2015年上海高考英語真題

2015年普通高等學校招生全國統一測試

上海英語試卷考生注意：.測試時間120分鐘，試卷滿分150分。.本測試設試卷和答題紙兩部分。試卷分為第I卷（第1—12頁）和第II卷（第13頁），全卷共13頁。所有答題必須涂（選擇題）或寫（非選擇題）在答題紙上，做在試卷上一律不得分。.答題前，務必在答題紙上填寫準考證號和姓名，并將核對后的條形碼貼在指定位置上，在答題紙反而清楚地填寫姓名。第I卷（共103分）I.ListeningComprehensionSectionADirections:InSectionA,youwillheartenshortconversationsbetweentwospeakers.Attheendofeachconversation,aquestionwillbeaskedaboutwhatwassaid.Theconversationsandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaconversationandthequestionaboutit,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaper,anddecidewhichoneisthebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.A.Impatient.A.Atabusstop.A.Anactor.youhaveheard.A.Impatient.A.Atabusstop.A.Anactor.B.Confused.B.Atalaundry.Asalesman.Pleased.C.Atthedentist,s.C.Atranslator.Regretful.D.Atthechemist,s.D.Awriter.4.A.Helosthisclassmate,4.A.Helosthisclassmate,shomework.B.Hebrokethewoman,scalculator.B.Hecan,thelpthewomanwithhermath.D.Hedoesn'tknowwherethe“on”buttonisA.Thewomanshouldgotoanothercounter.Thewomangivesthemansomanychoices.Themandislikesthesandwichesofferedthere.Themanishavingtroubledecidingwhattoeat.A.Shehasnoideawheretofindtheman,sexamresult.Sheisn,tallowedtotellstudentstheirgrades.Dr.Whitehasn,tfinishedgradingthepapers.

Dr.Whitedoesn'twanttobecontactedwhilehe'saway.A.Movetoaneatdormitory. B.Findapersontosharetheirapartment.Cleantheroomwiththeroommate. D.Writeanarticleabouttheirroommate.8.A.Bobwon'ttakeheradvice.Bobdoesn'twanttogoabroad.Shedoesn'tthinkBobshouldstudyoverseas.Shehasn'ttalkedtoBobsincehewentabroad.A.Thesnackbarisn'A.Thesnackbarisn'tusuallysoempty.C.Thesnackbarisnearthelibrary.A.Takeherbicycletotherepairshop.C.Cleanthegarageaftertherainstops.SectionBB.Dessertisservedinthesnackbar.D.Snacksaren'tallowedinthelibraryB.Leaveherbicycleoutside.D.Checkifthegarageisdry.Directions:InSectionB,youwillheartwoshortpassages,andyouwillbeaskedthreequestionsoneachofthepassages.Thepassageswillbereadtwice,butthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Whenyouhearaquestion,readthefourpossibleanswersonyourpaperanddecidewhichonewouldbethebestanswertothequestionyouhaveheard.Questions11through13arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Ithelpscareforcustomers'A.Ithelpscareforcustomers'dogs.C.Noneofthedogsarecaged.A.Shelikesthefoodthere.C.Shecanhavefreecoffee.A.Anewkindofcafe.Anewhomeforpets.B.Youhavetobuyfoodfordogs.ThereisadognamedPrincess.B.Sheenjoysthefunwithapet.D.Shedoesn'tliketobealone.B.Anewbrandofcoffee.D.Anewwaytoraisepets.Questions14through16arebasedonthefollowingpassage.A.Atrendthathighachieversaregivenalowersalary.Aviewthatlifequalityismoreimportantthanpay.Adreamoftheyoungforfast-pacedjobs.Anewtermcreatedbyhighachievers.A.10%. B.12%. C.6% D.7%.A.Peoplearelesssatisfiedwiththeirlives.B.Thefinancialinvestmentmayincrease.

C.Well-paidjobsarenoteasytofind.D.Unexpectedproblemsmayarise.SectionCDirections:InSectionC,youwillheartwolongerconversations.Theconversationswillbereadtwice.Afteryouheareachconversation,youarerequiredtofillinthenumberedblankswiththeinformationyouhaveheard.Writeyouranswersonyouranswersheet.Blanks17through20arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Completetheform.WriteONEWORDforeachanswer.SRTServiceNotesAccountNo.: 17ServiceRequest: Checkthe18Solution: Sendanother19(2p.m.on20 )Blanks21through24arebasedonthefollowingconversation.Completetheform.WriteNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSforeachanswer.Inwhatwayaretheseclimbersspecial?Theyareall21 .WhydidtheychoosetoconquerMountToprove22 .Kilimanjaro?Whatdidtheydointimeofdifficulty?Theypersevered, 23 eachother.Howdidtheyrecordtheiradventure?Bykeeping 24 .GrammarandVocabularySectionADirections:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.(A)GiftfromastrangerMylocalsupermarketisalwaysbusy.ThefirstparkingspaceIfoundwasconvenient,butI,dnoticedawomaninabluecarcirclingforawhile.(25)Iwasinagoodmood,Iletherhaveit.OntheedgeofthecarparkIbackedintothenextavailablespot-itwasatightfit.

PrettysoonI,dmademywaythroughthesupermarketandwasbackinthefreshair.Feelinggood,I(26)(empty)mypursechangeintothehandsofahomelessmanandhelpedastrugglingwomanreversepark.JustasIapproachedmycar,IsawthewomanI,dlethavemycarspotearlier.Shewasgivingme(27)oddlook-halfpuzzled,halfintent(熱切的).Ismiledandwishedherapleasantday.AsIsqueezedbackintomycar,Isawthesamelady(28)(look)inatme.“Hello,”shesaid,hesitantly.“This(29)soundcrazybutIwasonmywaytodropsomeofmymother'sthingsoffatthecharitybins.Youarejustsomuch(30)her.Youhelpedthosepeople,Inoticed,andyouseemedsohappy.”Shelookedatmemeaningfullyandpassedaboxinthroughthewindow.“Ithinkshewouldlikeyoutohaveit.”(31)(shock),Itookitfromherautomatically.Shesmiledandwalkedaway.Afterapause,Iopenedthebox.Insidewasabeautifulgoldnecklacewithalargegreypearl.Itwas(32)(nice)giftI,deverreceived,anditwasfromacompletestranger.Thenecklacewasaroundmyneck,awarmreminderofhumankindness.(B)AskHelpfulHannahDearHelpfulHannah,I'vegotaproblemwithmyhusband,Sam.Heboughtasmartphoneacoupleofmonthsago,andhetookitonourrecentskivacationtoColorado.Itwasagreattripexceptforoneproblem.Hehasaconstanturge(33)(check)fortextmessages;hecheckshisphoneeveryfiveminutes!He'ssoaddictedtoitthathejustcan'tstandtheidea(34)theremaybeanimportanttext.Hecan'thelpcheckingevenatinappropriatetimeslikewhenweareeatinginarestaurantandIamtalkingtohim!Hebehaves(35)anysmallamountofboredomcanmakehimfeeltheneedtocheckhisphoneevenwhenheknowsheshouldn't.Thetemptationtosee(36)iscontactinghimisjusttoogreat.WhenIaskhimtopleaseputdownthephoneandstop(37)(ignore)me,hesays,“Inaminute,”butstillcheckstoseeif(38)haspostedsomethingnewontheInternet.Ourlife(39)(interrupt).IfwegosomewhereandIaskhimtoleavethephoneathome,hesuffersfromwithdrawalsymptoms.Maybethisdependencyonhissmartphonehasbecomemorethananeverydayproblem.Irecentlyreadanarticleabout“nomophobia,”(40)isarealillnesspeoplecansuffer

fromthefearofbeingwithoutyourphone!IamworriedthatSammaybesufferingfromthisillnessbecausehefeelsanxiousifhedoesn'thavehisphonewithhim,evenforashorttime.Whowouldhavethoughtthatlittledeviceslikethesecouldhavebroughtsomuchtrouble!SickandTiredSadieSectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.access B.alternatives C.assigned D.confirmed E.conflicting F.elementsG.function H.innovative I.prospective J.separate K.supportingConsideringhowmuchtimepeoplespendinoffices,itisimportantthatworkspacesbewelldesigned.Well-designedofficespaceshelpcreateacorporation'simage.Theymotivateworkers,andtheymakeanimpressiononpeoplewhovisitandmightbepotential,or41 ,customers.Theymakebusinessesworkbetter,andtheyareapartofthecorporateculturewelivein.Aswemoveawayfromanindustrial-basedeconomytoaknowledge-basedone,officedesignershavecomeupwith42tothetraditionalworkenvironmentsofthepast.Thedesignindustryhasmovedawayfromafixedofficesetupandcreatedmoreflexible“strategicmanagementenvironments.”These43solutionsaremeanttosupportbetterorganizationalperformance.Asemployeehierarchies（等級制度）haveflattened,ordecreased,officedesigners'responsetothischangehasbeentomoveopen-planareastomoredesirablelocationswithintheofficeandcreatefewerformalprivateoffices.Theneedforincreasedflexibilityhasalsobeen44bychangesinworkstationdesign.Officeandworkspacesoftenarenot45toagivenpersononapermanentbasis.Becauseofchangestomethodsofworking,newdesignsallowforexpansionormovementofdesks,storageandequipmentwithintheworkstation.Anotherimportantdesigngoaliscommunication,whichdesignershaveimprovedbylowingthewallsthat46workstations.Designershavealsocreatedinformalgatheringplaces,andupgradedemployees'47toheavilytraffickedareassuchascopyandcoffeerooms.Corporateandinstitutionalofficedesignersoftenstruggletoresolveanumberofcompetingandoften48demands,includingbudgetarylimits,employeehierarchiesandtechnological

innovation(especiallyinrelationtocomputerization).Thesedemandsmustalsobebalancedwiththeneedtocreateinteriors(內飾)thatinsomewayenhance,establishorpromoteacompany'simageandwillenableemployeesto49attheirbest.Allthese50ofofficedesignarerelated.Themostsuccessfulofficedesignsarelikeagoodmarriage-thewell-designedofficeandtheemployeesthatoccupyitareseeminglymadeforeachother.ReadingComprehensionDirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Ifyoustudiedpicturesthatancientpeopleleftonrockwallsandyoutriedtodeterminetheirmeaning,youwouldnotdetectadeepinterestinromanceamongtheartists.51,youwouldseeplentyofanimalswithpeoplerunningafterthem.Lifeforancientpeopleseemedtocenteronhuntingandgatheringwildfoodsformeals.Inmoderntimes,whenfoodisavailableingrocerystores,findingloveismore52topeople'slives.The53isallaroundus.Itiseasytopreparealistofmodernstorieshavingtodowithlove.Anendlessnumberofbooksandmoviesqualifyaslovestoriesinpopularculture.Researchersarestudyingwhetherlove,ahighlyvaluedemotionalstate,canbe54 .Theyask,whatislove?Toothpastecompanieswantustothinkattractionisallaboutcleanteeth,butcleanteethgoonlysofar.Scientistswonderhowmuchthebraingetsinvolved.Youhaveprobablyheardthatoppositesattractbutthat55attract,too.Onethingiscertain:Thetruthaboutloveisnotyetsetinstone.FirstImpressionTohelpdeterminethe56ofattraction,researcherspaired164collegeclassmatesandhadthemtalkfor3,6or10minutessotheycouldgetasenseofeachother'sindividuality.Thenstudentswereaskedto57whatkindofrelationshiptheywerelikelytobuildwiththeirpartners.Afternineweeks,theyreportedwhathappened.Asitturnedout,their58judgmentsoftenheldtrue.Studentsseemedto59atanearlystagewhowouldbestfitintotheirlives.The60Knows

Scientistshavealsoturnedtononhumanstoincreaseunderstandingofattraction.Manyanimalsgiveoffpheromones—naturalchemicalsthatcanbedetectedby,andthencanproducearesponsein,otheranimalsofthesamespecies.Pheromonescansignalthatananimaliseitherreadytofightorisfeeling61topartnerships.Incontrast,humansdonotseemtobeas62asotheranimalsatdetectingsuchchemicals.Smell,however,doesseemtoplayapartinhumanattraction.Althoughwemaynotbeawareofchemicalslikepheromonesconsciously,wegiveandreceiveloadsofinformationthroughsmellineveryinteractionwithotherpeople.FaceValueBeingfondofsomeoneseemstohaveanumberoffactors,includingseeingsomethingwefindattractive.Researchershadpeoplejudgefacesfor63 .Theparticipantshad0.013secondstovieweachface,yetsomehowtheygenerallyconsideredtheimagesthesameaspeoplewhohadmoretimetostudythesamefaces.Thewaywe64attractivenessseemstobesomewhatautomatic.Whenshownanattractivefaceandthenwordswithgoodorbadassociations,peoplerespondedto65wordsfasterafterviewinganattractiveface.Seeingsomethingattractiveseemstocausehappythinking.51.A.InsteadB.ThereforeC.MoreoverD.Otherwise52.A.romanticB.stressfulC.centralD.beneficial53.A.priorityB.proofC.possibilityD.principle54.A.testedB.imposedC.changedD.created55.A.appearancesB.virtuesC.similaritiesD.passions56.A.illustrationsB.implicationsC.ingredientsD.intensions57.A.predictB.investigateC.diagnoseD.recall58.A.criticalB.initialC.randomD.mature59.A.memorizeB.distinguishC.negotiateD.question60.A.NoseB.EyeC.HeartD.Hand61.A.openB.alertC.resistantD.superior62.A.disappointedB.amazedC.confusedD.gifted63.A.emotionsB.attractivenessC.individualityD.signals64.A.enhanceB.possessC.maintainD.assess

65.A.familiarB.plainC.positiveD.insulting65.A.familiarB.plainC.positiveD.insultingDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)Looktomanyofhistory'sculturalsymbols,andthereyou'llfindanancestorofFrosty,thesnowmaninthemovieFrozen.Itappearedonsomeofthefirstpostcards,starredinsomeoftheearliestsilentmovies,andwasthesubjectofacoupleoftheearliestphotos,datingallthewaybacktothe1800s.Idiscoveredevenmoreaboutoneofhumanity'searliestformsoffolkartduringseveralyearsofresearcharoundtheworld.Forexample,snowmenwereaphenomenonintheMiddleAges,builtwithgreatskillandthought.Atatimeoflimitedmeansofexpression,snowwaslikefreeartsuppliesdroppedfromthesky.Itwasapopularactivityforcouplestoleisurelywalkthroughtowntoviewthetemporaryworksofchillyart.Somewerecreatedbyfamousartists,includinga19-year-oldMichelangelo,whoin1494wasappointedbytherulerofFlorence,Italy,tobuildasnowmaninhismansion'scourtyard.TheMiracleof1511tookplaceduringsixfreezingweekscalledtheWinterofDeath.ThecityofBrusselswascoveredinsnowmen-animpressivescenethattoldstoriesoneverystreetcorner.Somewerepoliticalinnature,criticizingthechurchandgovernment.Somewereareflectionofpeople'simagination.ForthepeopleofBrussels,thiswasadefiningmomentofartisticfreedom.Atleastuntilspringarrived,bywhichtimetheyweredealingwithdamagingfloods.Ifyoufeartheheydayofthesnowmanhaspassed,don'tworry:I'velearnedthatsomeexplosivesnowmanhistoryisstillbeingmadetoday.Everyyearsince1818,thepeopleofZurich,Switzerland,celebratethebeginningofspringbyblowingupasnowman.OnthethirdMondayofApril,theholidaySechselauteniskickedoffwhenacottonsnowmancalledtheB66ggisstuffedwithexplosiveandparadedthroughtownbybakersandothertradesmenwhothrowbreadtothecrowds.TheparadeendswiththeB66ggbeingplacedona40-footpileoffirewood.AfterthebellsoftheChurchofSt.Peterhaverungsixtimes,representingthepassingofwinter,thepileis

lit.Whenthesnowmanexplodes,winterisconsideredofficiallyover—thequickeritisburntdown,thelongersummerissaidtobe.Accordingtothepassage,whydidsnowmenbecomeaphenomenonintheMiddleAges?Peoplethoughtofsnowasholyartsupplies.Peoplelongedtoseemasterpiecesofsnow.Buildingsnowmenwasawayforpeopletoexpressthemselves.Buildingsnowmenhelpedpeopledeveloptheirskillandthought.“Theheydayofthesnowman”(Paragraph4)meansthetimewhen.A.snowmenweremademainlybyartists B.snowmenenjoyedgreatpopularityC.snowmenwerepoliticallycriticized D.snowmencauseddamagingfloodsInZurich,theblowingupoftheB66ggsymbolizes.A.thestartoftheparadeB.thecomingofalongersummerA.thestartoftheparadeC.thepassingofthewinterD.thesuccessoftradesmenC.thepassingofthewinterD.thesuccessoftradesmenWhatcanbeconcludedaboutsnowmenfromthepassage?呼NEWfilmA.Theywereappreciatedinhistory.呼NEWfilmA.Theywereappreciatedinhistory.B.Theyhavelosttheirvalue.C.Theywererelatedtomovies.D.Theyvaryinshapeandsize.TheCurseoftheWere-Rabbit(2005)isthefirstfulllengthf曲uhefilmrevdwbwharectoaragricphAmainWStev%bBot?withtheiramazingplasticine(粘土charactersWallaceandGromit.ItwonanOscarin2006,anAifyoUnrodhctioyOu'theJeadnMndleshy.it'sanm如仇叫邂口涮wrtoo%comeon.ofacting.Cheese-lovinginventorWallaceandhisbrainydogGromitICvTseaweideasc0omaieyitt0oprOte(st(tfy,town'svegetablesfromhungryrabbits..However,justbeforeD.The"backgroundinformation.theannualGiantVegetableCompetition,anenormousrabbi7beACcordrrortoingefiemoenew,“thamonate曲evegetablesanddestroyingeverythinginitspath.ThecompetatiaotrapganisefersadyTottington,hiresWallaceandGromittocatchthemonsteralive.Buttheywillhavetofindthewere-rabbitbeforegun-crazyhunterVictorQuartermainewhoisdesperatetokillit.Thescreenplayiswittyandfullofamusingvisualjokes.Asusual,thevoiceofPeterSallisisabsolutelyperfectfortheroleofWallace,andGromitisso

agun-crazyhunterC.ascaryrabbitagun-crazyhunterC.ascaryrabbitabrainydogD.agiantvegetableWhichofthefollowingisareasonwhythewriterrecommendsthefilm?It'sfullofwitandhumour.Itscharactersshowfeelingswithoutwords.ItisanadventurefilmdirectedbyPeterSallis.Itisabouttheharmonybetweenmanandanimals.（C）OneoftheexecutivesgatheredattheAspenInstituteforaday-longleadershipworkshopusingtheworksofShakespearewasdiscussingtheroleofBrutusinthedeathofJuliusCaesar.“Brutuswasnotanhonourableman,"hesaid.“Hewasatraitor（叛徒）.Andhemurderedsomeoneincoldblood."TheagreementwasthatBrutushadactedwithcrueltywhenotheroptionswereavailabletohim.Hemadeabaddecision,theysaid-atleastasitwaspresentedbyShakespeare-totaketheleadinmurderingJuliusCaesar.AndthoughoneoftheexecutivesacknowledgedthatBrutushadthegoodoftherepublicinmind,Caesarwasneverthelesshissuperior.“Youhavetounderstand,"theexecutivessaid,“ourpolicyistoobeythechainofcommand.”Duringthelastfewyears,businessexecutivesandbookwriterslookingforanewwaytoadvisecorporateAmericahavebeenexploitingShakespeare'swisdomforprofitableends.NonemoresothanhusbandandwifeteamKennethandCarolAdelman,well-knownadviserstotheWhiteHouse,whostartedupatrainingcompanycalled“MoversandShakespeares”.TheyareamateurShakespearescholarsandShakespearelovers,andtheyhavecombinedtheirpassionandtheirhighlevelcontactsintoamanagementtrainingbusiness.Theyconductbetween30and40workshopsannually,focusingonhalfadozendifferentplays,mostlyforcorporations,butalsoforgovernmentagencies.Theworkshopsalltakethesameform,focusingonasingleplayasakindofcasestudy,andusingindividualscenesasspecificlessons.InJuliusCaesar,forexample,Cassius'sslyprovocation（狡詐的挑唆）ofBrutustotakeuparmsagainstCaesarwasthebasisforadiscussionofmethodsofteambuildingandgrassrootsorganising.

AlthoughneitheroftheAdelmansisacademicallytrainedinliterature,theprogrammescontainplentyofShakespearetraditionandbackground.TheirworkshoponHenryV,forexample,includesahelpfulexplanationofHenry'swinningstrategyattheBattleofAgincourt.Buttheydocometothetextwithafewbiases（偏向）：theirreadingofHenryVminimiseshismisuseofpower.Instead,theyemphasisethestoryoftheyouthwhoseizesopportunityandbecomesamasterfulleader.AndattheworkshoponCaesar,Mr.AdelmanshadlittlegoodtosayaboutBrutus,saying“thenoblestRomanofthemall”couldn'tmakehismindupaboutthings.Manyoftheparticipantspointedtoveryspecificelementsintheplaythattheyfelttoberelated.Caesar'spride,whichledtohismurder,andBrutus'smistakesinleadingthetraitorsafterthemurder,theysaid,raisevitalquestionsforanyoneservinginabusinesswhenandhowdoyouresisttheboss?Accordingtoparagraph1,whatdidalltheexecutivesthinkofBrutus?A.Cruel. B.Superior. C.Honourable. D.Rude.Accordingtothepassage,theAdelmanssetup“MoversandShakespeares”to.helpexecutivestounderstandShakespeare'splaysbettergiveadviceonleadershipbyanalysingShakespeare'splaysprovidecasestudiesofShakespeare'splaysinliteratureworkshopsguidegovernmentagenciestofollowthecharactersinShakespeare'splays.WhydotheAdelmansconductaworkshoponHenryV?Tohighlighttheimportanceofcatchingopportunities.Toencouragemasterfulleaderstoplanstrategiestowin.Toillustratetheharmofprejudicesinmanagement.Towarnexecutivesagainstpowermisuse.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat.theAdelmans'programmeprovesbiasedastherolesofcharactersaremaximized.executivesfeelboredwithtoomanyspecificelementsofShakespeare'splays.theAdelmanswillmakemoreprofitsiftheyareprofessionalscholars.Shakespearehasplayedanimportantroleinthemanagementfield.Thebesttitleforthepassageis.A.Shakespeare'splays:Executivesreconsidercorporateculture

Shakespeare'splays:AnessentialkeytobusinesssuccessShakespeare'splays:AlessonforbusinessmotivationShakespeare'splays:DramatictrainingbringsdramaticresultsSectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Youthsporthasthepotentialtoaccomplishthreeimportantobjectivesinchildren'sdevelopment.First,sportprogramsprovideyouthwithopportunitiestobephysicallyactive,whichcanleadtoimprovedphysicalhealth.Second,youth-sportprogramshavelongbeenconsideredimportanttoyouth'spsychosocialdevelopment,providingopportunitiestolearnimportantlifeskillssuchascooperation,discipline,leadership,andself-control.Third,youthsportprogramsarecriticalforthelearningofmotorskills(運動技能)；thesemotorskillsserveasafoundationforfuturenationalsportstarsandrecreationaladult-sportparticipants.Whencoachersdevelopactivitiesforyouthpracticesandwhensportorganizationsdesignyouth-sportprograms,theymustconsidertheimplicationsofdeliberateplayanddeliberatepractice.ResearchfromTelama(2006)statesthatregularparticipationindeliberateplayordeliberatepracticeactivitiesduringchildhoodandyouth(agesninetoeighteen)increasesthelikelihoodofparticipationinsportsduringadulthoodbysixtimesforbothmalesandfemales.Cote(2002)definesdeliberateplayactivitiesinsportasthosedesignedtomaximizeenjoyment.Theseactivitiesareregulatedbyflexiblerulesadaptedfromstandardi