindex=waist/hipEvaluation:menshouldbelessthan0.9;femalesshouldbelessthan0.8forhealth.3weierweikeindex=(weight/Heightx100+chest)Reflecthumanlong,Wai,width,thicknessandtissuedensity,closelyrelatedwithheart,lungandrespiratoryfunction,andcanbeToprovethehumanenrichmentanddevelopdevelopeddegree.Isagoodindicatorofnutritionalevaluation.Menandwomen,fromtheageof7,theindexincreasedwithage體質(zhì)健康的鍛煉方法小學(xué)生：7-13歲，以游戲練習(xí)為主，刺激神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)的興奮性，培養(yǎng)學(xué)生鍛煉身體的興趣內(nèi)容：身體姿勢練習(xí)(基本隊(duì)列，基本步法，)跳繩初中學(xué)生：13-16歲，人體的重量，圍度指標(biāo)受后天影響程度：50%-70%，身高增長以軀干為主男生：