英語(yǔ)六級(jí)閱讀專(zhuān)項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練

大風(fēng)起會(huì)云飛揚(yáng)___________

生命是永恒不斷的創(chuàng)造，因?yàn)樵谒鼉?nèi)部蘊(yùn)含著過(guò)剩的精力，它不斷流溢，越出時(shí)間和空間的界限，

它不停地追求，以形形色色的自我表現(xiàn)的形式表現(xiàn)出來(lái)。

泰戈?duì)?/p>

Everyday25miIIionU.S.chiIdrenrideschooIbuses.Thesafetyrecordfor

thesebusesismuchbetterthanforpassengercars;butnevertheIess,about

10chiIdrenarekilledeachyearridingonIargeschooIbuses,andnearIy

fourtimesthatnumberarekilledoutsidebusesintheIoadingzones.Byand

Iarge,however,thenation'sschooIchiIdrenaretransportedtoandfrom

schooIsafeIy.

EventhoughthenumberofschooIbuscasua11ies（死亡人數(shù)）isnotlarge,

thesafetyofchiIdrenisalwaysofintensepubIicconcern.Whileeveryone

wantstoseechiIdrentransportedsafeIy,peopIearedividedaboutwhatneeds

tobedone——particuIarIywhetherseatbeItsshouIdbemandatory（強(qiáng)制性的）

?

SupportersofseatbeltsonschooIbusesarguethatseatbeItsare

necessarynotonIytoreducedeathandinjury,butaIsototeachchiIdren

IessonsabouttheimportanceofusingthemroutineIyinanymovingvehicIe.

Asidebenefit,theypointout,isthatseatbeltsheIpkeepchiIdrenintheir

seats,awayfromthebusdriver.

Opponentsofseatbe11instaIIationsuggestthatchiIdrenareaIready

大風(fēng)起會(huì)云飛揚(yáng)

weIIprotectedbytheschooIbusesthatfollowtheNationaIHighwayTraffic

SafetyAdministration's(NHTSA)safetyrequirementsetin1977.TheyaIso

beIievethatmanychiIdrenwon'twearseatbeItsanyway,andthattheymay

damagethebeltsorusethemasweaponstohurtotherchiIdren.

AnewResearchCounciIreportonschoolbussafetysuggeststhatthere

areaIternatesafetydevicesandproceduresthatmaybemoreeffectiveand

Iessexpensive.ForexampIe,thestudycommitteesuggestedthatraisingseat

backsfourinchesmayhavethesamesafetyeffectivenessasseatbeIts.

ThereportsponsoredbytheDepartmentofTransportationattherequest

ofCongress,reviewsseatbeItsextensiveIywhiletakingabroaderIookat

safetyinandaroundschooIbuses.

1.Eachyear,chiIdrenkilledoutsidebusesintheIoadingzonesare

about.

A.10B.40

C.30D.50

2.Whichofthesewordsisnearestinmeaningtothewords“aredivided”

inParagraph

A.disagreeB.separate

C.arrangeD.concern

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

3.Accordingtothepassage,whohasthegreatestdegreeofcontroIof

theschooIbuses""safety”?

A.ANewResearchCounciI.

B.TheDepartmentofTransportation.

C.TheMedicaIOrganizations.

D.NationaIHighwayTrafficSafetyAdministration.

4.Itmaybeinferredfromthispassagethat.

A.manyoftheopponentsofseatbeltinstaIIationareparentsand

officiaIsoftheDepartmentofTransportation

B.proposaIofseatbeItsonschooIbuseswouIdbeseriousIyconsidered

C.anaIternatesafetydevice(raisingseatbacksfourinches)maybe

takeninto

consideration

D.TheDepartmentofTransportationmayeithertaketheideaofseatbeIts

orothermeasureswhenitreviewsthewhoIesituation

5.Thebesttitlewhichexpressestheideaofthepassageis.

A.MakingSchooIBusesEvenSaferforChiIdren

B.SeatBeItsNeededonSchooIBuses

C.AlternateSafetyDevicesandProcedures

D.SafetyinandaroundSchooIBuses

【答案見(jiàn)下頁(yè)】

1.B2.A3.D4.D5.A

大風(fēng)起會(huì)云飛揚(yáng)

AccordingtotheIatestresearchinthe'UnitedStatesofAmerica,menand

womentaIksuchdifferentIanguagesthatitisIikepeopIefromtwodifferent

culturestryingtocommunicate.ProfessorDeborahTannenofGeorgetown

University,hasnoticedthedifferenceinthestyIeofboy'sandgirl's

conversationsfromanearIyage.ShesaysthatIittIegirIs'conversation

isIessdefinitethanboys'andexpressesmoredoubts.Littleboysuse

conversationtoestabIishstatuswiththeirIisteners.

ThesedifferencescontinueintoadultIife,shesays.InpubIic

conversations,mentaIkmostandinterruptotherspeakersmore.Inprivate

conversations,menandwomenspeakinequaIamounts——aIthoughtheysaythings

inadifferentstyIe.ProfessorTannenbeIievesthat,forwoman,private

talkingisawaytoestabIishandtestintimacy.Formen,privatetalking

isawaytoexpIorethepowerstructureofareIationship.

Teachingisonejobwherethedifferencesbetweenmen'sandwomen'sways

oftalkingshow.Whenamanteachesawoman,saysProfessorTannen,hewants

toshowthathehasmoreknowIedge,andhencemorepowerinconversation.

Whenawomanteachesanotherwoman,however,sheismoreIikeIytotakea

sharingapproachandtoencourageherstudenttojoinin.

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

ButProfessorTannendoesnotbeIievethatwomenarenaturaIIymore

heIpfuI.ShesayswomenfeeItheyachievepowerbybeingabIetoheIpothers.

AlthoughtheresearchsuggestsmentaIkandiinterruptpeopIemorethanwomen,

ProfessorTannensays,womenactuaIIyencouragethistohappenbecausethey

beIieveitwiIIIeadtomoreintimacyandheIptoestabIishareIationship.

Somescientistswhoarestudyingspeechthinkthatthebrainis

pre-iprogrammedforIanguage.AsweareusuaIIytaughttospeakbywomen,

itseemsIikeIythatthebrainmusthaveasexuaIbias（傾向性）inits

programming,

otherwisemaIespeechpatternswouIdnotariseatall.

1.Intheopinionofthewriter,womenencouragementotaIkbecause

A.itwiIIIeadtomoreintimacyandheIptoestabIishareIationship

B.itwiIIheIptoestabIishstatuswiththeirIisteners

C.itwiIIheIptoexpressmorecIearIy

D.itwillhelptocommunicatebetter

2.ThereareinIittIegirIs'conversationthaninboys,.

A.fewerdoubtsB.moredemands

C.moredoubtsD.feweruncertainties

3.SomescientistsbeIievethatbrainispre-programmedforIanguage.

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

Theword“preprogrammed“means.

A.programmedaIreadyB.programmedbeforeoneisborn

C.programmedearIyD.programmedbywomen

4.Inprivateconversation,womenspeak

A.thesamethingsasmenB.Iessthanmen

C.morethanmenD.asmuchasmen

5.ThethemeofthisarticIeis.

A.womenarenaturaIIymoreheIpfuI

B.menandwomentaIkdifferentIanguages

C.mentaIkmostandiinterruptotherspeakersmore

D.IittIegirIs'conversationisIessdefinite

1.A2.C3.B4.D5.B

Everyday,thenewsoftheworIdisreIayedtopeopIebyover300million

copiesofdailypapers,over400millionradiosets,andover150miIIion

televisionsets.AdditionaInewsisshownbymotionpictures,intheatres

andcinemasaIIovertheworId.AsmorepeopIeIearnwhattheimportantevents

ofthedayare,fewerarestillconcernedexoIusiveIywiththeeventsoftheir

ownhousehoId.AstheEngIishwriterJohnDonneputitnearIyfourhundred

yearsago,“nomanisanisIand."Thisideaismoreappropriatetodaythan

itwaswhenDonneIived.Inshort,whereverheIives,amanbeIongstosome

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

society;andwearebecomingmoreandmoreawarethatwhateverhappensin

oneparticuIarsocietyaffects,somehow,theIifeanddestinyofaII

humanity.

NewspapershavebeenpubIishedinthemodernworIdforaboutfourhundred

years.MostofthenewspapersprintedtodayarereadinEuropeandNorth

America.However,soontheymaybereadinaIIpartsoftheworId,thanks

tothenewinventionsthatarechangingthetechniquesofnewspaper

pubIishing.

EIectronicsandautomationhavemadeitpossibIetoproducepicturesand

textfarmorequicklythanbefore.PhotographicreproductioneIiminatesthe

needfortypeandprintingpresses.AndfewerspeciaIists,suchas

type-setters,areneededtoproduceapaperormagazinebythephoto-offset

（照相平板月交?。﹎ethod.Therefore,thepubIishingofnewspapersandmagazines

becomesmoreeconomicaI.Furthermore,photo-copiescanbesentovergreat

distancesnowbymeansofteIevisionchanneIsandsateIIitessuchasTeIstar.

Thus,picturescanbebroughttothepubIicmorequicklythanpreviousIy.

Machinesthatprepareprintedtextsforphoto-copiesarebeinguseda

greatdeaItoday.ThousandsofIettersandfiguresofdifferentsizesand

thicknessescannowbearrangedonabIackgIassdiscthatisonIyeightinches

indiameter,tobeprintedinnegativeform（whiteonabIackbackground）.

ThedisconthemachineturnsconstantIyattherateoftenrevoIutionsa

second.AbeamofIightfromasIroboscopic（頻閃的）Iampshinesonthe

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

desiredIettersandfiguresforaboutIwo-miIIionthsofasecond.Thenthe

imageoftheIettersandfiguresthatwereiIIuminatedisprojectedontoa

fiImthroughIenses.ThesectionoffiImisIargeenoughtohoIdthe

equivaIentofapageoftext.Thereisakeyboardinfrontofthemachine

thatissimiIartothekeyboardofatypewriter,andthemachineoperator

hasonIytostriketheproperkeysfortheimageofthecorrespondingIetters

tobeimmediateIytransferredtothefilm.ThenegativeimageonthefiIm

canquicklybetransferredontopaper.Thismethodmakesitaseasyto

reproducephotographsandiIIustrationsasitistoreproducethetext

itseIf.

FiIm,beingIightandsmaII,canbesentrapidlytootherpIacesandused

toprintcopiesofthetextwheretheyareneeded.FiImimagescanaIsobe

projectedeasiIyonamovieortelevisionscreen.Televisionbroadcastsare

IimitedtoanareathatiswithinsightofthesendingstationoritsreIay

（中繼）.AIthoughtelevisionreIaysareoftenpIacedonhiIIsandmountains

sothattheycancoverawiderregion,theystillcannotcovermoreIand

thanonecouIdseefromthesamehiIItoponacIearday.However,therays

aIsogooutintotheatmosphere,andifthereisareIaystationonasateIIite

thatrevoIvesaroundtheearth,itcantransmitthepicturestoanypoint

ontheearthfromwhichthesateIIiteisvisible.ThreesateIIites

permanentIyrevoIvingovertheequatortransmitanytelevisionprogramto

anypartoftheearth.ThismakesitpossibIeforworIdeditionsofnewspapers

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

togivethenewsinaIIcountriesatthesametime.SomedayitmaybepossibIe

forasubscribertoateIevisednewspapertopressabuttonandseeanewspaper

pageonhistelevisionscreen.HecouIdaIsodecidewhenhewantsthepage

toturn,and,bydiaIIingdifferentnumberssuchasthoseonateIephonedial,

hecouIdchoosetheIanguageortheeditionofthepaperhewantstoread.

Itseemsstrangetothinkthat,eventoday,methodsofthepastarenot

entireIyuseIess.ForexampIe,sometimespressagenciesthatuseradioand

TelstarusecarrierpigeonstosendmessagesbetweenofficesinIargecities

becausethepigeonsarenotbotheredbytrafficprobIems.

Itmaybesometimebeforetelevisionsetsbecomecommonintheaverage

homesinAfricaandAsia.However,radioisaIreadyrapidlybecoming

accessibIetothousandsofpeopIeintheseareas.And,nowthatgoodradios

arebeingmadewithtransistors,andtheirpriceisgraduaIIydropping

becauseofmassproduction,itmaynotbe“tooIongbeforeradiosbecome

commonpIaceinareaswhichhavenonewspapers.TransistorsmakeitpossibIe

forpeopIetocarrysmaIIradioswherevertheygo,withoutneedofeIectric

current.Eventelevisionsetsarenowoperatingontransistors,andthe

pocketTVmaysoonbeaswidespread

asthepocketradio.

NowthatscientificprogressismakingitpossibIetosendthenewsto

aIIthe

inhabitantsoftheearth,itwiIIbeimportanttoconsiderwhatnewsis

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

goingtobesenttothem.Nomatterwhatcriteriaareusedintnakingthe

decision,adecisionmustbemade,sineenoonewouId'havetimetoreador

IistentoanaccountofeverythingthereisgoingonintheworId!

PeopIewhohavetimetoreadseveraIpaperscanaIreadycomparedifferent

reportsofthesameevent.WhenaneventhaspoliticaIsignificanoe,each

paperreportsitfromthepointofviewofitsownpoliticaIbeIiefsor

preferences.IdeaIIy,ofcourse,theexpressionofeditorialopinionshouId

beIimitedtotheeditoriaIpage,andthenewsarticIesshouIdbeobjective

——teIIingthefactsascompIeteIyaspossibIe,withouttryingtogivethem

aparticuIarinterpretation,orwithoutotherwisetryingtoinfIuencethe

reader'sopinion.However,reportersandeditorsareonlyhuman,andifthey

havestrongpoliticalbeIiefsitisaImostimpossibIeforthemtohidethem.

IfeditorsbeIievetheirpointofviewisbestforthereadersoftheirpaper,

what'stostopthemfromusingthepapertotrytoinfIuencepubIicopinion?

Andif,someday,aworIdnewspaperbecomesareaIity,wiIIitbethemost

powerfuIpressagenciesthatwiIIchoosethenewstobesentouttoaII

countries?

1.Theexpression“nomanisanisIand“meansthatnomanIivessurrounded

bywater.

2.Accordingtotheauthor,itmaynotbeIongbeforepeopIeaIIover

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

theworIdhaveaccesstonewspapers.

3.ThetransferringofnewspapertextstofiImistime-consumingand

costIy.

4.TransistorsareparticuIarIyusefuIbecausetheyareusedinsmaII

radioandTVsets.

5.TelevisionreIaysareoftenpIacedonahiIItopsothattheycanreach

asateIIite.

6.PeopIearecapabIeofknowingaIItheeventsgoingonineverypart

oftheworId.

7.IfaworIdnewspaperbecomesareaIity,itwiIItakemore

responsibiIityforinformingaIIthereadersoftheIatestnewsintheworId.

8.NewspapershavebeenpubIishedforabout.

9.AnytelevisionprogramcouIdbetransmittedtoanypartoftheworId

by.

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

10.ItisideaIthatthenewsarticIes.

1.N

2.Y

3.N

4.Y

5.N

6.N

7.NG

8.400years

9.sateIIites

10.beobjective

IntheIasttwohundredyearstherehavebeengreatchangesinthemethod

ofproductionofgoods.ThisisnowaIsotrueofthebuiIdingindustry;for

mechanizationhasbeenintroduced.SystembuiIdingcansavebothtimeand

money.TheprincipleofsystembuiIdingisthatthebuiIdingismadefrom

asetofstandardunits.TheseareeithermadeatthebuiIding-siteorat

afactory.Somedesigners,infact,arestandardizingthedimensionsofrooms

TheyaremadeinmultiplesofasinglefixedIength,usuaIIytencentimeters.

ThisiscalledamoduIar（標(biāo);隹件的）system,anditmeansthatmanufactures

canproducestandardizedfittingsataIowercost.Themostimportantfact

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

aboutsystembuiIdingisitsspeed.Aten-storeyfIat,forexampIe,canbe

compIetedinfourmonths.

ThereareseveraInewmethodsofsystembuiIding.OneisthepaneImethod.

Inthiscase,theconstructioncompanysometimeserectsafactoryonthesite.

ThewallsandfIoorsofthebuiIding,calledpaneIs,arecastinahorizontaI

orverticaIposition.ConduitsforeIectricaIwiresandsIeevesforpipes

arecastinthepaneIswhentheyarebeingmade.ThemouIdsformakingthese

castingsaresituatedaIIaroundthebuiIding.

AftertheconcretepaneIsarecast,theyareaIIowedtosetandharden

foraweek.NexttheyareIiftedbyatowercraneontoanysectionofthe

buiIding.TherethepaneIsarecementedtogetherattheirjointsandthefIoor

coveringislaid.

AfterthepaneIshavebeencementedtogether,thecraneIiftsacaseinto

thearea.ItcontainsaIIthefittingstobeinstaIIed,suchaswash-basins,

radiatorsandpipes.Finishingtradesmen,suchaspIumbers,pIasterers,

paintersandeIectricians,followbehindtocompIetethework.

InsomebuiIdingdeveIopments,insomecountries,whoIefIatswith

internaIfeaturesIiketheirbathrooms,bedroomsandconnectingstairs,and

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

weighingasmuchastwentytons,arecarriedtothebuiIding-siteready-made.

AgiantoverheadcraneisusedtoIiftthemintoposition.Inthefuture,

thismethodmaybecomemorewidespread.

1.ThemaindifferencebetweenpaneImethodandthemethoddiscussedin

theIastparagraphis.

A.theIatterusesready-madeinternaIfeatures

B.paneIsarecastinaIeveIposition

C.theformerisusedtobuildwallsandfIoorswhiletheIatterto

constructbathroomsorbedrooms

D.theformerismoreexpensivethantheIatter

2.WhichofthesestatementsisTRUEofsystembuiIding?

A.ItempIoysmoremen.B.Itisdifficultanddangerous.

C.Itcansavebothtimeandmoney.D.11meansIessmechanization.

3.Accordingtothepassage,theprincipleofsystembuiIdingis

that.

A.constructionmethodsaresafer

B.buiIdingsaremadefromasetofstandardizedunits

C.similarbuiIdingscanbeproduced

D.aIIunitsareproducedonthesite

4.TheusuaIfixedIengthinthemoduIarsystemis.

A.twentycentimetersB.tenmiIIimeters

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

C.fiftycentimetersD.tencentimeters

5.WhatIiftstheconcretepaneIsontothebuiIding?

A.Cranes.B.Man-power.

C.Pulleys.D.HydrauIicjacks.

1.A2.C3.B4.D5.A

Etiquette（禮儀）

Theoriginsofetiquette一theconventionaIruIesofbehaviorand

ceremoniesobservedinpoIitesociety——arecompIex.Oneofthemisrespect

forauthority.Fromthemostprimitivetimes,subjects（臣民）showedrespect

fortheirruIerbybowing,prostratingthemseIvesontheground,notspeaking

untiIspokento,andneverturningtheirbackstothethrone.SomeruIers

deveIopedruIestostressevenfurthertherespectduetothem.Theemperors

ofByzantiumexpectedtheirsubjectstokisstheirfeet.Whenanambassador

fromabroadwasintroduced,hehadtotouchthegroundbeforethethronewith

hisforehead.MeanwhiIethethroneitseIfwasraisedintheairsothat,on

Iookingup,theambassadorsawtheruIerfarabovehim,haughtyandremote.

AbsoIuteruIershave,asaruIe,madeetiquettemorecompIicatedrather

thansimpIer.ThepurposeisnotonIytomaketheruIerseemaImostgodIike,

butaIsotoprotecthimfromfamiIiarity,forwithoutsomesuchprotection

大風(fēng)起會(huì)云飛揚(yáng)

hisIife,IivedinevitabIyinthepubIiceye,wouIdbeintoIerabIe.Thecourt

ofLouisXIVofFranceprovidedanexceIIentexampIeofaveryhighly

deveIopedsystemofetiquette.Becausethekingandhisfamilywere

consideredtobeIongtoFrance,theywereaImostcontinuaIIyonshowamong

theircourtiers（朝臣）.Theywoke,prayed,washedanddressedbeforecrowds

ofcourtiers.EvenlargecrowdswatchedthemeattheirmeaIs,andaccessto

theirpaIacewasfreetoaIItheirsubjects.

YetthispubIicIifewasorganizedsocarefuIIy,withsucharefinement

ofceremoniaI,thattheauthorityoftheKingandtherespectinwhichhe

washeIdgrewsteadiIythroughouthisIifetime.Acrowdwatchedhimdress,

butonIytheDukewhowashisfirstvaIetdechamber（貼身男仆）wasaIIowed

tohoIdouttherightsIeeveofhisshirt,onIythePrineewhowashisGrand

ChamberlaincouIdreIievehimofhisdressinggown,andonIytheMasterof

theWardrobemighthelphimpulIuphistrousers.ThesewerenotfamiIiarities

normereIyduties,buthighlydesiredpriviIeges.NapoIeonrecognizedthe

vaIueofceremonytoaruIer.WhenhebecameEmperor,hediscardedthe

revoIutionarycustomofcallingeveryone“citizen”,restoredmuchofthe

CourtceremoniaIthattheRevoIutionhaddestroyed,andrecaIIedmembersof

thenobiIitytoinstructhisnewcourtintheoIdformaImanners.

RuIesofetiquettemaypreventembarrassmentandevenseriousdispates.

ThegeneraIruIeofsociaIprecedenceisthatpeopIeofgreaterimportance

precedethoseofIesserimportance.BeforetheruIesofdipIomaticprecedence

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

wereworkedoutintheearIysixteenthcentury,rivalambassadorsoften

foughtforthemosthonourabIeseatingpositionataceremony.Beforethe

principlewasestabIishedthatambassadorsofvariouscountriesshouIdsign

treatiesinorderofseniority,disputesaroseastowhoshouIdsignfirst.

TheestabIishmentofruIesforsuchmatterspreventeduncertaintyand

disagreement,astoruIesforIessimportantoccasions.ForexampIe,atan

Englishwedding,themotherofthebridegroomshouIdsitinthefirstpew

orbenchontheright-handsideofthechurch.TheresuItisdignityandorder.

OutsidepaIacecircIes,themainconcernofetiquettehasbeentomake

harmoniousthebehaviourofequaIs,butsometimessociaIcIasseshaveused

etiquetteasaweaponagainstintruders,refiningtheirmannersinorderto

markthemseIvesofffromtheIowercIasses.

Insixteenth-centuryItalyandeighteenth-centuryFrance,decreasing

prosperityandincreasingsociaIunrestIedtherulingfamiIiestotryto

preservetheirsuperioritybywithdraw!ngfromtheIowerandmiddlecIasses

behindbarriersofetiquette.Inaprosperouscommunity,ontheotherhand,

poIitesocietysoonabsorbsthenewlyrich,andinEngIandtherehasnever

beenanyshortageofbooksonetiquetteforteachingthemthemanners

appropriatetotheirnewwayofIife.

EverycodeofetiquettehascontainedthreeeIements:basicmoraIduties;

practicaIruIeswhichpromoteefficiency;andartificiaI,optionaIgraces

suchasformaIcompIimeritsto,say,womenontheirbeautyorsuperiorson

大風(fēng)起今云飛揚(yáng)

theirgenerosityandimportance.

Inthefirstcategoryareconsiderationfortheweakandrespectforage.

AmongtheancientEgyptianstheyoungaIwaysstoodinthepresenceofoIder

peopIe.AmongtheMponguweofTanzania,theyoungmenbowastheypassthe

hutsoftheeIders.InEngIand,untiIaboutacenturyago,youngchiIdren

didnotsitintheirparents'presencewithoutaskingpermission.

PracticaIruIesareheIpfuIinsuchordinaryoccurrencesofsociaIIife

asmakingproperintroductionsatpartiesorotherfunctionssothatpeopIe

canbebroughttoknoweachother.Beforetheinventionofthefork,

etiquettedirectedthatthefingersshouIdbekeptascIeanaspossibIe;

beforethehandkerchiefcameintocommonuse,etiquettesuggestedthat,after

spitting,apersonshouIdrubthespitinconspicuousIy（難以察覺(jué)的）

underfoot.

ExtremeIyrefinedbehavior,however,cultivatedasanartofgracious

Iiving,hasbeencharacteristiconIyofsocietieswithweaIthandIeisure,

whichadmittedwomenasthesociaIequaIsofmen.AfterthefaIIofRome,

thefirstEuropeansocietytoreguIatebehaviorinprivateIifeinaccordance

withacompIicatedcodeofetiquettewastweIfth-centuryProvence,inFrance.