雅思學(xué)術(shù)類7ielts a閱讀寫作理解講義

雅思寫作A類閱讀理解講主講：學(xué)歡迎使雅思

IELTSisatestingsystemwhichassesseshowgooda 'sEnglishlanguageisforthepurposeofstudyortraining.Thetestisrecognisedaroundtheworldbyuniversitiesandcolleges.Therearetwoformstothe whichtests 'slanguageforuniversityGeneralTraining:whichtestsbasiclanguageskillswitheducationorimmigrationinThereare4partstoeachtest.TheListeningandSpeakingtestsarethesameforbothAcademicandTrainingformsofthetest.ThereareseparatepapersfortheReadingandWritingtests.Theorganisationlookslikethis:4sections,40questions y30 Academic 3sections,40 3sections,401 1 Academic 2 2 1 3Thisbookcontainspracticeteststohelppreparestudentsforthesetests,whicheverformofthetesttheytake.ChoosetheReadingandWritingtasksappropriatefortheexambeingtaken.雅思A111122,22,34,5,6,34,5,8,9,7,8,411,12,410,11,14,15,13,14,15,517,18,517,18,19,20,21,22,21,22,23,624,25,26,625,26,27,28,29,29,30,731,32,732,34,34,836,836,38,38,999ExpertUser:nativespeakerlevel.Canfunctionappropriayandaccurayinall8VeryGoodUser:hasexcellentcommandofthelanguagebutmayproducesomeerrorsinunfamiliarcircumstances.7GoodUser:generallyhandleslanguagewellbutwithsomeinaccuracies.Canproduceacompetentwrittenargument.Canunderstand reasoninginreadingpassages.6CompetentUser:hasreasonablecontrolofthelanguagebutwithsomeinaccuracies.Mayhavesomedifficultieswithunfamiliarsituations.5ModestUser:candealadequa ywithlanguageinhisownareabutwillfinddifficultyindealingwithcomplexlanguageandunfamiliarsituations.4LimitedUser:onlyabletodealwithfamiliarsituationsandnotcomplexlanguage.Oftenhasdifficultyinunderstandingandexpression.3VeryLimitedUser:hasproblemsincommunicating.Abletoexpressgeneralmeaningonlyinfamiliarcircumstances.2IntermittentUser:hadmanydifficultiesusingthelanguage.Canonlycommunicateverylittlebasicinformationbyusingafewwordsorphrases.1NonUser:hasnoabilitytocommunicateexceptforafewisolatedwords.0Didnotwritethetest:didnotproduceanyinformationtobeassessed.雅思ATIPSFORIELTSAlwaysreadtheinstructionstothetasks,astheymayvaryfromtesttoMakesureyoucompletethecomputersheetaftereachreading.Youarenotgivenanyextratimeattheendofthetesttofillinthesheet.Donotspendmorethan20minutesonanysection,asyoumaynothaveenoughtimetocompletethethreepassages.Alwaystimeyourselfwhenngthepracticetests,togetusedtofinishingeachsectioninnomorethan20minutes.AsthesectionsoftheReadingtest eprogressivelymoredifficult,ifyoutakelongerthan20minutesonthefirsttwosections,youwillhavelittlechanceoffinishingthethirdpassage.AstheIELTSReadingpapercoversavarietyofwrittenstyles,makesureyouprepareyourselfforthisbyreadingnewspapers,journals,magazinesandfictionandnon-fictionbooks.Bepreparedtobetestedonanysubjectsomeoneattendingauniversitywouldbeexpectedtobeawareof.However,youarenotexpectedtobeanexpertonallthesetopics.InIELTSReadingthequestionsaresometimeswrittenbeforethepassage.Alwayscheckthatyouhavereadandansweredall40questions.雅思TESTSectionYoushouldspendabout20minutesonquestions1-15,whicharebasedonReadingPassage1NationalParksandClimateANationalparks,naturereserves,protectedareasandsitesofspecialscientificinterest(SSSIs)areanimportantpartofthenaturallandscapeinmostcountries.Theirhabitatandterrainsvarymassively,fromtundraandglacierparksinthenorthtowetlandsinEurope,steppesincentralandeasternEurope,andprairiegrasslandsanddesertsinotherareas.Virtuallyallkindsoflandscapeareprotectedsomewhere.Andtheseprotectedareasareimportantforthevarietyofntandanimallifetheyharbour:caribou,bears,wolves,raretypesoffishandbirds.BButtheseareasareunderthreatfromarecentperil-globalclimatechange.Noamountoflegislationinanyonecountrycanprotectagainstaworldwideproblem.Whatexactlyaretheproblemscausedbyclimatechange?DavidWoodward,headoftheBritishCouncilforNatureConservation,spoketoScienceNowaboutsomeoftheseareas,andhisfirstpointhighlightedtheenormousvariationinnaturereserves.C"Eachparkorreserveisanecosystem,"hesays,"andthelargerreserves,suchasthoseinCanada,mayhaveseveraltypesofecologicalsubsystemswithinit.TherearereserveswhicharehalfthesizeofWesternEurope,soitdoesn'tmakesensetotalkaboutthemasiftheywereallthesame,orasifthemicroclimateswithinthemwereuniform."WoodwardoutlinessomeofthedangersposedbyclimaticchangetoparksinthenorthernAmericas,forexample.D"Ifclimaticchangeissevere,andinparticularifthechangeishappeningasquicklyasitisatthemoment,thentheboundariesoftheparknolongermakemuchsense.Aparkthatwasdesignatedasaprotectedarea90yearsagomaysuffersuchchangeinitsclimatethatthenatureofitchangestoo.Itwillnolongercontaintheanimalandntlifethatitdid.Sotheareawhichonceprotected,say,aspeciesofreindeeroratypeofscenery,willhavechanged.Ineffect,youlosethethingyouweretryingtoprotect."ThiseffecthasalreadybeenseeninCanada,whereparkswhichoncecontainedglaciershaveseentheglaciersmeltedbyglobalwarming.EJennieLindstrom,ChiefExecutiveOfficerofH2O,thecharitywhichnsonaninternationallevelonbehalfof Europe'sprotectedwetlandandwildernessareas,isevenmorepessimistic.InalettertoScienceNow,shehasassertedthatupto70%ofsuchareasarealreadyexperiencingsuch"significantchange...inclimate"thatthedistributionpatterns.offloraandfaunaarechanging,andthatallareaswilleventuallybeaffected.SheestimatesthatthemostprofoundchangeisoccurringinthenorthernmostparksinareassuchasFinland,Greenland,IcelandandnorthernRussia,butaddsthat"thereisnocewhichwillnotsuffertheeffectsofglobalwarming.Whatweareseeingisamassivechangeintheenvironment-andthatmeanstheextinctionofwholespecies,aswellasvisualandstructuralchangeswhichmeansthatareasliketheCamarguemaylillylooktotallydifferentin50or60years'time."FTheproblemsaremanifold.First,itisdifficultorimpossibletopredictwhichareasaremostinneedofhelp-thatis,whichareasareinmostdanger.Predictingclimatechangeisevenmoreunreliablethanpredictingtheweather.Secondly,thereisasensethaternmentsinmostareasareapathetictowardsaproblemwhichmaynotmanifestitselfuntillongafterthaternment'stermofofficehascometoanend.Inpoorareas,ofcourse,natureconservationislowonthelistofprioritiescomparedto,say,employmentorhealth.Third,andperhapsmostimportant,eveninareaswherethereisboththepoliticalwillandthefinancialmuscletodosomethingabouttheproblem,itishardtoknowjustwhattodo.MariaColehilloflife,anAmericanconservationbody,thinksthatinthecaseofclimatechange,themostwecanrealisticallydoismonitorthesituationandallowforthechangesthatwecannotprevent,whilelobbyingernmentsinternationallytomakethechangestothepollutionlaws,forexample,thatwillenableustodealwiththecausesoftheproblem."Iamdespondent,"sheadmits."IhavenodoubtthatalotoftheworkwearengonbehalfoftheNorthAmericanlynx,forexample,willbewasted.Theanimalitselfcanliveinvirtuallyanyenvironmentwheretherearefewhumans,butofcourseitsnumbersaresmall.Ifclimatechangeaffectstheotheranimallifeintheareaswhereitnowlives,ifthefoodchainchanges,thenthelynxwillbeaffectedtoo.Lessfoodforthelynxmeansfewerlynxes,orlynxeswithnowheretogo."GCertainly,climatechangeisnotgoingtogoawayovernight.Itisestimatedthatfossilfuelsburntinthe1950swillstillbeaffectingourclimateinanother30years,sothechangeswillcontinueforsometimeafterthat.Ifwewanttoprotecttheremnantsofourwildlandscapesforfuturegenerations,theimpetusforchangemustcomefromtheernmentsoftheworld.Questions1-DothefollowingstatementsagreewiththeinformationgiveninReadingPassageInboxes1-7onyouranswersheet,writeYesifthestatementagreeswiththeinformation,Noifthestatementcontradictstheinformation,NotGivenifthereisnoinformationonthisinthepassage.EverycountryhasprotectedareasornationalCountriescanprotecttheirparksbychangingtheirAprotectedareaorparkcancontainmanydifferentDavidWoodwardthinksthatCanadianparkswillallbedifferentin90Canada,morethananyothercountry,hasfelttheeffectsofglobalH2OworkstoprotectwetlandsallovertheSomepartsoftheworldwillfeeltheresultsofglobalwarmingmorethanQuestions8-Completethesummarybelow.Chooseyouranswersfromtheboxbelowthesummaryandwritetheminboxes8-13ontheanswersheet.Therearemorewordsthanspaces,soyouwillnotuseallthegivenwords.Thereare (8)encounteredinattemptingtostoptheeffectsof (9).Oneisthedifficultyofpredictingchange.Anotherisalackof (10)tochangethesituation;mosternments'interestinthematterislimitedbecauseitwillnot everyserious Finally,thereisthequandaryofwhatactionweshouldactuallytake.Onesolutionisbothtokeepaneyeonthesituationasitdevelops,andtopushforchanges (12).Evenifwedothis,theproblemisnotgoingto (13),sinceittakesaconsiderabletimeforglobalwarmingtowillingnessofthelotsofglobalformanydisappearstraightmanyafterQuestions14andReadingPassage1hassevenparagraphsA-G.Whichparagraphsstatethefollowinginformation?WritetheappropriatelettersA-Ginboxes14and15onyouranswersheet.AllareasoftheworldarelikelytobeaffectedbyglobalclimateRemediesforglobalwarmingwillnotreversethesetrendsimmediaTESTSection2Questions14-Youshouldspendabout20minutesonquestions14-26,whicharebasedonReadingPassage2QuestionChoosethemostsuitabletitleforReadingpassage2fromthelistbelow.Writeyouranswerinbox14onyouranswersheet.OldOldRemediesStillWork MiracleCureFromAModernCureForAnAncientAThesearchforcurestotreatcommondiseasesisnotnew,norisitunusualtofindthecuresforsuchdiseasesintreebark.Aspirinforheadachesandquinineforthetreatmentofmalariaarebothexamplesofmodernmedicineswhichhavebeenderivedfromtreebark.Butthelatestadditionstothislistmaybethemostsignificantyet,accordingtothefindingsofresearchintothemedicinalbenefitsofthebarkoftheAfricanBushWillow.Ataninternationalconference,DrScottRemickoftheUSAclaimedthatcombretastin,aproductofthisbark,hasprovedupto85%effectiveincombatingcancer,andmay,incombinationwithchemotherapy,finallyprovideawaytodestroymanytypesoftumour.BTheAfricanBushWillow,whichgrowsinSouthAfrica,hasbeenrecognisedasamedicinalntbylocaltribespeopleformanyyears.Inthepast,itsrootswereusedaspurgativesanditsgumwasusedtotreatsoresandulcers.CommonalongriverbanksinsouthernAfrica,thisnt(scientificname,Combretumcaffrum)hasprovedbothhardyandprolific,Itisoneoftheworld'sfastest-growingtreesandcangrowonemetreinheightannuallytoa umoffourteenmetres.Tosustainthislevelofgrowthnormallyrequireswarmth,richsoilandabundantwater.butevenwhentheseareinshortsupply,theAfricanBushWillowcansurvive.Itisresistanttoseveredroughtandevensustainedperiodsoffrost,andtemperatureswellbelowzerodonotdamagethetree.CCombretastin,theactiveingredientinthebark,wasoriginallyisolatedformthestemsandbranchesinthe1970abySouthAfricanresearcher,DrGordonCragg.Amassiveseventy-sevenkilogrammesofmaterialwasneededfromthetreetoproducejustafewmilligramsoftheactiveingredient.However,scientistshavenowbeenabletoproducethedrugsynthetically.Thistypeofmanufacturinghasmeantthatthedrugcannowbemass-producedandusedmuchmorewidelyinthetreatmentofcancer.Mostcancersarecausedbytumours,whichcreatetheirownnetworkofcapillariestosupplythebloodtheyneedinordertogrow.Theeffectofcombretastinistoreducethetumour'sabilitytocreatethesecapillariesandtherebystarvethetumourtodeath.DCombretastinappearstoworkveryquickly,oftenreducingthebloodflowtoatumourwithinfourtosixhoursafteritsfirstapplication.Afeatureinitsfavouristhatcombretastindoesnotappeartoaffectthebloodstootherhealthyorgans.But,usedinisolation,asmallnumberofcancerouscellswhichappearabletoliveoffnormalbloods,appeartoremainunaffectedbycombretastin,andradiationtherapyisrequiredtodestroythesecellsandremovethethreatofcancerEInitialtrialshavebeencarriedoutontwenty-fivepatientsintheUSA.Thesehavemetwitharemarkablemeasureofsuccess.One55-year-oldman,sufferingfromaparticularlyaggressiveformofthyroidcancerbeforetreatment,hasbeencancer-fortwoyearsfollowingacourseofthenewdrug.Itisgenerallyheldthatifacancerdoesnotreturnwithintwoyearsoftreatment,ithasbeencured.Sofar,otherpatientsinvolvedinthetrialssincethen,includingthosewithcancerofthebowel,havealsoremainedclearoftheircancers.FTrialsintheUKhavemetwithsimilarsuccess,buthavereportedsignificantsideeffects,includingdiarrhoeaandskinpain.InBritain,expertsbelievethatthedrugworksbestinconjunctionwithothertherapies,includingradiotherapy.Theresultsofthesecombinedtreatmentssuggestthat85%ofcancerscouldbetotallyeliminated,andsimilartrialsareduetostartintheUSA.DrKateLawoftheCancerResearchninLondoncomments,"Wewillbewatchingtheresultsofthesetrialswithinterest.Onthefaceofit,theselatesttrialsareveryencouraging.GThedrughasbeengreetedwithenthusiasmbyprofessionalsandpatientsalikedespitesomeoftheexperimentshavinglimitedsuccess.Onepatientsufferingfromlungandlivercancersagreedtobeoneoftheguineapigsinthepha