2017年上外杯-初賽英語(yǔ)試題（原卷版）

2017年“上外杯”上海市高中英語(yǔ)競(jìng)賽初賽試題考生注意：一、本卷共11頁(yè)、75小題，滿分100分。答卷時(shí)間90分鐘。二、本卷所有題目均為選擇題，請(qǐng)將所選答案用2B鉛筆點(diǎn)涂在答題卡上。I.Vocabulary（12分）Directions:（Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsorphrasesinthebox.Eachwordorphrasecanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordorphrasemorethanyouneed.）A.needexplanationB.abandonedC.managedtomakeD.pilotairplanesE.withoutchewingF.insteadG.experimentonH.asamatteroffactI.digestinganelephantJ.exhaustingforchildrenK.putmyselfonhislevelL.inthecourseofmylifeOncewhenIwassixyearsoldIsawamagnificentpictureinabookaboutajungle,calledTrueStories.Itshowedaboaconstrictorswallowingawildbeast.Inthebookitsaid:"Boaconstrictorsswallowtheirpreywhole,___1___.Afterwardtheyarenolongerabletomove,andtheysleepduringthesixmonthsoftheirdigestion."InthosedaysIthoughtalotaboutjungleadventure,andeventually___2___myfirstdrawing,usingacoloredpencil.MyDrawingNumberOne.Ishowedthegrown-upsmymasterpiece,andIaskedthemifthedrawingscaredthem.Theyanswered:"Whybescaredbyahat?"Mydrawingwasnotapictureofahat.Itwasapictureofaboaconstrictor____3____.ThenIdrewtheinsideoftheboaconstrictor,sothatthegrown-upscouldunderstand.Theyalways___4___.Thegrown-upsadvisedmetoputawaymydrawingsofboaconstrictors,theinsideortheoutside,andapplymyself___5___togeography,history,arithmeticandgrammar.Thatiswhy,I___6___,attheageofsix,amagnificentcareerasanartist.IhadbeendiscouragedbythefailureofmyDrawingNumberOneandmyDrawingNumberTwo.Grown-upsneverunderstandanythingbythemselves,anditis___7___toprovideexplanationoverandoveragain.SothenIhadtochooseanothercareer,andlearnedto____8____.Ihaveflownalmosteverywhereintheworld.And___9___,geographyhasbeenabighelptome.IcantellChinafromArizonaatfirstglance,whichisveryusefulifyougetlostduringthenight.SoIhavehad,______10______,lotsofencounterswithlotsofseriouspeople.Ihavespentlotsoftimewithgrown-ups.Ihaveseenthematcloserange…whichhasn’tmuchimprovedmyopinionofthem.WheneverIencounteredagrown-upwhoseemedtomeatallenlightened,Iwould______11______himwithmyDrawingNumberOne,whichIhavealwayskept.Iwantedtoseeifhereallyunderstoodanything.Buthewouldalwaysanswer,"Thatisahat."ThenIwouldn’ttalkaboutboaconstrictorsorjunglesorstars.Iwould______12______.Iwouldtalkaboutbridgeandgolfandpoliticsandneckties.Andthegrown-upwasgladtoknowsuchareasonableperson.II.Grammar（8分）Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.A.thenB.whileC.asD.downE.thatF.butG.awayH.withinTheeighthchapterisexceedinglybrief,andrelatesthatGibbons,theamateurnaturalistofthedistrict,___13___lyingoutonthespaciousopendownswithoutasoul___14___acoupleofmilesofhim,ashethought,andalmostdozing,heardclosetohimthesoundasofamancoughing,sneezing,and___15___swearingsavagelytohimself;andlooking,beheldnothing.Yetthevoicewasindisputable.Itcontinuedtoswearwiththatbreadthandvariety___16___distinguishestheswearingofacultivatedman.Itgrewtoaclimax,diminishedagain,anddied___17___inthedistance,going___18___itseemedtohiminthedirectionofAdderdean.Itliftedtoaspasmodicsneezeandended.Gibbonshadheardnothingofthemorning'soccurrences,____19____thephenomenonwassostrikinganddisturbingthathisphilosophicaltranquillityvanished;hegotuphastily,andhurried___20___thesteepnessofthehilltowardsthevillage,asfastashecouldgo.III.Cloze（30分）Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.(A)EverybodyhasheardofJimmyCarter.AspresidentoftheUnitedStatesfrom1977to1981,heoversawaparticularly____21____timeinAmericanhistory.AmericanstakenhostageintheMiddleEast,majorgasolineshortagesaroundthe___22___,andapoorrelationshipwithapotentialenemy–theSovietUnion–arehardlythestuffofpleasantmemories.YeteventhoughCarterheldAmerica’smostpowerfuloffice,hewillprobablybe___23___morefortheworkhehasdonesincehelefttheWhiteHouse.His___24___onhumanitarianissuesaroundtheworldsetshimapartasacaring,dedicatedpersonwhowantstoseethoseofloweconomicorsocialstatus___25___fromthegreatwealth,power,andgenerosityofthiscountry.Oneofthemajor___26___CarterhasfocusedonthroughouthiscareerispeaceintheMiddleEast.He___27___anationalenergypolicydesignedtoreduceAmericandependenceonforeignoillongbeforeitwaspopulartodosoandnegotiatedpeacetreatybetweenIsraelandEgypt.____28____,hewasamongthefirsttoinsistpubliclyonbasichumanrightsforeveryonearoundtheworld,andhefoundedanon-profitorganization,TheCarterCenter,toworktowardsthatend.Inhisopinion,thisincludes___29___modernhealthcaretodevelopingnationsinordertocontaindiseaseandimprovequalityoflifearoundtheworld.However,Carterdoesnotfocusallhiseffortsabroad.Heworksactivelytoimprovethestandardofliving_____30_____aswell.HeandhiswifeRoslynareenthusiasticsupportersofHabitatforHumanity.Thisvolunteer-basedorganizationdevotesitselftobuildingaffordablebutqualityhousingforthosewho____31____mightnotbeabletobuyahome.Voluntaryworkerscometogetherintheirownfreetimetoconstruct,paint,andlandscapesimplehomes,workingside-by-sidewiththefamiliesthatwill____32____theresidences.Habitatdoesmorethanbuildhouses;itbuilds____33____.Forallthesereasons,Carterdeservesrespectfordedicatinghiscareertopublic____34____.Everyonecanagreewithhisimpressivecharityandacknowledgehisobvious_____35_____toallofhumanity.21.A.powerful B.tough C.different D.unique22.A.world B.country C.West D.East23.A.remembered B.criticized C.well-known D.admired24.A.speech B.theory C.record D.suggestion25.A.survive B.start C.benefit D.develop26.A.activities B.policies C.ideas D.issues27.A.promoted B.questioned C.studied D.rejected28.A.Similarly B.Namely C.Traditionally D.Unexpectedly29.A.selling B.continuing C.extending D.returning30.A.inneighborhood B.athome C.oncampus D.incities31.A.instead B.rather C.otherwise D.moreover32.A.occupy B.purchase C.organize D.leave33.A.confidence B.communities C.organizations D.civilization34.A.relationship B.performance C.transportation D.service35.A.challenge B.dream C.qualification D.contribution(B)Inthefuture,wewillbecompetingagainstmedically-enhancedworkerswhocanworklongerandharderthanus.Artificialintelligencewillmakeiteasiertomonitoroureverymoveintheoffice.Thismaysoundlikesciencefiction,butit’salikely___36___,accordingtoa

newreport

byprofessionalservicesfirmPricewaterhouseCoopers.Thereport,which___37___ateamofscienceresearchersandasurveyofmorethan10,000workersbasedinChina,Germany,India,theU.K.,andtheU.S.,predictsthatrapidadvancesintechnology,resource___38___,andpopulationdemographicsareamongthekeyforcesthatwouldradically___39___thefutureofworkby2030.AccordingtoPwC,theseforceswillresultinfourpotentialfutures:onewhere“humanscomefirst,”onewhere“innovation___40___,”onewhere“companiescare,”andonewhere“corporateisking.”Inthefutureworldwherecorporationsreign,PwCstatesthat

“humaneffortis___41___throughsophisticateduseofphysicalandmedicalenhancementtechniquesandequipment,andworkers’performanceand___42___aremeasured,monitoredandanalysedateverystep.Anewbreedofelitesuper-workersemerges.”Thisisaworldwhereperformanceiseverything,andworkerswillneedtocreateevery___43___tostayahead.Thismaysoundlikeastressfulobjective,butthemajorityofpeoplesurveyed___44___thechallenge.Seventypercentoftheworkerssurveyedsaidthattheywouldundergo____45____toimprovetheirbodyandmindifitwouldimprovetheirchancesofemployment.Thiscouldbebecausewebelieveit’suptoustoimproveourcareers

—evenifthatmeanspill-poppingperformance-enhancingdrugs.Ofthosesurveyed,74%saiditwastheirindividual____46____“toupdatetheirskillsratherthanrelyingonanyemployer.”Tovisualizethis____47____future,PwCcreatedamocknewsarticlereportingfrom2030thatdetailedthefirstlarge-scaleuseofbrain-enhancingdrugsintheworkplace.Butyoudon’tneedafakenewsreporttoseethisfuture;realnewsreportsaboutaugmentedbodiesintheofficehaveexistedforsometime.CompaniesintheU.S.andEuropeare

alreadyoffering

microchipimplantstoworkers,sotheycanentercompanybuildingsandgettheirchipsfromthevendingmachinewiththe____48____ofahand.PwCpredictsthattheideaofacyborgworkforcewillgofromsciencefictionnoveltytomainstreaminthenextfewdecades.“Soimplantsatworkarealreadypossibleandhappeningandpeoplewilluseit____49____topayforthingsandtogetontobusesandpublictransport.Whywouldtheynot10yearslatergo,sure,putoneinmybraintomakemethinkharderorfor____50____?”

JonWilliams,PwC’speopleandorganizationsdivisionleader

told

TheAustralian

aboutitssurvey.“It’sjustnaturalprogression.”36.A.dimension B.vision C.integrity D.reality37.A.drewupon B.countedon C.signedin D.madeup38.A.availability B.scarcity C.rivalry D.privatization39.A.demolish B.induce C.alter D.shape40.A.exceeds B.offsets C.rules D.withdraws41.A.dwarfed B.maximized C.converted D.marginalized42.A.wellbeing B.priority C.emotions D.ideology43.A.fantasy B.interference C.advantage D.expertise44.A.resented B.welcomed C.ventured D.overcame45.A.reassurance B.violation C.reformation D.treatments46.A.dream B.expectation C.responsibility D.perspective47.A.corporate-dominated B.career-oriented C.human-centered D.cognitive-enhanced48.A.wave B.pulse C.check D.strike49.A.urgently B.socially C.privately D.solely50.A.farther B.closer C.longer D.shorterIV.ReadingcomprehensionSectionA(10分)Directions:(Readthefollowinginterviewexcerptbetweenajournalist(J)andaprofessor(P).Completetheinterviewexceptbyusingthequestionsintheboxthatbestfitstheprofessor’sanswer.Therearetwoextraquestionsthatyoumaynotneed.)Interview:isevolutionpredictable?4thAugust2017IfweweretoreplaythetapeoflifehereonEarthfromscratch,wouldweashumansstillevolve?That’sakeyquestionnewresearchintheareaofexperimentalevolutionisseekingtoaddress.WespeaktoJonathanLosos,professorintheDepartmentofOrganismicandEvolutionaryBiologyandcuratorofherpetologyattheMuseumofComparativeZoology,aheadofpublicationofhisfirstbook

ImprobableDestinies:HowPredictableisEvolution?J:______51______P:Inshort,it’snewevidence.StephenJayGouldwroteinhisseminalandhighlyinfluentialbook

WonderfulLife

thatwewerenotfatedtoevolvethewaywedid;thatifyoucouldreplaythetapeoflifeandletevolutionproceedfromanearlypoint,thentheendresultwouldnotatallbethesame.ButGould’sargumentwasbasedentirelyonlogicandthoughtexperiments.Thirtyyearslater,wehavelotsofdataonhowdeterministicevolutionis,howsubjectitistothewhimsandflukesofhistory.Wearefinallyinapositiontore-assesswhetherGouldwasrightornot.J:_____52_____P:Theanswertothatissomewhereinthemiddle,aswithmanydebates.Tosomeextent,ifyouputthesamespeciesinthesameenvironment,experiencingthesameselectivepressures,theyoftendoevolveinthesameway.Thisisparticularlycommonwhenyou’redealingwithcloselyrelatedspecies,andthere’sareasonforthat.Closelyrelatedspecieshavethesamegenesandthesamebiology,soit’sveryeasyforthemtoevolveinthesameway.Differentspecies,however,havedifferentwaysofreactingtoagivenevolutionarypressure.SoevolutionisprobablymoredeterministicthanGouldwaswillingtorecognize,butit’snotquiteaspervasiveassomeothershaveargued.Whereistheconvergentduck-billedplatypus,forexample?Ifevolutionissoconvergent,whydon’twehavethisanimaloutsideAustralia?Evolutionisoftennotpredictable;it’scontingentonpreviouscircumstances.J:_____53_____P:Ican’treallyanswerthatquestion.What’schangedrecentlyisourknowledgeabouthowmanyEarth-likeplanetstheremaybe,evenwithinourownMilkyWaygalaxy.Withtherealizationthattheseplanetsexist,manypeoplethinkthelikelihoodthatlifehasevolvedonsomeofthemisprettyhigh.Wehaven’tdetectedthatyet,butitmaybethatwejusthaven’tfiguredouthowtodetectityet.J:_____54_____P:Ihavenoevidencetoarguethatonewayortheother.Idothink,however,thatiftherearemillionsofmoonsandplanetsoutthere,thelikelihoodseemsveryhigh.Iflifehasevolved,myexpectationisthatitwouldnotlookatalllikelifeonEarth.Whoknowswhatsortofchemicalbiologyitmightbebasedon,butthebuildingblocksoflifetherewouldalmostcertainlybedifferenttosomeextentfromhereonEarth.EvenhereonEarth,unrelatedspeciesreactindifferentways.Mypredictionwouldbethatlifeevolvedonotherplanetswillnotbeatallrecognisablewithwhatwehavehere.J:______55______P:Yes,Ithinkweare.Ourconceptionoflifeisbiasedbyourownexperience,butlookatoctopuses.Weknowthey’refairlyintelligent,buttheirbiologyiscompletelydifferentfromours.I’mnotsayingtheyhavehuman-levelintelligence,buttheyhavealotgoingonintheirbrainsandthey’renothinglikeus.A.Giventhetimeevolutiontakes,isthatwhy–sofarasweknow–Earthistheonlyplanetonwhichevolutionhasmadeprogress?B.DoestheevolutionaryconvergenceofDNAmakeitvitalforintelligentlife?C.Whatarethenextstepsinyourresearch?D.Whyhaveyoudecidedtorevisitconvergentevolution?E.CouldevolutionbehappeningelsewhereintheUniverseandcanyoutellfromyourresearchwhatitmightlooklike?F.Areweconstrainedinourconceptofintelligentlifebyourownlarge-brained,humanoidexistence?G.Isevolutionafixedprogramme,steeredonlybyenvironmentandaccidents?SectionB（40分）Directions:Readthefollowingpassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.(A)IwasenjoyingthisafternoonmorethanIhadexpected.Often,thetryoutsforthespringmusicaltestedthelimitsofmypatienceandnerves,withonehopefulgirlafteranothertakingturnswalkingontothewoodenstage,deliveringanadequatebutuninspiredversionofsomeRodgers&Hammersteinnumber,andthenbeingpolitelyexcusedbyMrsDominguezasthenextnameonthelistwascalled.However,thiswastobemythirdstraightyearinthemusical,andtheconfidencethatmyseniorityaffordedmearoundthemorenervousnewcomersallowedmetotakepleasureinradianceofmyownbalance.Ihadalreadysungmyaudition(試唱)songanhourago,startingtheday’sceremonies.Thisyear,Iused“GodBlesstheChild”,achoiceIfoundtobequitesophisticatedsinceBillieHoliday’sversionofitwasfamiliarmostlytoadults,andeventhen,mostlytoadultsofthepreviousgeneration.Moreimportantly,itrequiredareservedperformance,whichIfeltshowcasedmymaturity,especiallybecausemostoftheotherauditionerschosesongsthatwouldshowtheirenthusiasm,evenifitmeanttheirtechnicalmasterywouldnotbeonfulldisplay.Normally,thefirstauditionwasfearedbymost.MrsDominguezwouldaskifanyonewantedtovolunteerto“getitoverwith”,butnoonewouldmakeasound.Then,shewouldcallthefirstnameoffherlistandtheroomwoulddropintoanuncomfortablyserioussilenceasthefirststudentwalkednervouslyuptothestage.IoftenimaginedduringthosemomentsthatIwaswitnesstoadeath-houselivertakinghismarchtowardaquickcurtain.Butnotthisyear.Ihaddecidedtomakeashowofmyownself-confidencebyvolunteeringtogofirst.SuchafearlessactIhadfigured,wouldprobablyinstillevenmorefearintomycompetitionbecausetheywouldrealizethatIhadsomethingtheyclearlylacked.Mrs.Dominguezhadseemedneithersurprisednorcharmedbymydecisiontogofirst.Althoughshewasannoyedbymyescalatingpride,IalsoacknowledgedthatIwasoneofthemoretalentsactorsandwasprobablycorrectinassumingmyselfawinner.Atthislatestageoftheafternoon,Ifeltlikeaqueen,sittinginthebackoftheauditoriumwithmyroyalcourtoffriendsandadmirers.TheytookcaretositfarenoughawayfromMrsDominguezthattheywouldnotbecaughtintheactofbelittlingtheotherstudents’auditions.Tome,theendlessparadeoftheambitiouswhosangtheirheartsoutforthreeminuteseachwerelikeclownsperformingformyamusement.AsMrsDominguezreadanothernameoffherlist,Ipreparedmyselfforaspecialtreat.56.Whatdidthewriterdooneafternoon?A.Sheenjoyedhertimewatchingtheaudition.B.Sheperformedintheschoolspringmusical.C.Sheattendedtheselectivetrialoftheschoolmusical.D.ShehelpedMrsDomingueztoselectmusicaltalents.57.Thewriterbelievedthesongshechoseforheraudition________.A.wouldbethemostinspiringRodgersandHammersteinnumbersB.wasthemostsophisticatedsonginBillieHoliday’sversionsC.wouldlikelybemorerecognizabletoherparentsthantoherfriendsD.wouldallowhertomoreeffectivelyshowcaseherenthusiasm58.Themainpurposeoftheunderlinedstatementinparagraph5isto________A.offeracontrastcreatedbythewriter’schoiceofauditionB.presentreasonswhythisyear’sauditionwasthestrangestC.suggestthatthewriter’simaginationnolongerinvolvedthesameimageryD.informthereaderthatstudents’fearsofgoingfirstweresomethingofthepast59.Whydidthewritervolunteertoperformthefirstauditionoftheday?A.Toguaranteeherapartintheplay.B.ToimpressandcharmMrsDominguez.C.ToaddherconfidenceinherperformanceD.Tomaketheothersfeeltheycouldnotcompetewithher.60.Thepassageportraysthewriteras________.A.concernedandnervous B.arrogantandindifferentC.friendlyandinclusive D.confusedandsurprised(B)Theterm“IronMan”hasmanyconnotations,includingreferencestoasong,acomicbookicon,evenamovie.Yetonlyonedefinitionofthetermtrulylivesuptoitsname:theIronmanTriathlonheldannuallyinHawaii,apicturesquesettingforachallengingrace,whichdemandsamazingphysicalprowessandtheabilitytoswim,bike,andrunamarathon,allinlessthan12hourswithnobreak.Veryfewindividualsareuptothetask.However,GordonHallerisanotableexception.Growingupinthe1950s,Hallerdevelopedaninterestinmanysportscategorizedasenduranceathleticsandwelcomedtheirphysicaldemands.Ashepursuedadegreeinphysicshedroveataxitopaythebills,butcompetitivetrainingprovedhispassion.Sowhenheheardabouttheracein1978,thefirstyearitwasheld,heimmediatelysignedup.Theraceoriginatedinasomewhatamusingway.Themembersofthetwopopularsportsclubs,theMid-PacificRoadRunnersofHonoluluandtheWaikikiSwimClubofOahu,hadalong-standingandgood-natureddebategoingoverwhomadebetterathletes:runnersorswimmers.However,somelocalbikesthoughtbothclubswerewrong,claimingthatthey,infact,deservedthetitle.Wantingtosettlethedisputeonceandforall,theydecidedtocombinethreeseparateracesalreadyheldannuallyontheislandintoonemassivetestofendurance.Thus,theWaikikiRoughwaterSwimof2.4miles,theAround-OahuBikeraceof112miles,andtheHonoluluMarathonof26.2mileswereallputtogethertoformtheIronmanTriathlon.HallerwasoneofonlyfifteencompetitorstoshowupthatFebruarymorningtostarttherace.Hequicklyscannedthefewpagesofrulesandinstructions,andonthelastpagehediscoveredasentencethatwouldbecometherace’sfamousslogan:“Swim2.4miles!Bike112miles!Run26.2miles!Bragfortherestofyourlife!”Hallertookthattoheart,andattheendoftheday,hebecamethefirstIronmanchampioninhistory.____Intheapproximatelythirtyyearssincethatveryfirstrace,theIronmanhasbecomeatraditioninHawaiiandnowboastsapproximately1500entrantseveryyear.Thecompetitorswhocompletetheracedon’thavetobethefirstacrossthefinishlinetoclaimsuccess:justfinishingisavictoryontoitself.61.The“IronMan”inthepassageaboverefersto________.A.afolksong B.atheatremovieC.abookicon D.asportevent62.WhatdoweknowaboutGordonHallerfromthepassage?A.Hehadagreatinterestinallkindsofsports.B.HewasamemberoftheWaikikiSwimClubofOahu.C.Hebecameataxidriverafterhegraduatedfromschool.D.HewasachampioninthefirstIronmanTriathlon.63.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“prowess”inthefirstparagraphmean?A.muscles B.skills C.balance D.reaction64.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeaddedtotheendofparagraph4toeffectivelyemphasizeHaller’sachievement?A.Twelveotherpeoplealsofinishedtheracethatday.B.Nowomenracedthisyear,butthatwassoontochange.C.TherewerepointsintheracewhenHallerthoughthecouldn’tpossiblyfinishD.Haller’sphysicalstrengthenabledhimtodowhatnooneelseinthepasthadaccomplished.65.Whatdoesthelastparagraphofthepassagetrytotellus?A.Thelevelofinteresttheraceattractsinthepresentday.B.ThewaythecurrentraceisdifferentfromtheracethatHallerranin1978.C.Howthevictorsrespondwhentheycrossthefinishline.D.Why1500peoplewouldbewillingtocompeteinsuchadifficultrace.(C)Haveyoueverbeenstoppedinyourtracksbyastunningview,orgobsmackedbythevastnessofthenightsky?Haveyoubeentransportedbysoaringmusic,agrandscientifictheoryoracharismaticperson?Ifso,youwillunderstandUSnovelistJohnSteinbeck’sresponsetoCalifornia’sgiantredwoodtrees,whichcansoarmorethanahundredmetrestowardsthesky.“Theyleaveamarkorcreateavisionthatstayswithyoualways,”hewrote.“Fromthemcomessilenceandawe.”P(pán)hilosophersandwritershavelongbeenfascinatedbyourresponsetothesublime,butuntilafewyearsago,scientistshadbarelystudiedit.NowtheyarefastrealisingthatSteinbeckwasrightaboutitsprofoundeffects.Feelingawestruckcandissolveourverysenseofself,bringingahostofbenefitsfromloweringstressandboostingcreativitytomakingusnicerpeople.Butwhatexactlyisaweandwheredoesitcomefrom?“It’sasubjectivefeelingrootedinthebody,”accordingtopsychologistandpioneeringaweresearcherDacherKeltnerattheUniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.In2003,heandJonathanHaidt,nowatNewYorkUniversity,published

thefirstscientificdefinition.Theydescribedaweasthefeelingwegetwhenconfrontedwithsomethingvast,thattranscendsourframeofreferenceandthatwestruggletounderstand.It’sanemotionthatcombinesamazementwithanedgeoffear.Wonder,bycontrast,ismoreintellectual–acognitivestateinwhichyouaretryingtounderstandthemysterious.Youmightthinkthatinvestigatingsuchaprofoundexperiencewouldbeachallenge,butKeltnerinsistsit’snotsohard.“Wecanreliablyproduceawe,”hesays.“Youcangetpeopletogoouttoabeautifulsceneinnature,orputtheminacathedralorinfrontofadinosaurskeleton,andthey’regongtobeprettyamazed.”Then,allyouneedisanumericalscaleonwhichpeoplecanreporthowmuchawetheyarefeeling.Increasingly,studiesareincludingaphysiologicalmeasuretoo,suchastheappearanceofgoosebumps(雞皮疙瘩)–aweistheemotionmostlikelytocausethem,andsecondonlytocoldasasource.Inthisway,Keltnerandothershavefoundthatevenmildawecanchangeourattitudesandbehaviour.Forexample,peoplewhowatchedanaturevideothatelicitedawe–ratherthanotherpositiveemotionssuchashappinessorpride–weresubsequentlymoreethical,moregenerousanddescribedthemselvesasfeelingmoreconnectedtopeopleingeneral.Gazingupattalleucalyptustreesleftothersmorelikelytohelpsomeonewhostumbledinfrontofthem.AndafterstandinginfrontofaTyrannosaurusrexskeleton,peopleweremorelikelytodescribethemselvesaspartofagroup.Itmightseemcounterintuitivethatanemotionweoftenexperiencealoneincreasesourfocusonothers.ButKeltnerthinksit’sbecauseaweexpandsourattentiontoencompassabiggerpicture,soreducingoursenseofself.“Thedesertissohuge,andthehorizonssodistant,thattheymakeapersonfeelsmall,”wrotePauloCoelhoinTheAlchemist.Hewasright.Inalargestudy,KeltnerfoundthatafterinspiringaweinpeoplefromtheUSandChina,theysignedtheirnamessmalleranddrewthemselvessmaller,butwithnodropintheirsenseofstatusorself-esteem.Similarly,neuroscientistMichielvanElkattheUniversityofAmsterdam,theNetherlands,foundthatpeoplewhowatchedawe-inducingvideosestimatedtheirbodiestobephysicallysmallerthanthosewhowatchedfunnyorneutralvideos.Thecauseofthiseffectmightlieinthebrain.AttheannualmeetingoftheOrganizationforHumanBrainMappinginVancouver,Canada,inJune,vanElkpresentedfunctionalMRIscansshowingthatawequietsactivityinthedefaultmodenetwork,whichincludespartsofthefrontallobesandcortex,andisthoughttorelatetothesenseofself.“Aweproducesavanishingself,”saysKeltner.“Thevoiceinyourhead,self-interest,selfconsciousness,disappears.Here’sanemotionthatknocksoutareallyimportantpartofouridentity.”Asaresult,hesays,wefeelmoreconnectedtobiggerorcollectivesandgroups.66.Theunderlinedword“transported”inParagraph1isclosestinmeaningt