本科畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)-淺析海明威的死亡觀以《死在午后》為例

PAGETableofContentsAbstract i中文摘要 iiTOC\o"1-3"\u1.Introduction 11.1Researchbackground 21.2Thesignificanceoftheresearch 21.2.1Ajustificationoftheresearch 21.2.2Researchquestions 21.3Researchmethod 21.4Organizationofthedissertation 22.LiteratureReview 23.DeathofHemingway 33.1Introduction 33.2Imageoftoughman 33.2.1Toughmaninworks 33.2.2Toughmaninreality 43.3Reasonsfordeath 43.4Reactionstodeath 43.5Summary 54.DanceofDeath 54.1Introduction 54.2Bullfighting,anartofdeath 54.3Thedeathofheroes 54.4Deathvaluesofdeathintheafternoon 64.5Summary 65.Conclusion 75.1Introduction 85.2Summary 85.3Limitationsandsuggestions 8References 9Acknowledgements 10AbstractHemingwayisalwaysconsideredasatoughman,whofinallykilledhimselfwithagun,andendedhislegendarylifewithadramaticallyway.Concerningthemysteryofhisdeath,therearemanydifferentversionsofthestory.Yet,itisstillunknownthroughthoroughinvestigationandstudy.ThispaperinitiatesthedeathofHemingway,andproceedstomakeadeepanalysisofthenovellaDeathintheAfternoon,whichguidedbytheinterestinganddangerousbullfightstopresenthisuniqueunderstandingofdeath.Hemingway’sexplicitandvividdescriptionofbullfightsandaseriesofperformanceintheringofbullfightersleadtoastrongsenseofinfection,whichisattractiveandenchanted.Besides,hisconciseandsuccinctinconversationwiththeoldladyrepresenttheessenceandthespiritofthebullfights.Hepointsoutinthebookthat“Bullfightingistheonlyartinwhichtheartistisindangerofdeath”,andrevealsthatthespiritofbullfightingisbravery,fearlessness,andindifferencetodeath.Itisthehopeoftheauthorthatthepresentstudywillfinallydevelopourownunderstandingofdeath.KeyWords:toughman;death;DeathintheAfternoon;bullfighting;deathvalues中文摘要一向被視為硬漢的海明威，最后竟以含槍自殺如此戲劇化的方式結(jié)束他充滿傳奇色彩的一生。關(guān)于他的死亡之迷，眾說紛紜，經(jīng)過研究探討，最終仍是個迷。本論文由海明威自殺背后開始，再而分析小說《死在午后》，以書中有趣而危險的斗牛作為引申，詮釋他對死亡的獨(dú)特見解。海明威在《死在午后》中對斗牛詳盡而生動的介紹，對斗牛士在場上系列動作表演的描寫，給讀者帶來強(qiáng)烈的感染力，讓人陶醉，使人入迷。書中其與老婦人簡潔精辟的對話道出了斗牛的本質(zhì)與精神，他還指出“斗牛是一種絕無僅有的藝術(shù)家處于生命危險的藝術(shù)”，而斗牛精神就是勇敢無畏，視死如歸的精神。本文旨在寫作的最后能對海明威的死亡觀做出更深刻的探討。關(guān)鍵詞：硬漢；死亡；《死亡在午后》；斗牛；死亡觀1.IntroductionResearchbackgroundErnestHemingwayisrealatoughman.Hisattractivepersonality,fearlesscharacterandunflinchingwillpower,andhisbroadheart,profoundthoughtsandexuberantvitalityareworthyofadmiration.Withadistinctivedisposition,heultimatelychoosestocommitsuicide.Thinkingcarefully,theheroesinHemingway’sworks,suchasboxers,soldiers,bullfighters,fishermen,theyallpossessanamazingnature.Theywilloftenfacedeath,buttheywilloftenchoosetoconfrontdeathdirectly.Themisfortune,frustrationandfailurewhichtheyexperienceintheirlifearenotsimplybecauseofcontingency,butthedestinythatcouldnotbeavoided.Theyacceptdeath,atthesametimetheysurvivetoughly.Formanypeople,deathisataboo.ForHemingway,deathisthecommonthemeofallofhisworks.Comparedwithotherthings,heismoreconcernedwithdeath.Thereasonwhyheshowsinterestindeathisthatthelifeheexperiencesinthewarperiodisfilledwithdangerandexcitement.Nomatterhowhardthecircumstancesare,hestillfirmlybelievesthatdeathisnothing,andholdsthefaiththatoneliveswithdeath.Hisattitudetowardsdeathisalwaysignorant.Finally,hedrawsaconclusionthatnobodycanextricatefromthemisfortuneofdeath.WhileDeathintheAfternoonisamonographonbullfightsthroughwhichHemingwayshowshisattitudetowardsdeath.Asthesayinggoesinthebook,“Therearetwothingsthatarenecessaryforacountrytolovebullfights.Oneofthatisthepeoplemusthaveaninterestindeath”.Itistheinterestthatmostappealsmeandimpelsmetochoosethis.Thebullfightingvirtuallyaimsforthedeathofbulls,andisaresplendentdanceofdeathfilledwithpassionandexcitementwhichisrathercruel,butbeautiful.Theexcessivebeauty,therefore,isreallythefataltemptationtoarousethedesireforexploration.Deathintheafternoonpresentsavividinterpretationofdeathvalues,whichisthesubjectmatterforthecurrentresearch.Thesignificanceoftheresearch1.2.1AjustificationoftherThestudyofthisthesisissignificantinthefollowingaspects:Inthefirstplace,aslongasonesurvivesintheworld,deathistheterminalideologicalactivitiesthatcouldnotbeavoided.Ontheonehand,menpersistentlypursuethemeaningoflife;ontheotherhand,theyfacethejudgmentofdeath.Mostimportantly,itisthedeaththatstimulateshumanbeings’desiretoliveandencourageshumanbeingstomakeprobesintothevalueoflifewhichbringpeoplealoftyideatoconfrontthecruelscufflesinlifeproperly,andgivethemapowertofacedeathcomposedly.Inthesecondplace,manystudieshavealreadybeenputonHemingway’sTheOldManandtheSea.Beginningwithadistinctangle,however,thispaperistoresearchDeathintheAfternoonandthedeathvaluesreflectedinthenovella.Comparedwiththelifecircle,thematterofdeathiseventuallymoreattractiveandclosertothereality.Ultimatelytherefore,theresearchwillbeconclusivetoanewperspectivefordeath.Hence,itisnecessarytostudy.1.2.2ResearchquestionsAfterdefendingthenecessityoftheresearch,wehavetotakeintoconsiderationthefeasibilityoftheproposedstudy.Belowaretheresearchquestions:Hemingwaychoosestocommitsuicide,didheright?Shouldwelivebravelyaslongaswearealive?Whatactuallythematterofdeathis?ResearchmethodTheresearchisdocument-based.Itisexploratoryandinterpretive,anditiscompletelyaninformationcollection.Thisresearchwilllaystressonaclose-readingofthenovellaDeathintheAfternoon,whichmeansthatsomecontentswillbedrawnfromthestoryforaclearillustrationofthepoints.1.4OrganizationofthedissertationThepaperconsistsoffivechapters.ChapterOneoffersabriefintroductiontotheresearchbackground.ChapterTwoisliteraturereview.ChapterThreeexplainstherelatedinformationonHemingway’sdeath.ChapterFourwillapplyadetailedanalysisofthenovellasoastodemonstratetheessenceofdeath.ChapterFiveistheconclusionoftheresearch.2.LiteratureReviewDeathisthecommonsubjectofHemingway’sworks,somanyscholarsathomeandabroadhavethoroughlystudiedonitthroughdifferentworksanddifferentaspects.Followingaresomecoordinates.Hisearlyworks,suchasInOurTime,IndianCampreflectHemingway’sinitialunderstandingofdeath.TheSunalsoRises,andAFarewelltoArmsareasortofdeepperception.Theoldmanandtheseaisthesublimationofdeathawareness.Athome,takingYangMei(2007)forexample,heanalyzestheconceptofdeaththroughhisreinterpretationofTheOldandtheSea.Inaddition,YuanXuesheng(2003)andFuShuqin(2003)starttogetherfromthedeeppsychologyinlifeinordertoanalyzethesenseofdeath.However,atabroad,forinstance,Backer(1972)laysstressontheanalysisofHemingway’sbackground,personality,andworks.Besides,Wylder(1969)focusesontheinterpretationofHemingway-typedheroestoshowthedeathviews.Fromthementionedabove,itcanbesaidthatthestudyofHemingway’sdeathvaluesinacademiccirclesnowadaysisanopenfield,havingmanybranches.Yet,DeathintheAfternoonisthecombinationoftheessenceandspiritofthebullfightstointerpretHemingway’sdeathcognition.Inspiredbythisreview,thefollowingchapterswillpresentstepbystepHemingway’sdeathideas.3.DeathofHemingway3.1IntroductionTherenownednovelist,Hemingway,killshimselfwithashotgun.Therearealotofviewsofhisdeath.Thepurposehereisnottoenumerateallthereasonsforpossibility,buttheacceptableone,whichincludinghisimageoftoughmaninworksandinreality,andthedifferentreactionsofpeopletodescribehisdeath.3.2Imageoftoughman3.2.1ToughmaninwItisobviousthatalmostofHemingway’snovelsinvolvedwithdeathwhichcausedbywar,disease,emotionandvariousaccidents.FromtheearliestpublicationthecollectionofshortstoriesInOurTimetothepublicationofTheOldManandtheSeabeforehisdeathwhichbringshimthehighesthonorthathedevelopsthethoughtoflifethroughdeath.Theboxers,bullfighters,fishermen,writersandsoldiersandsoforthareheroicfiguresinhisnovels.Theyareallmanofactionratherthanamanoftheory.Theyoftenwillbeintheedgeoflifeanddeath,buttheyhavechosentoconfrontdeathdirectly.ThatiswhataHemingway-typeheroshouldhave.Themenactinanacceptableway,neverinacowardlyway,whoseinitialfeelingsoffearchangedfinallyintoanindifferentattitudetowardsloss,andtowardsdeath.Thisistheso-called“GraceunderPressure”.Firstofall,takeHenryforexample,theherointhenovelofAFarewelltoArms.Afterexperiencingabrutalworldwarandbeingtheedgeofdyingseveraltimes,heunderstandsthattherealthreatofdeathisnotthedestructionoflife,butmostpeopleintheworldcouldnotcontroltheirowndestiny.Atlast,Henry’swifediesofdystocia,whichisindeedaheavyblowtohim.Whatthestoryisgoingtoillustrateisthattheimpactonthewholeworldisinsignificant,regardlessoftheexistenceortheeliminationofindividual.ThenextwillbereferredtoJordan,thecharacterofForWhomtheBellTolls.He,asauniversitystudent,rushestothebattlefieldsofSpainwiththebestfeelingtotheoppressednationsintheworld.However,hedoesnotfindanypartners,andnosupporters.Healwaysholdsthefaiththat“Ihavebeenfightingforayearformyfaith;ifwewinhere,andwecanwinineveryplace…Youaresoluckythatyoucouldleadawonderfullife.Youhavespentalifetimenolessthananyoneelse,andsaytoyourselfthatthereisnothingtocomplainabout”.Hisinnermonologuereflectshiscalmnessandpridewheninthefaceofdeath.HemingwayexpresseshisviewthroughJordanthathumanbeingscancourageouslyfacedeath,butcannotescapedeath.Inaword,deathisunavoidable.ThelastisSantiago.HeisthetypicalrepresentativeofHemingway-typedheroes.Theoldmandriftsinanisolatedsea,buthis85daysatseawhichisafightingbetweenlifeanddeath.Theelderlystruggleswiththebigfishsoastosurvive,andstruggleswiththesharksoastoprotecttheprey.Ultimatelythereisonlyaskeletonofthefishleft.Santiago,however,isrichindeterminationandperseveranceduringtheprocessofstruggling,andherefusestosuccumbtoasteakofmisfortune.Andheenduresenormouspainandlosswithoutdissolvingintosentimentalityorself-pity.Therefore,itisthehardshipsofsurvivalthatforcestheoldmantostrugglewiththenaturetirelessly.Theoldmanisconfrontedwithacrisisoflifeanddeath,whichshowsthathumanbeingscannotconquerdeath,butwecanovercomedeathinmental.TheHemingway-typedheroesareallaction-oriented,braveandfearless;theyacceptthechallenges,thefailureandthedeath.Nomatterhowhardtheytry,theyaredoomedtobealoser.Atthesametime,theyareheroeswithoutexceptioninHemingway’sviewsfortheyhavedonewhattheyshoulddo.3.2.2ToughmaninrItisclearthatHemingwayisatoughmaninreallife.Heisanadventure-orientedman.Heappreciatesboxing,enjoysbullfighting,andparticipatesinhunting.Thatistosay,heinvolvesinthoseso-calledmanlyactivities.Thecharactersinhisnovels,boxers,bullfighters,soldiers,writersandfishermen,areallmarvelousheroes.Hemingwayknowsbetterthananyoneelseoftheirglory,andoftheirsuffering,especiallythelatter.HetakespartinthetwoWorldWars,andtheSpainCivilWarinhislifetime.AftertheWorldWarI,asamassacreinhumanhistory,Hemingwayisnotonlyhurtinmind,butinbodyhesurlyreceives237bullets.AndWorldWarIIalsobringshimsomeserioussequelae,tinnitus,severeheadache.Heisdeeplydisturbedbyallthesesufferingandfullofhopelessness;however,heisstillaliveandinsistsonwriting.ItisthehighestconfirmationandcommendationforhiseffortstoawardNobelPrizeinLiterature.Hemingwayisatoughmaninreality.3.3ReasonsfordeathHemingwayisoftenregardedasabullthathashugeenergyandhighspirit.Hisfinaldecisiontocommitsuicideistheperfectexplanationofhisconceptofdeath,insteadofanescapeoratimidbehavior.AsforHemingway’sdeath,therearetworeasonsthatareacceptable.Oneistheextremepainbothinmindandinbody.Theotheristheexhaustioninwriting.Whenheisaged,Hemingwayisintormentwithhypertension,dermatosis,diabetes,mentaldiseaseandotherseverediseases.Manypeoplemayhaveheartthatmanisafraidoftheceaselessofillness,becausenobodycanwithstandtheendlessagonyfromthebody.Moreover,theendofcreationinwritingisthefatalblowtohim.Forarealwriter,writingislife.Thewell-knownwriterShiTieshengarguesthat“thepurposeofwritingisunlikelytodie”.ShiTieshenglivesforwriting,whileHemingwaychoosestodieforhiscreationinwritingisfading.Itisnotonlythecollapseofthephysical,butmoreimportantly,theendofcreationthatmakesHemingwayendhislife.Heleavestheworldwithanartist’suniqueapproachandadherestohismotto,“Bornnottobedefeated,onecanbedestroyed,butcannotbebeat”.3.4ReactionstodeathSomewouldbeastonishedbyHemingway’sdeath,andbeconfused.BeingastonishedmeansthatHemingwayisanamazingwriterandatoughman,forhisdeathexactlyisanutmostlossintheliteraryworld.Beingconfusedmeansthatwhyamanoffame,statue,andwealthwouldchoosetocommitsuicide.Itcanbeinferredthatnobodycouldenduretheendlesssufferingfromthebody,moreover,thedestructionofthemind.Andasamanwithstrongself-esteem,hewouldprefertodie,ratherthanbecontrolledbythepainofdisease.What’smore,hiswritingcouldnotbecontinued.Itcanbeunderstoodthathecouldnotfindthereasonforlivinganddeathisjustthepursuitoflife,alsoasortofrespectforlife.However,hisdeathwillnotpreventpeoplefromlovinghim.3.5SummaryFromwhathavementionedabove,thepointofthischapteristoillustratethatHemingway’sdeathdoesnotruncountertotheimageoftoughman.Thediversitydoesexist,butthekeyisyourownidea.Thecomingchapterwilllayemphasisontheanalysisofthenovella.4.DanceofDeath4.1IntroductionInthischapter,itwillbeaclearanalysisofbullfightsandthebullfighters,andrepresenttheessenceofbullfights.Thestudywillprovideadetailedexplanationofthenatureofdeath,anddrawaconclusionthatbullfightingisagorgeousdanceofdeath.4.2Bullfight,anartofdeathMostpeoplewillrejectbullfightingforitisdangerous,violentandbloody.Yet,Hemingwayhasastrongenthusiasmforitandwiththeviewthatbullfightingisinterestingandexciting,andisakindofart.HementionsinDeathintheAfternoonaswell,“Bullfightingistheonlyartinwhichtheartistisindangerofdeath”(1952:80),whichisthepithofbullfighting.Therearethreeactstothefighting:theinquisition,thesentencingandthethirdistheexecution.Itisaprocessofdeathwhenitstarts.Firstisthedeathofhorse,thenthebull’sdeath.Agoodbullfightneedsgoodbullfighterandgoodbull,foronlythebullfighterwhoisskilful,courageousandcompetentwithgeniusandgreatinspirationcanreceiveintheringatrulybravebull,andmakeadistinguishedfights.Itisanartoftemporality,“Itisanimpermanentartassingingandthedanceare,oneofthosethatLeonardoadvisedmentoavoid,andwhentheperformerisgonetheartexistsonlyinthememoryofthosehaveseenitanddieswiththem”(1952:87).Virtually,bullfightingisanimpermanentartthatdealswithdeathanddeathwipesitout.Butthebullfightingneverreallylost,andiscarriedonbysomeoneelse.Thatiswhatbullfightingreallyis.Bullfightingisthearttointerprettheeternityofdeaththroughfacingdeathdirectly.4.3ThedeathofheroesHemingwaywritesinthebookthat”theycanseeitbeinggiven,avoided,refusedandacceptedintheafternoonforanominalpriceofadmissiontheypaytheirmoneyandgotothebullring”(1952:235).BullfightsusuallytakeplaceintheafternoonandthatiswhythebookisnamedDeathintheAfternoon.Thefollowingpartisaboutthosegreatbullfighterswhodiedforthebullfights.FirstlytakeJoselitoforexample,“Joselitowasstrong,healthy,whohasanathlete’sbody,gypsygraceandanintuitiveandacquiredknowledgeofbullsthatisneversurpassedbyanybullfighter;andseemstohavebeenmadeandbredalmosttothemeasurementofwhatagreatbullfightershouldbe”(Hemingway,1952:60).Helivesforbullfightingandtheheritorofallbullfighters,heisthegreatestonethateverlived.“Hisonlyfaultwasthateverythinginbullfightingwassoeasytodothatitwasdifficultforhimtogiveittheemotion.”(Hemingway,1952:187).Youwillnotworryabouthimbecauseheistoogoodandtootalented.“Hehadtobekilledbeforethedangereverreallyshowed.”(Hemingway,1952:188).HefinallyiskilledinTalaveia(bullring)onMay16,1920.Thespectatorsshoutedtohim,yetthepressremainsthatJoselitoisthegreatestbullfighterofalltime.Hisdeathprovesthatnooneissafeinthering.Nevertheless,heisstillaprominentmatadorafterhisdeath.Asasayinggoes,thatthebullcouldtakeawayfighter’slifeonly,hishonorremains.ThenextisMaera.Heusedtobeanassistant,laterhebecomesarealmatador.Heiscapableandratherproud.Heissobravethathewasarrogant,dominatinganddisregardingdangeratthepresenceinthering.“Bullfightingwassoimportantandsowonderfultohimthat,inhislastyear,hispresenceintheringraisedthewholethingfromtheleasteffort,get-rich-quick,wait-for-the-mechanicalbullbasisithadfallento,and,whilehewasinthering,itagainhaddignityandpassion.Finally,ashesteadilyimprovedhisstyle,hewasanartist.”(Hemingway,1952:69).Inthelastyearhefindsthathehasgallopingconsumption,whichistuberculosis.Heisstillinthering,andheisgoredheavilytwiceandtroubledwiththewrists,buthepaysnoattentiontoit.Unfortunately,hediesinSevillewithatubeineachlung.“Whenhewasdeliriousherolledunderthebedandfoughtwithdeath.Ithoughtthatyearhehopedfordeathinthering”(Hemingway,1952:72).Maerahasnofearofdeath,hepreferstodie.Itisnotanactofbravado,butthewill.Hisyoungerbrotheralsoafflictsinlung,turnsouttobeacowardthatisagreatdisappointmenttotheallbullfightersandaficionados.Fortherealfighter,thepurposeofbullfightsistopresentintheringagaininspiteofbeinghurtseriously.Thatiswhatthefightersarepursuing,thespiritofthefight.ThelastfighterisGallo.Heisaninventor.Heinventsthepasedela(thatisthepassofthedead)anddevelopsaschoolofbullfighting.Heisamasterofgraciouspasses,whoworkswiththebullgracefullyandpicturesquelythoughitisthenegationoftruefighting.Gallo,atthesametime,isapersonwhoextremelyavoidsdeathinthepartsofthebullfight,eitherofthemanorthebull;hecouldnotbeacompletebullfighteronsomeextent.“Hewasagreatbullfighterandthefirstonetoadmitfear”.(Hemingway,1952:139).HeneveradmittedtheconceptofdeathandheevenhadnotlookatJoselito(hisbrother)inthechurchafterJoselitowaskilled,“Thenovillerosyouseekilledareallvictimsofeconomics,butforGallotobekilledinthebullringwouldnotbeirony,sincetherewouldbenodignity;hewouldbetoofrightenedforthat”(1952:140).Everymatadorwillwishtofightwithbullbravely,atthesametime,theyalsowillworrythattheydonothaveenoughcouragetochargewiththebeast.Gallostillisagreatfightertoacertainsenseeventhoughheonceescapedfromthering.4.4DeathvaluesofdeathintheafternoonForHemingway,theonlyplacewheremakeshimhaveafeelingoflifeanddeath,mortalityandimmortalityisthebullring.Itisaplacewhereviolentdeathiscreatedsothathecouldstudyandfindouttheessenceofdeath.Thenovella,Deathintheafternoon,Hemingwayemploysaconciseandincisivedescriptiontoexpresshisviewsondeathinthisbook.Thecomingisthepresenceofhisideas.Tobeginwith,hewritesthatfromamodernmoralview,thewholebullfightiscertainlymuchcruelty,thereisalwaysdanger.Thebullfightisatragedyfullofdeath,andintheringthekillingofthehorsesisconsideredindefensible,andthebulliscertaintobekilled.Hethinksthatthedeathofthehorsetendstobecomicwhilethebullistragic.Thehorseisthecomiccharacterinthewholefight.Secondly,thereisadangerforthemaninthering.Ononehand,tomakealiving,herisksthedeathtogointothering.Ontheotherhand,therearetwooccupationaldiseasesofthematador,tuberculosisandsyphilis.“Oldlady:Haveyounoremedythen?“Madame:thereisnoremedyforanythinginlife.Deathisasovereignremedyforallmisfortunes.”(Hemingway,1952:9).Itcanbeseenfromthewordsthatdeathendsmisfortunes,whileinfact,nomatterbealiveordead,thevalueoflifeliesinlivingwithatarget.Deathisanaffirmationoflife.Healsostatesthat“ButwhenamanisstillinrebellionagainstdeathhehaspleasureintakingtohimselfoneoftheGodlikeattributes;thatofgivingit”(Hemingway,1952:206).Itmeansthatitshouldbepositiveinthefaceofdeath,andacceptdeathcalmlyforthesenseofsatisfactionoftheconquestofdeath.Inaword,Hemingwayinterpretshisuniqueawarenessofdeath,theinevitabilityandtheirresistiblenatureofdeaththroughdifferentprospective.4.5SummaryTosumup,thischaptermakesadetailedillustrationofHemingway’sdeathvaluesthroughtheexplanationofthebehavioroftheheroesandtheirunderlyingconcep