2022年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試真題（第2套）

第頁(yè)2022年12月大學(xué)英語(yǔ)六級(jí)考試真題（第2套）PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaythatbeginswiththesentence“Inaneraofinformationexplosion,itisvitallyimportanttodeveloptheabilitytothinkcriticallyandmakerationalchoices.”Youcanmakestatements,givereasons,orciteexamplestodevelopyouressay.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200words.PartⅡListeningComprehension(30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1.A)Shehasn’tstartedwritingit.B)Shehasn’tdecidedonatopic.C)Sheisproofreadingthefirstdraft.D)Sheisworkingonthereferences.2.A)Helentmanybookstothemanforreference.B)Heofferedthemanadviceonresourcehunting.C)Hepublishedalotinanumberofreputablejournals.D)Hetoldthemantobeselectivewhenusinge-resources.3.A)Hedidn’tthinkherdissertationtopicviable.B)Hewasn’tinterestedinherdissertationtopic.C)Hedidn’twanthertorushthroughherdissertation.D)Hewasn’tspecificaboutthelengthofherdissertation.4.A)Changeherresearchmethodology.B)Narrowdownherdissertationtopic.C)Consultherprofessormore.D)Followtheman’sadvice.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5.A)Hehastranslated12books.B)Heisawell-knownnutritionist.C)Hisbookssellwellworldwide.D)Hislatestbooksoldamillioncopies.6.A)ThedesireofAmericanstotryexoticcuisines.B)Thedemandforinformationaboutfoodsafety.C)ThefactthatoverhalfofAmericansareoverweight.D)Thefactthatsciencebooksaredifficulttoread.7.A)Thegeneralpublic.B)Thosewhoareoverweight.C)Thosewhowanttoloseweight.D)Themedicalcommunity.8.A)Switchtoavegetariandiet.B)Followapersonalizeddiet.C)Adheretodoctors’advice.D)Cutcarbohydrateintake.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA)，B)，C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)Therateoftheirgrowthincreaseddramatically.B)Thegrowthoftheirnewbraincellsdoubled.C)Theybegantoshowsignsofdepression.D)Theybegantogetirritatedandrestless.10.A)Toavoidtheminthefuture.B)Towarnothersagainstthem.C)Tomakegoodsenseofthem.D)Toreflectontheircauses.11.A)Produceasurprisinghealingeffect.B)Weakenone’simmunityinthelongrun.C)Makepeoplemoresusceptibletoillness.D)Provideprotectionagainstmentalillnesses.Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12.A)Placingtheirowninterestsovertheirstaff’s.B)Beingoverwhelmedbytheirdailyroutines.C)Lackingtheabilitytorelatetotheirstaff.D)Spendingtoomuchtimehandlingemail.13.A)Theirleadershipmaybechallenged.B)Theircompaniesmaygobankrupt.C)Unexpectedeventsmayoccur.D)Majorproblemsmayresult.14.A)Keepaneyeontheiremployees.B)Motivateandinspiretheirteam.C)Sacrificesomeoftheimmediategoals.D)Havegreaterambitioninoverallplanning.15.A)Cultivateself-control.B)Filtertheiremailboxes.C)Respondonlyafterwork.D)CheckonlywhennecessarySectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A)Thekeytoincreasinghealthyfoodsupply.B)Thebestwaytoimprovemarketingresearch.C)Theimpactofadvertisementsonconsumption.D)Theimportanceoftheappearanceoffood.17.A)Byfocusingonthenutrientsindifferentfoods.B)Byemphasizingthediversityoffood.C)Bystressingpleasingaestheticsoffood.D)Bywinningthesupportofmarketingprofessors.18.A)Theycanattractcustomerswiththehealthyqualitiesoftheirproducts.B)Theycanboostsalesofhealthyfoodsbymakingthemvisuallyappealing.C)Theycanturntomarketingprofessorsforadvice.D)Theycanrelyonadvertisingforsalespromotion.Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)Ithaswitnessedaspectacularsurgeindemand.B)Ithasmetmuchcriticismfromenvironmentalists.C)Ithasseenmoresmallbusinessesofferingenvironment-friendlyproducts.D)Ithasexperiencedincreasinglyfiercecompetitionamongglobalcompanies.20.A)Consumersnowknowmuchmoreabouttechnology.B)Theirmassproductionhassharplyreducedtheprice.C)Consumerstendtofavorallthatisnovel.D)Theirqualityhasbeengreatlyimproved.21.A)Purchasingonlythiskindofproductsforhomecleaning.B)Writingpositivecommentsaboutthemonsocialmedia.C)DemonstratingonTVhoweffectivetheseproductsare.D)Tellingoneanotherabouttheirincomparablevirtues.Questions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.22.A)Increasingcleaners’workload.B)Blockingthefountains’works.C)Breakingatime-honoredritual.D)Pollutingthefountains’water.23.A)Theyareoccasionallyretrievedbycurioustourists.B)Theyareregularlydonatedtocharityorganizations.C)Theyaremostlyusedforthefountains’maintenance.D)Theyareusuallyusedaswagesforfountaincleaners.24.A)Itisinvestedinaseriesofbusinesses.B)Itisusedexclusivelyforitsmaintenance.C)Itisusedtorunasupermarketfortheneedy.D)Itisestimatedtobeabout$40,000amonth.25.A)Hewasarrestedforstealingmoneyfromfourfountaincleaners.B)Hewassentencedto34years’imprisonment.C)Hecollectedrarecoinsfromaroundtheworld.D)Hestolealotofmoneyfromafountainwithamagneticstick.PartIIIReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Thetaskoftheglobalstrategistofabusinessistobuildaplatformofcapabilitiesderivedfromtheresources,experiencesandinnovationsofunitsoperatinginmultiplelocations,totransplantthosecapabilitieswherever26,andthentosystematicallyupgradeandrenewthem—aheadofthecompetition.Appleisanoutstandingcaseofacompanywhoseuniquecapabilitiesgiveitaworldwide27advantage,particularlywithrespecttoitsabilitytobuildplatformsfromaproductbasethatintegratesfunctionaland28design.ApplehasbeenabletoleverageandexploititsCalifornia-baseddesignandmarketingadvantagessuccessfullythroughouttheworld.IKEAisanothersuchcase.Thedo-it-yourselffurnitureandhousewarecompanyfirstdevelopedacompellingsetofcapabilitiestodesign,manufactureand29furnitureatlowcostandsellitinanovelwayinSweden.Later,IKEAsuccessfully30thisformulainmanyothercountries.Bycontrast,Telefónica,aSpanishtelecommunicationscompanythatisnowtheworld’sfifthlargesttelecomby31,firstdevelopeditsspecialadvantageabroad.In1989and1990,TelefónicahadtheopportunitytoenterChileandArgentina,countriesthatsharedmanyinstitutionalandculturalcharacteristicswithitshomecountrybutthatwere32morerapidmarketreform.Throughoutthe1990s,TelefónicatookwhatitlearnedinChileandArgentinaaboutreconstructingformerstate-ownedtelecomstootherLatinAmericancountriesthatwereprivatizingtheirstatetelecomsandderegulatingtheirtelecommarkets.Theseexamplesmightleadthereadertobelievethatcreatingaglobaladvantageisaneasytask.Butmanyother33ofexpensivefailedexperimentssuggestthatcreatingalastingglobaladvantageactuallyrequiresagreatdealof34andoperationalfinesse(技巧).Ourresearchsuggeststhatglobalwinnerstypicallycreateandsustaintheirinternationalpresencethroughasystematicprocessof35,renewingandenhancingtheircorecapabilities.A)aestheticF)fiscalK)safeguardingB)appropriateG)instancesL)shipC)clustersH)rehabilitatedM)strategicD)competitiveI)reproducedN)transcendE)exploitingJ)revenuesO)undergoingSectionBDirections:

Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.Answerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteron

AnswerSheet2.

FearofNature:AnEmergingThreattoConservationA)Whatdowelosewhennaturalspacesandspeciesdisappear?Increasingly,researchhasshownthatasspeciesandecosystemsvanish,italsochipsawayatourabilitytopreservewhatremains—becausewenolongerunderstandwhatwe’relosing.B)Youprobablyseeitallthetime.Theneighborwhoputspesticidesonhislawnratherthandealwithannoyingbees.Thepoliticianwhovotesagainstwildlifeprotectionbecauseshe’sneverseenawolfinthewild.Thecorporationthatwantstobulldoze(用推土機(jī)推平)thehabitatofararefrog.C)Atbestthiscanbetermed“theextinctionofexperience,”whereourculturalandnaturalhistoriesfadefromourmemoriesandthereforeourreality.Atitsworstitbecomessomethingevenmoreconcerning:“biophobia,”thefearoflivingthingsandacompleteaversiontonature.D)Thisisn’tthefictionoflivinginacold,emptydystopia(絕望的世界).Sadly,it’sbecomingawayoflifefortoomanypeople—especiallychildren.ArecentstudyinJapanpaintsastrikingportraitofthisproblem.Asurveyofmorethan5,300schoolchildrenintheTochigiPrefectureexaminedtheirperceptionof14localinsectspeciesandonespider.Theresults?Acollective“ew!”Mostofthestudentssawthespeciesasthingstodislikeorfear,orevenassourcesofdanger.Thelessexperiencethestudentshadwithnature,themorenegativetheirfeelings.E)TheresultswerepublishedearlierthisyearinthejournalBiologicalConservation.LeadresearcherMasashiSogawiththeUniversityofTokyosaysthestudystemmedfromobservationsabouttoday’snature-deficientchildren.“Humansinherentlyavoiddangerousorganismssuchasbees,butchildrenthesedaysavoidevenharmlessinsectssuchasbutterfliesanddragonflies(蜻蜓),”hesays.“Ihavelongwonderedwhysomanyoftoday’schildrenreactlikethis.”F)Althoughthechildren’sreactionsweresomewhatexpected,thenewstudydidcontainanunexpectedfinding:Manyofthesurveyedchildrenrevealedthattheirparentsalsoexpressedfearordisgustofthesameanimals.Infacttheseparentalemotionswerestrongenoughtooverwhelmanypositiveexperiencesthechildrenmighthavegainedfromdirectexperiencesinnature.AsSogaandhiscoauthorswroteintheirpaper,“Ourresultssuggestthatthereislikelyafeedbackloopinwhichanincreaseinpeoplewhohavenegativeattitudestowardsnatureinonegenerationwillleadtoafurtherincreaseinpeoplewithsimilarattitudesinthenextgeneration.”G)Andthat’spossiblythegreaterthreatposedbyextinctionofexperience.Sogasuggeststhegenerationalloss—aconditionpreviouslydubbedenvironmentalgenerationalamnesia(遺忘)—couldchipawayatoursocietalabilitytopreservewhatwe’relosing.“Ibelievethatincreasedbiophobiaisamajor,butinvisible,threattoglobalbiodiversity,”Sogasays.“Asthenumberofchildrenwhohavebiophobiaincreases,publicinterestandsupportforbiodiversityconservationwillgraduallydecline.Althoughmanyconservationbiologistsstillconsiderthatpreventingthelossofwildlifehabitatisthemostimportantwaytoconservebiodiversity,Ithinkpreventingincreasedbiophobiaisalsoimportantforconservation.”H)What’stobedoneaboutthis?Thepapermakesseveralrecommendations,themostobviousofwhichisthatchildrenshouldexperiencenaturemoreoften.Theauthorsalsosuggestestablishingpoliciestoguidethesenaturalexperiencesandincreasingeducationalprogramsaboutthenaturalworld.I)Helpingparentstoseespeciesaroundtheminanewlightwouldmakeadifference,too.And,ofcourse,maintainingsupportforpreservingthewildspaceswherethese“scary”creaturesliveisthemostimportantthingofall.That’sapointreinforcedbyanotherrecentstudy,whichfoundthatwildspaceslocatedwithinurbanareas—andtheplantsandanimalsthatthriveinthem—areparticularlyimportantforhumanhealthandwell-being.J)PublishedinthejournalFrontiersinSustainableCities,thestudyexaminedattitudestowardDiscoveryPark,theheavilyforested534-acrepublicparkinSeattle,Washington.Itfoundthatthepublichadthemostappreciationfor—andgainedthemostvaluefrom—thewildestpartsofthepark.“Ihaveseenwhales,seals,fish,eagles,shorebirdsandmanyotherseacreaturesintheirnaturalhabitat,”onesurveyparticipantwrote.“Comingherewithpeoplehasallowedmetoconnectandtalkwiththemaboutconversationthatsimplydoesnothappenineverydaylife,”wroteanother.K)Theparticipantsreportedthattheirmostvaluableexperiencesintheparkincludedencounteringwildlife,walkingthroughopenspaces,exploringthebeachandfindingbeautifulviews.“Wesawthatalargemajorityofparticipants’interactions,especiallytheirmostmeaningfulinteractions,dependedonDiscoveryPark’srelativewildness,”saysleadauthorElizabethLev,amaster’sstudentintheUniversityofWashington’sHumanInteractionwithNatureLab.Thisisonlypossiblebecausetheparkisrelativelywild.Afterall,youcan’tenjoywatchingbirdsiftherearenobirdstofollow;gazeatthesunsetifit’sobscuredbyskyscrapers;orstopandsmelltheflowersiftheydon’thaveroomtogrow.L)Andyeteventhislong-protectedspacecouldsomedaybecomelesshospitabletonature.OverthepastfewyearsalotofpeopleandorganizationshavesuggesteddevelopingpartsofDiscoveryParkortheneighboringarea.Mostrecentlyaplanproposedbuilding34acresofmuch-neededaffordablehousingandparkingspacesadjacenttothepark,bringingwiththemnoise,trafficandpollution.M)Ifanythinglikethathappened,boththeparkandthepeopleofSeattlecouldlosesomethingvital.AndthatwouldcontinuethetrendofchippingawayatSeattle’s—andtheworld’s—naturalspaces,leavingjusttinypocketparksandgreen-but-emptyspacesthatofferlittlerealvaluetowildlife,plantsorpeople.N)“Itistruethatanyinteractionwithnatureisbetterthannone,butIdon’twantpeopletobesatisfiedwithanysmallbitofgrassandtrees,”Levsays.“Wehavebeeninthiscycleofenvironmentalgenerationalamnesiaforalongtime,wherethebaselinekeepsshiftingandwedon’tevenrealizewhatwe’relosinguntilit’sgone.Ifwecangetpeopletounderstandhowmuchmeaningandvaluecancomefromhavingmoreexperienceswithmorewildformsofnature,thenmaybewecanstopthiscycleandmovetowardconservingandrestoringwhatwehaveleft.”O(jiān))Buildingthisunderstandinginanever-morefearfulanddisconnectedworldmaybethebiggestchallenge.PeterKahn,theseniorauthorofLev’spaperandthedirectoroftheHumanInteractionwithNaturelab,madeseveralsuggestionsforbridgingthisgapinthis2011book,TechnologicalNature.Theyechotherecommendationaboutgettingchildrenintonature,butalsoincludetellingstoriesofhowthingsusedtobe,imaginingwhatthingsmightbelikeinthefuture,anddevelopingacommonlanguageaboutnature,“awayofspeakingaboutwildanddomesticinteractionpatterns,andthemeaningful,deepandoftenjoyfulfeelingsthattheygenerate.”P)Nomatterwhattechniquesweuse,thisgrowingfieldofresearchillustratesthatsavingnaturerequiresencouragingpeopletoexperienceitmoreoftenandmoredeeply.Thatcallsforadditionalresearch—Levandhercoauthorshavepublishedatoolkitthatothermunicipalitiescanfollowtostudythevalueoftheirownwildspaces—andclearcommunicationoftheresults.“Ifwecancontinuetoshowpeoplethebenefitsofthesewildspaces,”Levsays,“maybepeoplewillbegintoseemorevalueinkeepingtheseareasundeveloped—forthesakeofourmutualbenefit.”36.Anewstudyfoundparents’aversiontocertainanimalswouldpassontotheirchildren.37.Thedisappearanceofspeciesandecologicalsystemserodesourabilitytokeepwhatisleft.38.AstudyshowedthatthewildestareasofDiscoveryParkappealedmosttothepublic.39.Thefearoflivingorganismsisbecomingmoreworrisome.40.Preventingtheincreaseinchildren’sfearoflivingcreaturesisalsoimportantforconservingbiodiversity.41.Researchshowsthatmoreanddeeperexperiencepeoplehavewithnaturewillhelpsaveit.42.Thoughhumansnaturallytendtoavoiddangerousanimals,today’schildrentrytostayawayfromevenharmlessones.43.DevelopmentinandaroundDiscoveryParkcouldcauseheavylossestotheparkandthelocalresidents.44.Alargesurveyofschoolchildrenfoundthattheirnegativefeelingsgrewastheirexperiencewithnaturediminished.45.ElizabethLevbelievesincreasedcontactwithmorewildlifehelpsconservebiodiversity.SectionCDirections:

Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.SomepeopleintheUShaveassertedthatforgivingstudentloandebtisonewaytostimulatetheeconomyandgiveassistancetothoseinneed.Onegovernmentpropositionistoeliminate$10,000ofdebtfor‘economicallydistressed’students.SomeinUSCongresshavegonesofarastosuggestforgivingupto$50,000indebtperstudentborrower,butdoesforgivingstudentdebtnecessarilycorrelatetohelpingtheeconomicallydisadvantaged?Theanswerisno.Thispolicyisjustgivingmoneyawaytouniversitiesandthemostaffluentstudentsinattendance.FederalReservedatarevealsthatthehighest-income40percentofhouseholdsoweapproximately60percentofoutstandingstudentdebt,whilethelowest40percentowejustunder20percent.Thiscouldbeduetoacombinationoffactors:studentsfromhigh-incomehouseholdsaremorelikelytogotoexpensivecolleges,lesslikelytoreceivefinancialaid,andmorelikelytohavehighincomespost-graduation.Plus,themajorityofstudentdebtisheldbygraduatedegreeearners,whoearnapproximately25percentmorethantheirundergraduatecounterparts.Clearly,givingfreereigntobankstoforgivestudentdebtisastepinthewrongdirection.Otherproposalsforbroader,long-termstudentloanplanshavesomefundamentalproblems.Oneideaistocancelstudentdebtonlyforundergraduatedegreesandforstudentsmakinglessthan$125,000.ThisattemptstoaddressthefactthatCongress’previouslymentionedstudentloanforgivenessplanlargelyhelpsoutthewealthy,butisanadverseincentiveforuniversitiestokeepraisingtuitionandforstudentstochoosetomajorinlow-earningdegreeprograms.Collegeshavenoreasontomaketheirprogramsmoreaffordableiftheybelievestudentswilljusttakeoutmoredebt.And,studentswillfeelmorecomfortablemakingtheirresponsibledecisiontogotensofthousandsofdollarsindebttomajorinimpracticaloridealisticsubjectsiftheyknowtheirloanswillbeforgiven.Thisisespeciallyconcerninggiventhepandemic(大流行病)hasrenderedacollegeeducationpracticallyworthless.StudentsarepayingtensofthousandsofdollarsperyeartoliveathomeandbelecturedontheInternet.Dowereallywanttotellcollegesthattheycangetawaywithprovidingbelow-averageserviceforanoutrageouscost?Inthecaseofanyofthesestudentdebtplans,working-classAmericanswhochosenottoorcouldnotaffordtogotocollegewillbesubsidizingtheeducationoftheprofessionalclass.Plumbersandretailworkerswillbepayingforthedegreesofdoctorsandlawyers.TheUSgovernment’sefforttohelpthoseindebtiscommendablebutisthisreallythesolutionthatwillhelpthepoorfinanciallyrecover?46.Whydosomepeopleadvocateforgivingstudentloandebt?A)Theyassertitwillnarrowthegapbetweenthewealthyandthepoor.B)Theybelieveitwillbenefitboththeeconomyandtheunderprivileged.C)Theyclaimitwilleliminateeconomicdistressamongcollegestudents.D)Theythinkthecostofeducationistheresponsibilityofthegovernment.47.WhatdowelearnfromtheFederalReservedata?A)Approximately60%ofstudentdebtremainsunpaid.B)Cancellingstudentdebtbenefitswealthyfamiliesmost.C)Forgivingstudentdebtprovideslittlebenefittouniversities.D)Low-incomefamiliesowethebiggestamountofstudentdebt.48.Whatdoestheauthorsaystudentsarelikelytodoiftheyknowtheyneedn’trepaytheirloans?A)Theywillchoosetostudysubjectswithoutconsideringtheirjobprospects.B)Theywillbefreetopursuetheirgoalswithoutbeingburdenedfinancially.C)Theywillover-borrowandlivebeyondtheirmeans.D)Theywillbeabletoenrollinexpensiveuniversities.49.Whatdoestheauthorimplyaboutcollegesofferingonlineeducation?A)Theycannotgetawaywiththeseriousconsequences.B)Theyhavesufferedgreatlyfromthecurrentpandemic.C)Thetuitiontheychargeisnotjustifiedbythequalityoftheirservice.D)Thetuitiontheychargehassurgedoutrageouslyduringthepandemic.50.Whatwillhappenifanyoftheproposedstudentdebtplansisimplemented?A)Plumbersandretailworkerswillhaveachanceofbecomingprofessionals.B)Working-classstudentswillhaveincreasingaccesstosubsidizededucation.C)Blue-collarworkerswillhavetobearthecostofeducatingwould-behigh-earners.D)Agrowingnumberofstudentswillbeabletoearndegreesinmedicineandlaw.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Ifthere’sonerulethatmostparentsclingtointheconfusing,fast-changingworldofkidsandmedia,it’s“Noscreensbeforeage2.”Asoftoday,thatrulehasbeenthrownoutthewindow.TheAmericanAcademyofPediatrics(AAP),whichfirstissuedthatrecommendationbackin1999,hasextensivelyupdatedandreviseditsguidelinesforchildrenandadolescentstoreflectnewresearchandnewhabits.Thenewguidelines,especiallyforveryyoungchildren,shiftthefocusfromWHATisonthescreentoWHOelseisintheroom.Andindoingso,theyraisesomeintriguingpointsaboutthefutureoflearningfrommedia.Forbabiesyoungerthan18months,AAPstillsaysnoscreensatallarethebestidea—withonenotableexception:Livevideochat.Surveysindicatethatfamiliesalreadypopularlybelievethat“Facetimedoesn’tcount”,oratleastthatthebenefitofvirtualvisitswithgrandparentsorotherrelativesoutweighsthepotentialcostofexposingbabiestothelaptoporsmartphone.TheAAPdoesn’tcitepositiveevidencethatinfantsactuallygetsomethingoutofthiskindof“conversation”,thewaythattheyclearlydofromlivesocialinteraction.Butthere’ssomeobservationalresearchthatinfantsasyoungassixmonthsoldareemotionallyengagedbyplayinglivepeekaboo(躲貓貓游戲)withGrandmaonline.Forinfantsandtoddlers(學(xué)步兒童),ages15monthsto2yearsold,there’slimitedevidencefromacoupleofverysmallstudiesthattheycanlearnnewwordsfromeducationalmedia,ifandonlyifparentsarewatchingalongsidethem,repeatingwhatthevideosaysand/ordrawingattentiontowhatisonthescreen.Inotherwords,treatingavideooranapplikeapicturebookisthebestbet.Theflipsideofthisisthatmanystudieshaveactuallyshownpoorerlanguageskillscorrelatedwithearliersoloviewingof“educational”videos.There’salsoresearchthatshowslanguagedelaysinchildrenwhowatchmoreTVandstartwatchingearlier.Inbothcases,theproblemseemstobemediareplacinginteractionwithpeople.Forthisreason,thenewAAPguidelinehaschangedfrom“avoidallscreensunderage2”to“avoidsolomediauseinthisagegroup.”Forpreschoolersages2to5,there’smoreevidencethattheyhavetheabilitytotransferknowledgefromscreenstotherealworld,includingearlyliteracyandmath.Forthisagegroup,AAPrecommendsnomorethananhouradayofscreenuse.And,justaswithyoungerchildren,theywantcare-giverstotakepartinscreentime:“Co-viewwithyourchildren,helpchildrenunderstandwhattheyareseeing,andhelpthemapplywhattheylearntotheworldaroundthem.”51.Whatdowelearnaboutthe“Noscreensunder2”rule?A)Ithasmetmoreandmoreresistancefromparents.B)Ithasprovedhelpfultochildren’shealthygrowth.C)Itconfusesparentswithregardtokids’education.D)Ithasbeendiscardedinlinewithrecentresearch.52.WhatdothenewAAPguidelinesadvocate?A)Youngchildrenshouldbeaccompaniedbyparentsduringscreentime.B)Parentsshouldbeemotionallyinvolvedintheirchildren’supbringin