the-analysis-of-improvement-of-gove本科學位論文

The

Analysis

of

Improvement

of

Gove

Abstract

Government

executive

ability

reflects

the

extent

of

the

government

strategy

enforcing

and

the

ability

that

government

copes

with

public

problems.

Government

executive

ability

is

a

complex

systemic

project,

in

which

public

policy

play

important

and

necessary

roles.

The

public

policy

execution

ability

has

a

direct

and

profound

impact

on

the

enhancement

of

government

executive

ability.

Thus,

it

is

extremely

necessary

and

meaningful

for

us

to

analyze

the

government

executive

ability

in

the

public

policy

perspective.

Key

words

government

executive

ability,

policy

ability,

policy

means

1

Introduction

Government

executive

ability

is

the

government

performance

ability

and

execution

extent

of

government

strategy

or

scheme.

Generally

speaking,

executive

ability

has

the

following

special

and

important

meanings.

First

of

all,

executive

ability

is

the

indemnification

for

the

accomplishing

of

government

strategic

target.

Any

strategic

target

can’t

be

fulfilled

without

executive

ability.

The

chief

function

of

executive

ability

is

to

transform

government

strategic

target

into

actual

operable

action.

Well

executive

ability

is

the

stable

base

for

fulfilling

strategic

target.

Secondly,

executive

ability

reflects

government

abilities

of

administration

and

society

management.

Government

governance

efficacy

is

often

embodied

in

the

execution

sections.

The

efficiency

and

the

veracity

reflects

the

level

of

government

governance.

Thirdly,

executive

ability

is

an

efficient

and

key

factor

of

consolidating

of

government’s

validity

and

identify.

Consequentially

a

government

with

well

executive

ability

can

win

citizens’

trust

and

support.

Because

can

better

deal

with

all

kinds

of

public

problems,

improve

citizens’

profit,

make

common

people

feel

more

self-important

and

full

with

hope.

Fourthly,

the

improving

of

executive

ability

can

help

construction

and

development

of

government

itself.

Well

executive

ability

is

good

for

strengthening

organization’s

comity

and

responsibility

consciousness.

Fifthly,

executive

ability

is

the

reflection

of

the

ability

of

government

adjustment

and

assign.

Its

elevation

can

enhance

the

ability

of

adjusting

and

conforming

the

recourses

of

government.

The

ability

of

conforming

the

recourses

is

the

ability

of

collecting,

harmonizing,

managing

the

human,

money,

material,

technology,

idea

and

interpersonal

relationship

recourses.

The

purpose

of

the

conformity

is

to

change

the

recourses

to

the

elevation

of

the

government’s

ability.

The

elevation

of

the

government

executive

ability

conduces

to

the

elevation

of

the

government’s

ability

in

these

fields.

Sixth,

the

execution

is

the

inspection

and

the

revision

of

the

government’s

strategies.

The

processes

of

execution

are

the

processes

of

results

producing

by

the

government’s

strategies.

Only

through

execution,

the

policy

can

be

inspected

and

revised

exactly.

The

executive

ability

is

the

inspection

and

reflection

of

the

processes

and

results.

2

The

Public

Policy

Factor

in

Government

Executive

Ability

The

public

policy

means

the

society

public

authority

(mostly

refers

the

decision-maker

of

the

public

policy)

constitutes

the

action

plans

or

the

choices

to

achieve

a

certain

policy

in

a

certain

case.

David

Easten

pointed

out,

“public

policy

is

the

authorizing

distribution

of

the

total

society

value.”

This

value

is

not

only

refers

material,

but

the

power,

honor

and

status.

Excerption

for

distributing

the

value,

the

policy

distributes

the

society

recourses.

To

achieve

the

strategy

purposes,

the

government

can

distribute

and

assemble

the

society

recourses

such

as

human,

money

and

material

by

policy.

Thus

we

can

clearly

realize

the

relationship

of

the

policy

and

the

government.

The

relationship

of

the

policy

and

the

government

is

mainly

in

three

aspects:

First,

policy

is

the

carrier

of

the

power,

is

the

tool

of

the

government

governing.

Francis

Bacon

pointed

out

that

the

right

policy

is

in

factor

to

complete

ability

needed

by

exerted

the

power.

The

ability

is

mainly

expressed

by

winning

support

and

agreement

rather

than

conflict

to

obtain

the

authority

and

validity.

It

provides

government

a

way

to

realize

the

validity.

The

form

of

the

policy

must

be

supported

and

agreed

by

the

heart.

The

decision-maker

must

sense

the

necessity

of

establishing

this

kind

of

agreement.

The

policy

is

governor’s

decision

to

obtain

the

balance

of

politic

strength.

Obviously,

comparing

the

violence

or

the

other

governing

methods

(governance,

rule),

policy

is

a

relative

softy

and

rational

governance

tool.

Not

only

authorities

always

declare

their

policy

is

the

result

of

rationally

analyzing,

the

public

is

also

inclined

to

expect

to

the

government

take

the

policy

method

when

dealing

with

the

public

problems.

In

the

hand,

the

policy

provides

authority

for

the

government

in

the

reason

and

evident.

Of

course,

this

only

takes

place

in

the

relative

democratic

condition.

Secondly,

policy

is

the

carrier

of

the

government’s

will.

Decision-maker’s

all

kinds

of

“politic

attempts”

can

be

realized

by

the

policy,

such

as

settling

conflicts,

controlling

discords

and

dissolving

the

other

society

problems.

At

the

same

time,

the

decision-maker

regards

the

policy

as

the

inspirit

system

of

the

government

action,

focusing

on

the

aims

of

execution

and

offering

the

impetus

for

public

execution.

Of

course,

as

government

induces

and

inspirits

the

masses,

it

also

inhibits

and

restricts

them.

Thirdly,

policy

is

a

government’s

society

management

method

or

means.

“Government

using

policy

as

the

form

and

the

measure,

translates

and

utilizes

the

society

recourses,

macroscopically

plans

and

deploys

the

society’s

development,

organizes

the

society

economy

activity,

develops

the

education,

science

and

culture

and

accumulate

society,

economy

and

culture.”

Policy

is

an

important

tool

of

government

governance.

The

efficient

of

the

tool

affect

the

government’s

activity

directly.

The

policy

ability’s

good

or

not

reflects

government

executive

ability’s

strong

or

not.

The

policy

ability

means

as

a

tool,

the

degree

of

the

policy

adjusts

its

content.

The

policy

ability

in

fact

reflects

the

ability

of

government

governance,

which

is

a

key

index

of

the

government

executive

ability.

Government

and

policy

depend

on

each

other

and

elevate

each

other.

l

The

policy

ability

an

important

factor

of

government

executive

ability.

Public

policy

is

a

main

tool

and

means

of

government

governing

and

management.

Its

operation

(including

policy

instituting,

policy

executing,

policy

accessing,

etc.)

naturally

is

the

important

content

of

government

activity

whose

majority

part

is

policy

planning,

executing

and

accessing.

So

whether

the

policy

ability

can

be

carried

out

decides

government

executive

ability.

l

The

incidence

of

public

policy

ability

is

restricted

by

the

government

executive

ability.

The

effected

scope

of

policy

is

limited

by

the

government’s

policy

aim.

The

governance

scope

such

as

law,

convention

and

counsel,

should

not

be

intervened

and

besides

all

these

governance

measures

compose

the

government

executive

ability.

On

the

contrary,

the

finite

scope

of

the

policy

ability

limited

the

government

executive

ability’s

extended

scope,

which

often

displays

as

to

a

same

content

the

policy,

only

can

adjust

to

a

certain

degree.

The

improvement

of

the

government

executive

ability

can

help

to

increase

the

policy

ability.

The

improvement

of

the

government

executive

ability

provide

the

policy’s

constitution

and

execution

a

good

guarantee

of

body,

organization,

leader

and

authority

and

can

make

the

process

of

policy

operation

more

smooth

and

effect,

which

elevate

the

policy

ability.

On

this

point,

one

thing,

which

should

be

mentioned

specially,

is

that

government

execution

and

policy

execution

are

two

category

concepts.

Government

execution

is

government

carrying

out

the

government

strategies

or

purposes.

It’s

a

section

of

government

governance.

Policy

execution

is

the

process

of

realizes

the

policy

purpose

with

all

kinds

of

resources.

The

execution

of

policy

is

a

method

of

government

governance---the

execution

and

fulfilling

section

of

public

policy.

3

Based

on

the

perspective

of

public

policy

to

analyze

the

weak

government

executive

ability’s

behavior

and

reasons

Actually

not

all

of

the

government

purposes

or

strategies

will

be

realized.

We

can

often

find

the

government

purpose

or

strategy

be

realized

inadequately

or

defectively.

An

important

reason

of

this

situation

is

the

absence

or

weak

of

government

executive

ability.

The

weak

government

executive

ability

mainly

includes:

the

benefit

dispute

between

the

center

and

the

local,

or

the

inner

government

departments,

for

their

own

partial

benefit;

the

endless

conflicts

at

the

organization

operation;

block

even

break

when

government

execution

strategy

(or

policy);

employer

laziness;

the

public

organization

leader

incapacity;

the

execution

process

distortion.

The

absence

or

weak

of

executive

ability

often

behaves

as

the

distortion

of

the

execution

process.

It

includes

that

the

policy

is

inadequately

or

formally

or

selectively

carried

out.

It

virtually

distorts

the

government

strategy

and

policy.

There

are

many

reasons

for

the

weak

government

executive

ability.

In

the

perspective

of

public

policy,

the

analysis

is

following:

l

In

government

structure,

the

scope

of

policy

ability

is

not

accurate.

Because

of

microscopic

decision

covers

large,

and

the

policy

is

not

concrete

and

has

multiply

status,

the

dominating

area

of

policy

ability

could

not

definite

and

often

absent

and

superposition.

Similarly,

this

is

also

the

recourse

of

conflicts

between

center

and

local,

among

the

department

of

the

public

organization.

l

The

setting

of

the

strategy

target

(also

the

policy

target)

is

not

reasonable.

The

strategy

(or

the

policy)

setting

correctly

is

the

precondition

of

the

government

effective

execution.

The

strategy

setting

must

meet

following

several

requirements:

subject,

clear,

concrete

and

feasible.

l

Policy

subject—government’s

character

orientation

is

wrong.

Government

is

not

omnipotent,

and

should

not

take

on

all

the

society

things.

The

practice

proved

that

the

government’s

character

should

do

it

should

do

or

it

can

do,

such

as

providing

the

public

products,

arranging

the

society

security.

The

wrong

orientation

results

in

the

disadvantage

government

execution.

If

the

government

takes

part

in

the

microscopic

economy

excessively,

the

government

execution

will

be

weakened

even

go

to

the

impasse

rather

than

strengthen

it.

l

The

system

has

bug

and

the

policy

has

not

be

standardized.

The

system

provides

the

outer

environment

for

the

public

policy.

The

defect

of

system

often

leads

to

the

instable

policy

or

other

negative

effects

such

as

one

thing

managed

by

several

departments.

This

obviously

goes

against

the

government

strategy

and

policy

and

influences

severely

the

government

executive

ability.

The

standardization

of

the

strategy

and

policy

stresses

the

clear

of

the

content

and

the

form,

maintains

their

authority,

stability

and

validity.

Standardization

means

authority

and

government

executive

ability.

l

There

is

absent

of

supervising

and

evaluating

of

the

policy.

We

can’t

image

that

he

huge

government

system

is

absent

of

supervise

and

only

depending

on

the

people’s

consciousness

to

execution

the

public

policy

and

government

strategy.

The

practice

proved

time

and

again

that

the

successful

and

the

effective

government

execution

must

have

a

strong,

unique

and

relatively

independent

administrative

supervision.

Evaluation

is

another

supervision,

an

afterwards

supervision.

To

evaluate

the

results

of

the

policy

is

the

main

content

of

the

supervision.

l

The

policy

edges—“majority’s

tyranny

“,

on

the

rule

of

minority

obeying

majority,

the

minority

will

be

ignored

or

harmed

when

their

benefit

is

not

consistent

to

the

majority.

This

actually

makes

the

policy

unfair

and

damages

the

validity

and

identification

of

government.

l

The

crisis

management

policy

is

absent.

The

crisis

event

is

paroxysmal,

urgent,

limited

information

and

instable.

When

it

breaks

out,

government

executive

ability

could

not

carry

out

effectively

as

the

government’s

recourses,

including

system,

process

and

policy

etc.

are

restricted.

4

Improving

public

policy

ability，enhance

government

executive

ability

For

changing

of

the

disadvantage

of

government

executive

ability,

elevating

the

ability

of

government

public

policy

will

strengthen

it.

The

measures

are

following.

4.1

Based

on

the

perspective

of

the

process

of

policy

4.1.1

The

ability

of

confirming

and

programming

the

policy

problems

is

the

premise

of

the

ability

of

government

crisis

management.

Accurately

grasping

the

problems

will

be

helpful

for

the

pertinence

and

effect

of

the

government

activity.

The

pertinence

will

help

to

use

the

policy

(government)

resources

reasonably

and

to

bring

to

the

policy

effect

adequately

and

so

elevating

the

government

executive

ability.

4.1.2

The

key

of

elevation

the

government

executive

ability

is

elevation

the

policy

executive

ability.

The

policy

execution

is

relative

to

the

realization

of

government’s

intention

and

purpose

and

relative

to

government

executive

ability.

In

another

word,

the

degree

and

effect

of

the

execution

is

represented

the

government

executive

ability.

4.1.3

The

ability

of

policy

establishment

is

the

safeguard

and

confirmation

of

the

elevation

of

government

executive

ability.

Policy

establishment

will

judge

the

effect

of

the

policy’s

value

after

execution.

According

to

the

result,

decision-maker

can

determine

that

if

the

certain

policy

should

continue,

adjust

or

end.

Either

to

re-establish

the

resources

or

adjust

the

policy

will

affect

government

executive

ability.

4.2

Based

on

the

perspective

of

the

policy

subject—government

4.2.1

The

policy

subject—government’s

authority

and

credit

is

the

safeguard

of

the

policy

ability.

Elevation

the

validity

and

identity

of

the

policy

subject

leads

to

actualize

the

government

strategy.

When

the

government’s

validity

and

identity

is

high,

the

policy

will

actualize

smoothly,

and

the

public

will

cooperate

and

support.

Similarly,

the

favorable

government

executive

ability

is

rooted

in

the

understanding

and

consent

of

the

public

whose

obedience

is

the

resources

of

authority.

4.2.2

On

the

other

hand,

the

government’s

limited

sense,

subjective

tendency

and

selfish

will

erode

the

policy

ability.

The

justness

and

the

validity

of

the

policy

subject

is

the

guarantee

of

the

effective

policy

execution.

The

object

factor

(such

as

information)

and

the

limit

of

itself

make

the

government

can’t

absolutely

sense

when

it

make

decision,

and

the

selfish

and

tendency

destroy

its

policy

ability.

The

solution

is

democracy

decision

and

public

participation,

which

will

elevate

the

level

of

the

decision-make

and

the

effect

of

the

policy

execution,

and

as

a

result,

elevate

the

government

executive

ability.

4.3

Based

on

the

perspective

of

policy

resources

(or

outer

limiting

condition

of

policy)

4.3.1

The

current

society

system

structure

and

the

inertia

of

the

institution

limit

the

policy

ability.

Either

a

new

policy

or

adjusting

the

old

policy

is

the

re-distribution

of

the

society

resources

and

values,

which

certainly

will

change

the

current

benefit

relationship

and

function

status.

These

all

will

resist

the

change.

So

analyzing

and

harmonizing

the

current

relative

connection

and

the

benefit

structure

will

elevate

the

policy

ability

and

government

executive

ability.

4.3.2

The

contradiction

and

balance

of

the

government

governance

measures

confirms

the

elevation

of

the

policy

ability.

The

government

governance

measures

not

only

include

policy,

but

also

include

national

system,

laws

and

regulations,

moral

ethics,

manners

and

customs

which

have

their

own

character

and

applying

area,

and

will

make

the

policy

recourse

applying

more

effectively.

4.3.3

The

policy’s

implicit

effect

should

be

recognized,

the

symbolic

functions

should

be

focuses

and

the

government’s

standardizing,

inspiriting

and

leading

ability

should

be

elevated.

The

explicit

target

and

function

of

policy

mainly

resolve

the

public

problems

and

harmonize

the

society

contradictions.

It’s

direct

and

clear.

And

the

implicit

and

symbolic

function

has

particular

effect

in

the

government

executive

ability,

which

is

indirect

and

potential,

such

as

politic

lectures,

counsels,

communication

and

politician

demonstration.

4.4

Based

on

the

perspective

of

the

form

of

policy

analysis

To

strengthen

the

government

executive

ability

should

elevate

the

following

public

policy’s

three

aspects:

4.4.1

To

elevate

the

policy’s

standardization.

This

will

increase

the

policy

ability

and

government

executive

ability.

The

standardization

includes

three

factors:

“authority

boundary,

clear

boundary

which

can

be

delivered

and

communicated,

and

the

boundary

can

be

maintained

by

enough

recourses

and

conditions.

”The

policy’s

standardization

will

increase

the

policy

effectiveness

and

government

executive

ability.

4.4.2

To

elevate

the

policy’s

propagable

ability.

The

policy

propagable

ability

includes

three

points:

understandable,

the

unhindered

approach

and

the

proper

measures,

the

efficiency

of

the

results.

The

analysis

must

be

done

to

confirm

if

the

policy

is

necessary

and

if

it

according

to

the

public.

4.4.3

To

elevate

the

policy’s

harmony.

This

can

elevate

the

government

executive

ability.

There

must

be

correspondence,

consistent

and

adaptability

between

the

policy

system

and

society

system,

inner

the

policy

system

to

ensure

the

harmony

of

the

policy

targets

or

government

execution.

Thus

policy

ability

and

government

executive

ability

will

be

elevated.

4.5

Based

on

the

perspective

of

policy

means

and

tools

The

policy

tools

are

the

measures

and

approaches

the

government

taken

to

solve

the

public

problem

or

realize

the

policy

target.

“They

are

government’s

activity

and

the

system

which

adjust

the

government’s

activity

by

a

certain

approach.”

The

policy

tools

are

the

bridge

between

the

government’s

targets

and

results.

The

choice

of

them

is

important

to

reach

the

certain

target.

In

another

word,

the

choice

and

usage

of

the

policy

tools

decide

the

efficient

of

the

policy

ability

itself.

After

all,

policy

ability

reflects

the

degree

of

the

policy

adjusting

the

policy

content

as

measures.

To

some

degree,

policy

means

and

tools

are

the

effectiveness

of

the

policy

ability.

Of

course,

policy

tools

as

an

activity

of

government;

they

will

affect

the

gove