沉積巖中英文

一、簡(jiǎn)介（IntroductiontoSedimentaryRocks）

1。沉積巖的分布：從太古宇——現(xiàn)代地球表面70%;深度大于10km，一般小于20kmDidyouknow...

Igneousandmetamorphicrocks('crystalline'rocks)makeupabout95%oftheearth'scrust.Allinorganicmaterialsinthesedimentaryenvironmentarederivedeitherdirectlyor,morecommonly,indirectlyfromigneousormetamorphicprecursors(protoliths).SedimentaryRocksareexposedoverapproximately75%ofareaoftheearthabovesealevel,leavingonlyabout25%forigneousandmetamorphicrockscombined.Thus,mostterrigenous(derivedfromtheland)sedimentarygrainsrepresentrecycledmaterial,derivedfromtheweatheringanderosionofpre-existingsedimentaryrocks,notdirectlyfrom'crystalline'precursors.sedimentaryrockswhich70%oftherocksattheEarth’ssurfaceincludethefamiliarsandstones,limestonesandshales,andthelesscommonbutequallywell-knownsaltdeposits,ironstones,coalandchert.Inaddition,theyaretheultimatesourceandstorehouseoffossilfuelsandmanyvaluablenaturalresources,suchasironoresandfertilizers沉積環(huán)境及沉積相簡(jiǎn)介陸相及濱海相海相2、研究目的（1）巨大的經(jīng)濟(jì)價(jià)值：A?；剂希ㄓ蜌?、煤，天然氣水合物）資源B。金屬礦產(chǎn)：鐵，鋁，銅，鉀，C。非金屬礦產(chǎn)，鹽，磷，化工原料D。建筑材料：大理石等E。環(huán)保材料等（2）解決地球演化的科學(xué)問題：

A。古氣候，古地理，古環(huán)境，古構(gòu)造等B。層序地層-大尺度的海平面變化，等（3）了解生命的進(jìn)化歷程，沉積巖記錄了生命的演化的歷程，因而也是顯生宙地層對(duì)比主要手段Non-metallic:limestone(cement,buildingstone,fertilizer);evaporites(gypsumforCa,Na-andK-salts);phosphatedeposits(Pforfertilizer);cleanquartzsandandsandstone(glass,fiberoptics);clays(ceramics).

BandedIronFormations(BIF's):MostoftheFeforsteel.ExclusivelyPrecambrianinage.OnsetofoxygenatedatmospherecausedpreviouslysolubleFe2+tobeoxidizedtoFe3+,massivequantitiesofFe3+precipitatedinmarinesettings.

2.FossilFuels

Combustionofsolarenergystoredinorganicmatter(ie.coal).Photosynthesis.

OilandNaturalGas:

Sourcerock(blackshales)compactionforcesoilandgastomigratetomoreporousreservoirrocks(sandstones).Coal:

Hugeresource;about10xlargerthanoil.Probably1000to2000yearreserves.Inthefuture,coalmaybeprocessedtoproducesyncrude.

OilShaleandTarSands:

Thesearesyncruderesources,2xmoreabundantthanoilreserves.UShas50%oftheworldssyncrudereserves(includingcoal).3.AlternativeEnergySources:NuclearPower:

Energygeneratedbythefissionof235U.Thus,thefuelisUandmustbeextracted;foundinverysmallquantities(ppm)associatedwithgranitesandsomesedimentaryrocks.US,Canada,Australia,S.Africahavelargereserves.

GasMethaneHydrates(Clathrates)Hydratesstoreimmenseamountsofmethane,withmajorimplicationsforenergyresourcesandclimate,butthenaturalcontrolsonhydratesandtheirimpactsontheenvironmentareverypoorlyunderstoodTheworldwideamountsofcarbonboundingashydratesisconservativelyestimatedtototaltwicetheamountof

carbontobefoundinallknownfossilfuelsonEarth(USGS).Methaneboundin

hydratesamountstoapproximately3,000timesthevolumeofmethaneintheatmosphere.三、研究（學(xué)習(xí)）方法1.Field-野外觀察和記錄:顏色，成分，結(jié)構(gòu)，沉積構(gòu)造，古流測(cè)量，沉積序列等2.Laboratary-實(shí)驗(yàn)室：A。光片和薄片分析——結(jié)構(gòu)，構(gòu)造，精確成分和定量分析B。SEM，CL，礦物學(xué)分析：表面構(gòu)造顯微圖象、成巖次生變化，C.XRF-粘土分析D.地球化學(xué):細(xì)粒沉積物，灰?guī)r，硅質(zhì)巖，粘土礦物3.Labrary-圖書館：18世紀(jì)-至今的教材和論文等文獻(xiàn)閱讀基本概念--Basicconcepts沉積巖：

表生作用條件下（低溫、低壓），由多種沉積作用形成的沉積物，在逐漸埋藏的過程中，經(jīng)成巖作用改造而成的成層巖石。Sedimentaryrocksarethosebedrockswhichformatorneartheearth'ssurfaceatrelativelylowtemperaturesandpressuresprimarilybyeither:（1）depositionbywater,windorice；（2）precipitationfromsolution(maybebiologicallymediated);and/or（3）growthinpositionbyorganicprocesses(e.g.,carbonatereefs)

——表生作用條件：（1）表生帶T？C？

（2）水和空氣參與

（3）生物參與

TheSimpleIdealModelForUnderstandingSedimentaryRocksQuartzsandstoneShelfshaleLimestonewithfossilInbroadoutline,theproductionofsedimentaryrockfollowsthefollowingsteps:·Weatheringfracturesanddissolvesrock,creatingsedimentanddissolvedcomponents.·Erosioncarriesawaytheproductsofweathering.·Wind,waterandglacierscarrythemtowheretheyaredeposited.·Depositionaccumulatessedimentsfromlargesourceregions.·Burialwithinthesedimentpilecompactsthesediments.·Diagenesistransformsthesedimentsintosedimentaryrock.ProductionofSediments1。Weathering

isthebreakdownofonemineral/rockintoanother.Oftheeightigneousrockformingmineralsallaresubjecttodegradation(weatheringintosomethingelse),exceptquartz.Quartz,forallintentsandpurposes,doesnotweatherandwillsurviveinthesystemrelativelyunscathed.Theremainingsevenrockformingmineralsalldissolvetomaketheseasalty,ordecomposetoformnewmineralsstableattheearth'ssurface.Orthoclase,forexample,breaksdowntoformclay,andthecalciuminCaplagioclasegoesintosolutiontoformCaCO3.Therearelotsofotherweatheringproducts,ofcourse,buttheyarejustdetails.Thesimple,idealmodelpredictsthreeendproducts,quartzsand,shale,andlimestone,whichalltogethercomposethevastmajorityofsedimentaryrocks.Sedimentsarebrokenintothreeclasses:1.clasticsediments,2.chemicalsediments3.biochemical(biogenic)sediments.Clasticsedimentismineralsandbrokenpiecesorrock.Eachoftheseisaclast,fromtheGreekklastosforbroken.Theyrangeinsizefromboulderstothefinestclays（Residualsediments）.Clastsareproducedmainlybythemechanicalbreakdownofigneousandmetamorphicrocks,butsedimentaryrocksarealsobrokenintoclasts.Chemicalsedimentisformedbydirectprecipitationfromsolution.Afamiliarexampleisrocksalt(Halite).Thisoccurswhenthesubstancesaresupersaturatedinthewater,oftenasaresultofevaporation,butalsoinresponsetochangesinwaterchemistry(pH)and/ortemperature.Organismssometimesdriveprecipitationbychangingwaterchemistry.Biogenicsedimentconsistsofthesmallshellsorcastssecreted(precipitated)byorganisms,suchasforaminiferaanddiatoms.Theseareoftenreferredtoasbioclasticsediments.Coralreefsareanothersource.Ifbrokenbywaveactionorattacksbyotherorganisms,2。volcaniclasticsediments.

Thesesedimentsandrockslieontheborderbetweentheigneousandsedimentaryrealms.Forthisreason,theyarecommonlyignoredintraditionaligneouspetrologyandsedimentologycoursesandtextbooks.Volcaniclasticreferstoallclasticsedimentscomposedmainlyofparticlesofvolcanicorigin,regardlessofhowthesedimentformed.

1.Autoclasticsediments:formedbymechanicalbreakageofmagmaduringflow.2.Pyroclasticsediments:formedbyexplosivebreakageofmagmaduringeruptionsofvaryingdegreesofviolence.3.Hydroclasticsediments:Theseareformedbybreakageofmagmawhichcomesintocontactwithwater,orice,orwater-saturatedsediment.4.Epiclastic,orreworkedsediments:Reworkingofvolcanicmaterialbynormalsedimentaryprocesses

Arethereanyothertypesofsediments?母巖，任何早先形成的巖石，它們?cè)谠馐芪锢怼⒒瘜W(xué)和生物風(fēng)化時(shí)，大體可為沉積巖提供三大類物質(zhì)，即碎屑物質(zhì)、溶解物質(zhì)和不溶殘余物質(zhì)。碎屑物質(zhì)是由母巖機(jī)械崩解形成的巖石或單個(gè)晶體的碎塊，又稱陸源碎屑（Terrigenousdetrital），按大小順序可進(jìn)一步劃分為礫、砂、粉砂和泥。溶解物質(zhì)是由母巖釋放出來的各種離解離子和膠體離子、是化學(xué)或生物化學(xué)的作用結(jié)果。在自然條件下，一般母巖礦物的化學(xué)風(fēng)化都是十分緩慢和不徹底的作用過程，大多總會(huì)留下一些過渡性或性質(zhì)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的中間產(chǎn)物，其中最常見的是粘土礦物和鐵、錳、鋁等的氧化物或其水化物，它們大多數(shù)是一些細(xì)小的固態(tài)質(zhì)點(diǎn)，被統(tǒng)稱為不溶殘余物質(zhì)（或稱化學(xué)殘余、風(fēng)化礦物等）。碎屑物質(zhì)、不溶殘余物質(zhì)如果仍留在風(fēng)化面上就稱為殘積物（Residualsediments）。火山碎屑：火山爆發(fā)生成的原始物質(zhì)，有時(shí)也指水下爆發(fā)（尤其是噴氣）直接進(jìn)入水體的溶解離子?；鹕剿樾荚谙虺练e巖提供時(shí)，常常是混在母巖風(fēng)化產(chǎn)物中的次要成分，倘若它們成為主要成分，所形成的巖石即屬火山碎屑巖（巖漿巖）的范疇，這當(dāng)然只是人為的劃分，在這一點(diǎn)上，沉積巖和巖漿巖實(shí)際并無嚴(yán)格界線。隕石和宇宙塵（Cosmicdusts）直接來自宇宙的物質(zhì)。宇宙塵（又稱微球粒Microspherolites），少1-5顆/km，但大小都不到0.5mm，成分主要是富鐵鎂的硅酸鹽、如橄欖石、輝石或磁鐵礦、方鐵礦等;（O）*小行星的撞入事件，一些在地球上原本十分稀少分散、而在宇宙空間卻比較豐富的化學(xué)元素就會(huì)明顯改變當(dāng)時(shí)或稍后地表沉積物中的元素組成，典型例子是白堊紀(jì)和第三紀(jì)之間的界線粘土層中的銥含量在全球范圍內(nèi)突然躍升了好幾個(gè)數(shù)量級(jí)。類似的異常還出現(xiàn)在許多地方始新世和漸新世、二疊紀(jì)和三疊紀(jì)、震旦紀(jì)和寒武紀(jì)之間的界線層中，它們對(duì)沉積巖本身的影響是微乎其微的，但對(duì)揭示生物乃至整個(gè)地球演化歷史卻有深遠(yuǎn)的意義。（3）生物物怒質(zhì)，有機(jī)崖質(zhì)（4）大氣和略宇宙物質(zhì)Tran尚spor絡(luò)tati蓄ona帳nds濾orti代ngOnc弱ec嘩rea趙ted染,s秧edi察men鉤tm果ove傘sd頂own忘hil牙lu攏nde姿rt午he船inf終lue架nce只of憤gr戴avi廢ty.晚Th梯ep劍rim標(biāo)ary紫ag蠶ent甘sa縮慧re見flu巨ids童(w堅(jiān)ind捧an甲dw詢ate第r),溝gl吃aci憲ers肺an現(xiàn)ds媽tee夠ps壞lop熊es.曾Wa缸ter諒is詳by匠fa眉rt杏he隙mos系ti擱mpo淹rta匹nt,優(yōu)ca歲rry弊ing沙so報(bào)me25b矩illi燦ont競(jìng)onsofs擾edim升ent慈per飄year罵to銹the斯worl拒d's忽ocea活ns.Tran聲spor敵taf餡fect滅sse悄dime再nt.It勺sor岸ts敵it,sha才pes哭it扔,winn內(nèi)ows偏out宣less網(wǎng)sta址ble嗚comp吉onen埋tsEac瀉hp蓋roc出ess膀de鮮pen葬ds窩on喂the斯tr網(wǎng)ans龍por裳ta鐘gen扛ta馬nd錦the牙se矮dim下ent竭be洗ing貿(mào)tr慣ans狹por偉ted假.T貓he盯eff伶ect陣sa紫re申not修su塊btl賭e;狹eac億hd涼ese崗rve綢sa獲tte芝nti玩on.The世re厲sul旅ti樓s,恢dur吉ing彩tr郊ans寇por繁tat副ion槽th川ese召th御ree飲we廊ath萍eri腹ng蜘pro退duc岡ts奏do泊not螺tr殃ans閣por配te閣qua佩lly御we牽ll,繡an課db逐eco表me機(jī)sep工ara縱ted盞.T啄he分fin座al慨sep運(yùn)ara起tio放nt慣ake抖sp趙lac曠ea腥tt富he駝oce貨an日sho座rel麗ine(im歷age氏to稿ri裝ght亂).H恒ere涉we惠se倘er肅ive訓(xùn)rt尤ran詢spo裳rte高ds塌edi諸men極te吐nte蜓rin命gt么he毒oce物an.鄰Wa億ves免cr舅ash什ing灘on凱th華eb趕eac冠hk促eep老th筒es臥edi爆men沈tc矛ont丈inu頌ous筋ly泉sti露rre胸du升p.論The閘qu譜art嘉z,壇bei謝ng播rel共ati炭vel塌yh騙eav露y,希set斑tle液sq移uic心kly縮慧to柱th盟eb承ott餃om,長(zhǎng)th拉ec勵(lì)lay攜re授mai的ns念in候sus礙pen鄰sio徑nu杏nti梅li離td稻rif荒ts槽to悉the斃qu例iet脊er稻nea卸rs爆hel開f,虎whe體re截if隆fin怒all宮ys密ett透les桑to詠th傾eb娛ott果om任to捏for斷ms槐hal螺e.Sort拐ing-分選:The帝sort御ing啄ofs摟edim沫ent箭isp央rima炒rily畏ar佳esul皮tof濟(jì)the戒var育iabl竿eca解rryi愧ngc裙apac走ity洲ofw叮ater敗,wh牧ich融isa只str府ong踩func謝tion兔of誓curr事ent寬velo慕city帶and紛vis千cosi嚇ty.Stro聞ngc倘urre先nts(>5泊0cm驢/s)can武mo相vegrav宮eland辣ev豪enboul帝derson暴occ惠asi判on.正Th技ese追ar匹ef錘oun面di劫nmou狼nta垮in土str逢eam驚swher粱edo棟wnst部ream噴gra補(bǔ)dien謎tsa降reh議igh,襖and封in捆beac割hes筐wher驢ewa麥ves烘cras耀h.Glac講iers,whic結(jié)hmo挎vev恥ery盯slow址lyc險(xiǎn)ompa版red顧tol騙iqui看dwa舊ter,繳hav才een逆ormo辦usc例arry減ing載capa計(jì)city測(cè)due餡to快themuch籃hig準(zhǔn)her忍visc剛osit盲yofi客ce.For部th招is怕sam彩er俗eas梢on,mud權(quán)flo銀wscan劑ca參rry性la杏rge翻rc辯las章ts展des巾pit都em催ovi檢ng灶mor選es尋low胡ly斯tha際ns慎tre受ams暮.Mode底rate蹄cur泳rent丘s(20登-50灣cm改/s)mov盯esan己dandsmal召ler禁clas映ts.T并hes準(zhǔn)ec強(qiáng)urr像ent疏sa銳re衡com聾moninm拆ost絡(luò)rive之rs.Des何ert臟wi等ndsals藝om靠ovesand.Wi疾ndu增sual哀lyc戲ano硬nly刻move達(dá)the劈燕ses聽mall昨cla市sts軟due晴toi飄tsl孝owv裕isco測(cè)sity匙.Weak閥erc厚urre批ntscan址only直tra滿nspo夾rtsilt餡san賠dcl包ays,th亞esm壓alle挎sts央ize臉clas劫ts.樂Thes隔ear潔efo求und昂inflo敏odw細(xì)ate曬rsandocea注ncu憑rren控ts.Sha拿pin域g:Tran睛spor矛tof眠cla柳sts碌byw李ater舉and提win才dca矛uses鑄add與itio戚nal窄phys祥ical我wea牽ther集ing.暮Cla兆sts逼are吩abra哀ded表byo研ther匠cla碼sts,閉cau折sing皇the蛾mto壞bre遣aki完nto留smal金ler悲clas唇tsa抱ndt秀obe藏come攤rou驗(yàn)nded喂,si捉nce澤shar杏ped炕ges姜are折most業(yè)eas適ily棵brok爬en.艇This射pro曉cess灶is壤m(xù)ost癢eff微ecti固vef險(xiǎn)orl侵arge否cla顧sts,芒whi注cha匹reb沃roke磚ndo暖wnq竿uick寬ly.羊For膜thes鹽ere銀ason清s,c風(fēng)oars溜ean漫d/or浸ang三ular弦sed朋imen限tsa俘rec背alle久dim朝matu胖re,顧wher配eas制smal拿ler,妙mor莊ero泰unde膨dse汪dime番nts側(cè)are還matu窯re,歡refl躁ecti揚(yáng)ngt孫het騰ime勾phys籌ical宣and撒che道m(xù)ica蕉lwe輔athe除ring歸has緩had兆to途work慢on習(xí)them劍.Win搬now介ing桃:Che潮mic驅(qū)al圾wea銳the驅(qū)rin跨gi何ss少low村.T誘ran帽spo暗rta萬tio嚇no街fs桌edi屆men惹ts梳is覆fas翠t,寒but季in叨ter砍mit白ten坊t.金Thu痰sm鉆ost舅ch壘emi定cal狼we嫩ath腦eri湊ng駱of叮sed鹽ime慮nt凡hap賢pen成sw憂hen劇se劇dim青ent梨is右st眠uck態(tài),a閃wai出tin舊gt樸he熄nex午tt壟ran抓spo流rt路eve劃nt.徐Ch悅emi呀cal要we侄ath戲eri字ng樓occ蓬urs梳at耳di店ffe敲ren鉤tr極ate量sf雅or詢dif殿fer襪ent循cl乞ast穿s.相Pyr附oxe嬌ne答and萍o(jì)l梢ivi折ne,榆bo慕th償min齡era脫ls虹wit反hh找igh即me召lti叛ng戒tem旋per烤atu鏡res笛a(bǔ)n吐dl疲ots瞇of旱io姥nic喇bo滲ndi拒ng,攏ar笑er糾ead硬ily喬br堡oke肺nd便own眾.T旅hei曾rp撫res娛enc勸ei婚ns謀edi慘men恭tl扣oad敞is貞a稱sig肝no痰fi罵mma速tur沸ity沖.Q穗uar藥tz窄and功cl全ay勝min姻era奴ls呢are利ve尺ry罵sta脖ble友.T升he甩mos答tm堪atu化re史sed嗓ime鞋nts卸ha蹄ve預(yù)lit題tle丙el雀se.轟Fe殼lds純par頑sa油nd扶mic勝as甜are澡mo替der僅ate殺ly食sta益ble享.W貸es施ee疲lot正so遼ff撿eld爭(zhēng)spa且ri甜ns祝edi撥men識(shí)ts,毛su熟ch探as魚bea擾ch玻san魂d,款bec邪aus趟et矩hey布ar跡es音oa拉bun加dan丹t.Sed床ime助nta疲ry邪Env太iro宗nme零ntsSed政ime健nts萍ar望ed溉epo趣sit扎ed巷in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