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●圖形用戶界面歷史|圖形用戶界面(GUI)詳細(xì)發(fā)展歷史HistoryofthegraphicaluserinterfaceThegraphicaluserinterface,or"GUI",isacomputerinterfacethatusesgraphiciconsandcontrolsinadditiontotext.Theuserofthecomputerutilizesapointingdevice,likeamouse,tomanipulatetheseiconsandcontrols.Thiswasagreatleapforwardfromthecommandlineinterfaceusedinotheroperatingsystems,inwhichtheusertypesaseriesoftextcommandstothecomputer.InitialDevelopmentsThefirstconceptofawindowingsystembeginswiththefirstreal-timegraphicdisplaysystemsforcomputers,namelytheSAGEProjectandIvanSutherland’sSketchpad.AugmentationofHumanIntellectDougEngelbart’sAugmentationofHumanIntellectprojectatSRIinthe1960sdevelopedtheOn-LineSystem,whichincorporatedamouse-drivencursorandmultiplewindows.XeroxPARCEngelbart’sworkdirectlyledtotheadvancesatXeroxPARC.SeveralpeoplewentfromSRItoXeroxPARCintheearly1970’s.TheXeroxPARCteamcodifiedtheWIMP(windows,icons,menusandpointers/pull-downmenus)paradigm,firstpioneeredontheXeroxAltoexperimentalcomputer,butwhicheventuallyappearedcommerciallyintheXerox8010(’Star’)systemin1981.AppleLisaandMacintoshBeginningin1979,ledbyJefRaskin,theLisaandMacintoshteamsatAppleComputer(whichincludedformermembersoftheXeroxPARCgroup)continuedtodevelopsuchideas.TheMacintosh,releasedin1984,wasthefirstcommerciallysuccessfulproducttouseaGUI.Adesktopmetaphorwasused,inwhichfileslookedlikepiecesofpaper;directorieslookedlike;therewereasetofdeskaccessorieslikeacalculator,notepad,andalarmclockthattheusercouldplacearoundthescreenasdesired;andtheusercoulddeletefilesandfoldersbydraggingthemtoatrashcanonthescreen.ThereisstillsomecontroversyovertheamountofinfluencethatXerox’sPARCwork,asopposedtopreviousacademicresearch,hadontheGUIsofApple’sLisaandMacintosh,butitisclearthattheinfluencewasextensive.TheMacintosh’sGUIhasbeenrevisedwithtimesince1984,withamajorupdatewithSystem7,andunderwentitslargestrevisionwiththeintroductionofthe"Aqua"interfacein2001’sMacOSX.VisiOnGraphicaluserinterfaceprimarilydesignedforspreadsheetsbythecompanythatwrotethelegendaryVisiCalcspreadsheet.Firstintroducedthe"windows"conceptandamousetothePCenvironment,in1983.PrecededthefirstMicrosoftWindowsimplementations.VisiOnnevertookoffbecauseitcouldnotbeusedtorunotherMS-DOSapplicationsandwasbuggyandexpensive.InspiredthemultitaskingsystemDESQview.AmigaIntuitionAmigacomputersdevelopedaGUIin1985calledIntuition.InthisGUIdirectorieswereshownasfilingcabinetdrawers.TheAmigaGUIwasuniqueforitstimebecauseitfeaturedapop-upcommandlineinterface(CLI)forthosetimeswhenaGUIdoesnotofferenoughcontrol.GEM滑Atth怎esam翅etim呆eMic粘rosof嫁twas價(jià)deve停lopin弟gWin貧dows橋inth源e徑1980s想,夜Digit垮alRe愚searc拆h耗deve味loped鋪the違GEMD他eskto到p討GUI案syste束m.GE雕Mwas選crea強(qiáng)teda礦san犬a(chǎn)lter第nativ顛ewin榴dows很ystem咐tor猾unon擠IBM期PCsy勤stems荒,eit碎hero蓮ntop舒ofM坐S-DOS遷(lik抖eMic嫌rosof酒tWin核dows)才oro臉ntop蓬of噴CPM-8驚6爆,DR’蕉sown古oper污ating堆syst叉emth旨atMS網(wǎng)-DOS德wasp泄atter舟ened染after叼.GEM際achi仔eved欄minim拉alsu牢ccess抄int晌hePC黎worl禾d,bu層twas色late編ruse釀das籍then扇ative籍GUI雞onth紹e矮Atari勝ST虧mach銹ines.茶GEOS腦GEOS伍was桶anoth敲erve辦ryea茂rlyg且raphi瞇cald莊eskto剖psys離tem.傍Origi咸nally轟writ完tenf扇orth忘e8b簽itho圈meco層mpute栽r悅Commo出dore周64衣itw輛asla秀terp攔orted克toI棒BMPC斧syst談ems.災(zāi)Itca筍mewi梳t(yī)hse悔veral布appl頌icati煌onpr奶ogram旋slik傻eac跳alend殃aran應(yīng)dwor有dpro容cesso概r,an壞dac澡ut-do憑wnve暈rsion頸serv獻(xiàn)edas蠅the披basis牌for插Ameri繞caOn蝴line括’sDO堡Scli套ent.方Compa訊redt愿othe櫻comp圾eting技追Windo益ws3.燙0鈔GUI,是itc傷ould選runr瞧eason貌ably件well粗onsi害mpler襲hard劣ware.禽膚Reviv稻alsw沃eres懼eeni感nthe儉HPO著mniGo爐hand聚helds著,Bro袖ther健GeoBo猛okli傭neof犬lapt震op-ap菊plian困ces,涼andt穩(wěn)heNe足wDea叛lOff啊icep蓋ackag友efor映PCs.竹Rela軟tedc物odef沿ound態(tài)itsw廣ayto閘earl封ier’押Zoome赤r’PD味As,c遙reati醋ngan稿uncl鉆earl簡(jiǎn)ineag慘eto逐Palm,均Inc’代slat栽erwo忍rk.樣Micro乏soft鮮Windo離ws季Micro湊soft蚊mode果ledt件hefi蔥rstv肉ersio租nof石Windo松ws氧,rel猛eased解in裙1985陷,on等theG睡UIof匪the脖MacO揮S昨.除Windo防ws1.鋤0瞎was延aGUI抓(gra術(shù)phic增user挺inter否face)掌for僅the領(lǐng)MS-DO控S瓦oper另ating態(tài)syst廳emth葵atha峽dbee倆nthe屑stan饞dard晴OSfo疑rwit輔h則IBMP豪C坡and搜compa籌tible除comp任uters次sinc心e替1981據(jù).盛Windo江ws2.繪0座foll記owed,淘then伙in1炕990t賓he殊Windo瓣ws3.賄0邁laun旅chwa茫swhe療nthe鉛popu流larit氧yof躺Windo科wsre浪ally壟explo葡ded.躍TheG引UIso守fsub卷seque收ntve瞇rsion抽sof捷Windo疲wsha劫vebe贏ensi思milar允tot叢heGU肉Iof冶Windo雄ws3.沈0.盈In19嘩88,A瘦pple祝sued愉Micro膜soft津forc叫opyri啦ghti蠢nfrin漆gemen任tof森the憑Lisa室and便Apple嫩Maci幣ntosh蝴GUI.漁The都court鏈case倡last前ed4使years抬befo鑼real輔most欲allo孕fApp礎(chǔ)le’s霉claim唱swer臭eden謎ied.些Subse碧quent筐appe紹alsb冠yApp弊lewe潛real若sode夫nied,閉and輕Micro級(jí)soft鴨andA露pple型appar釀ently析ente和reda溜fina關(guān)l,pr紡ivate濕sett裙lemen忠tof角them哄atter柱in1為997a見(jiàn)sas井iden動(dòng)otei愛(ài)nab螺roade贈(zèng)rann宣ounce瘦ment獻(xiàn)ofin征vestm撥enta料ndco隆opera母tion.蕩許RISC駱OS雙Early含vers膚ions搭ofwh頁(yè)atbe厲came享calle肉dRIS刻COS剖were銜known色as劇Arthu姿r桑,whi按chwa礦srel岸eased蘿in1充987.致RISC冶O(jiān)Swa巧sac嫁olour浪GUI助opera椒ting軌syste詞mwhi憲chus姥edth丸ree-b串utton成edmi逐ce,a猴task看bar(醋calle伙dthe效icon泡bar),套and子asi退milar慨tot舍hato鵝fMac性O(shè)S.雹Acorn忽crea核tedR色I(xiàn)SCO京Sin美the1單980s流fort令heir照ARM悠-君CPU銅base賠dcom漸puter宗s.系NeXTS佛TE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