延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換

延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞及其轉(zhuǎn)換動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式、發(fā)生過程的長短可分為延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞。延續(xù)性動詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動作，如：learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。延續(xù)性動詞可以與表示時間段的狀語連用。表示時間段的短語有:for+一段時間，如：for2years，foralongtime;since從句，如：sincehecamehere;since+時間點名詞，如：sincelastyear,since5daysago;howlong等。請看例句1.Hehaslivedherefor6years.請看例句2.Youcankeepthebookfor5days.請看例句3.Istayedtherefor2weekslastyear.請看例句4.Howlongdidyoustaytherelastyear?請看例句5.Mybrotherhasjoinedthearmyfortwoyears.（誤）Mybrotherhasbeenasoldierfortwoyears.（正）我哥哥自1999年就參軍了。請看例句6.Mybrotherhasjoinedthearmysince1999.（誤）Mybrotherhasbeenasoldiersince1999 （正）你哥哥參軍多久了？請看例句7.Howlonghasyourbrotherjoinedthearmy?（誤）Howlonghasyourbrotherbeenasoldier? （正）非延續(xù)性動詞也稱終止性動詞、瞬間動詞或點動詞，表示不能延續(xù)的動作,這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如:open,die,close,begin（start）,finish,come,go,move,borrow,lend,buy等。非延續(xù)性動詞在肯定句中與表示時間點的狀語連用，如：twoyearsago;at5o'clock;請看例句Hedied5yearsago.否定的終止性動詞可以與表示時間段的時間狀語連用。請看例句1.Ihaven'tleftherefor3years.請看例句2.Ihaven'theardfromhimfor3weeks.三.延續(xù)性動詞與非延續(xù)性動詞之間的轉(zhuǎn)換：leave—beaway離開;borrow—keep借;buy—have買;begin/start—beon開始/上演;die一bedead;finish/end/stop一beover結(jié)束/完成;join一bein+組織機構(gòu)或beamemberof+組織機構(gòu)；open/closesth一keepsthopen/closed；fallill一beill；getup一beup；catch/getacold一haveacold感冒；comehere一behere；gothere一bethere；become一be成為；comeback一beback；fallasleep一beasleep睡著；getto/arrive/reach一be(in)；leave一beawayfrom；gettoknow一know；go(get)out一beout；puton一wear；catchacold一haveacold;gotoschool一beinschool/beastudent上學(xué);goabroad一beabroad去國外;marry一bemarried(to)結(jié)婚；wakeup一beawake醒；makefriendswith一befriendswith成為/交朋友;lose一belost/bemissing/begone丟失;loseone'sjob/work一beoutofwork/ajob等。請看例句1.Theoldmandied4yearsago.一Theoldmanhasbeendeadfor4years.一Itis4yearssincetheoldmandied.一Fouryearshaspassedsincetheoldmandied.請看例句2.HejoinedtheParty2yearsago.一HehasbeeninthePartyfor2years.一HehasbeenaPartymemberfor2years.請看例句3.Hejoinedthearmy5yearsago.一Hehasbeeninthearmyfor5years.—Hehasservedinthearmyfor5years.一Hehasbeenasoldierfor5years.請看例句4.Iboughtthebook5daysago.一Ihavehadthebookfor5days.練習(xí)：Whenhearrivedatthebusstop,thebusfor20minutes.A.hasleftB.hadleftC.hasbeenaway D.hadbeenawaytheLeaguefor5yearssofar.A.joined B.havejoined C.havebeeninThefactorysincetheFebruaryof1988.A.hasbeenopenB.hasopenedC.wasopenD.openedMaryandRosefriendssincetheymetin2000.A.havemadeB.havebeenC.madeD.havebecomeYoumustn'tuntilhecomesback.A.beawayB.leaveC.beleftThemeetingforaweeknow.A.hasfinishedB.hasendedC.hasbeenoverMissGaothisschoolfornearly5years.A.hasbeeninB.hascometoC.hastaughtBenateacherfor4years.A.hasbeenB.hasbecomeC.wasD.becameIhomeforaweek.A.havereturnedB.havebeenbackC.returnedHowlonghe?A.diedB.has,diedC.has,beendeadHeateightyesterdayafternoon.A.sleptB.wassleepingC.hassleepD.hadsleptHethecarforaweek.A.boughtB.hasboughtC.hashad Howlongyouill? Twoweeks.A.didfallB.have,fellC.have,been14.Since2000,hehishometown.A.hasleftB.hasmovedawayC.hasbeenawayfrom15.I'lllendyouthebook,butyoucanonlyitfor2days.A.borrowB.keepC.takeThebusontheroadfor2hourssofar.A.hasstoppedB.stoppedC.hasbeenAreyouthejacketthesedays?A.wearingB.puttingonC.dressingD.onHefoe2hours.A.gotupB.hasgotupC.hasbeenupTomisillinhospital.Heacoldforseveraldays.A.isB.catchesC.hascaughtD.hashad HowlongcanIthebook? Twoweeks.A.borrowB.lendC.getD.keep---Howlonghaveyouthebook?---Twoweeks.A.boughtB.lentC.hadD.borrowed---Doyouknowhimwell?---Sure,wefriendsfortenyears.A.wereB.havebeenC.havebecomeD.havemadeKey:1---5DCABB;6---10CAABC;11---15BCCCB;16---20CACDD;21---22CB英語形容詞的排列順序當兩個以上形容詞修飾一個名詞，形容詞該如何排列?這一直是一個比較復(fù)雜的問題，很多英語學(xué)習(xí)者發(fā)現(xiàn)難以找到適合自己的記憶方法。下面的口訣可否幫你記住這一先后順序。限定描繪大長高，形狀年齡和新老；顏色國籍跟材料，功能類別往后排?！跋薅ㄔ~”包括：冠詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、或數(shù)詞，它位于各類形容詞前。它本身分為三位，即：前、中、后。前位限定詞有all、half、both、分數(shù)和倍數(shù)；中位限定詞有冠詞、指示代詞、物主代詞等；后位限定詞有基數(shù)詞和序數(shù)詞，但序數(shù)詞位于基數(shù)詞前。如:bothmyhands、allhalfhisincome等?！懊枥L”性形容詞如：beautiful、bad、cold、great等。“大長高”表示大小、長短、高低等一些詞。“形狀”的詞如:narrow、round、square等。“國籍”指一個國家或地區(qū)的詞，如:British>Canadian>German等?！安牧稀钡脑~如：plastic、metal、wooden、woolen、stone、silk等?！肮δ茴悇e''的詞如：writingdesk、policecar等。當然，實際語言使用中不可能出現(xiàn)這么多形容詞連用的情況。請多讀以下例子增加語感：1.Shehasabeautifulbrownleatherjacket.HehasalongredAmericancar.Theyliveinabeautifuloldhouse.Wehaveasmallantiquewoodentable.Hehasalovelyredwoollenjumper.6.ItisaprettylittlesquareoldblackJapanesewoodenwritingdesk.7.ItwasalovelyoldFrenchsong.Heownsahorriblebigblackdog.ThisisabeautifulshortnewredChinesewoollencoat.sawafantasticnewBritishfilm.11.ThisprettylittleSpanishgirlLinda’sconusin.12.Oh,it’sanicelongnewblackBritishplasticpen.amatall,strongandintelligentstudent.我是一個身高體壯而又聰明的學(xué)生。amdressedinashortbluesilkcoat.我穿一件短的藍色綢緞外衣。Thisnewshoppingmallisquitelarge,isn'tit?這家新開的購物中心真大，是吧？anexpensivetennisracket一個很貴的網(wǎng)球拍alargebrickconferencehall一間大的磚造的會議室Thispairofsteelandnylontennisracketsisreallyexpensive.這副鋼和尼龍制造的網(wǎng)球拍真貴啊。alargebrickconferencehall一間大的磚造的會議室afinelittleearthendoll一個精巧的小小的泥娃娃D(zhuǎn)oyouhaveItalianleatherboots?這有義大利制造的皮靴嗎？wantapairofblackItalianleatherboots.我想要一雙黑色義大利制造的皮靴。Mom,couldyoubuymeanewgreenleatherschoolbag?媽媽，你能為我買一個新的綠色皮書包嗎？thinkyouroldcanvasschoolbagisstillusable.我覺得你那個舊帆布書包還能用。Thatlargegreenleatherschoolbagisreallycool.那個大大的綠色皮書包真棒啊！Yes,itreallyis.Andthatprettypurplesilkdress!確實很棒。還有那件漂亮的紫色的絲質(zhì)衣服也很棒。WhataboutthosebeautifullittleoldChineseporcelainvases?那些漂亮的小小的古老的中國瓷花瓶怎么樣？分英語中的反意疑問句(2)英語中的反意疑問句(TagQuestion)在陳述句后面附加一個簡短問句，對陳述句所敘述的事實提出相反的疑問，這種句子叫做反意疑問句，也稱為附加疑問句，是一種常用的疑問形式。常用于征求對方的意見和看法，要求對方對自己的話語表示肯定或否定的回答。反意疑問句也可以表示問者的傾向，強調(diào)或反問。要注意的是要保持人稱，時態(tài)和數(shù)的一致而且附加疑問部分通常用代詞，而不用同陳述部分相應(yīng)的名詞。一.附加疑問部分謂語是have(has/had)，表示‘‘所有’’含義時，陳述部分如是肯定式，附加疑問部分謂語用''haven't(hasn’t/hadn’t)…？’’或''don't(doesn't/didn't)…？''；陳述部分如是否定式，''haven't(hasn't/hadn't)…‘‘時，附加疑問謂語只用''have(has/had)…?'';陳述部分如是否定式，''don'thave(doesn'thave/didn'thave)…'’時，附加疑問部分謂語只用''do(does/did)…?''。如:HehasanewTVset,hasn't/doesn'the?Youhaven'talotoftimetospare,haveyou?Hehadastory-bookyesterday,hadn't/didn'the?4.Shedidn'thaveanymoneyinherpocket,didshe?Youdon'thaveanymoneyinyourpocket,doyou?注1:陳述部分謂語如帶有助動詞，附加疑問謂語也用相應(yīng)的助動詞，所以上面最后兩句附加疑問部分謂語用助動詞did/do,而不能用動詞had/have。注2:陳述部分的謂語動詞''have(has/had)''不表示''所有''含義，而又不是助動詞，附加疑問部分謂語只用''do(does/did)…？''。如：Katehastoworkharderfromnowon,doesn'tshe?2.Sheoftenhasheadaches,doesn'tshe?Youhadagoodtimelastnight,didn'tyou?二.陳述部分為祈使句時，附加疑問部分一般用willyou，但有時用won'tyou表示''邀請''之意，這種情況的附加疑問部分也用whydon'tyou構(gòu)成。也有時用wouldyou,canyou,can'tyou來表示''告訴某人該做某事，請求某人該做某事，提醒某人該做某事''。如：Pleasekeepcalm,willyou?Doasyouweretold,willyou?Bequiet,wouldyou?（表示請求）Givemeahand,can/can’tyou?（表示請求）Sitdown,won’tyou?（表示邀請）Havesomemilk,won’t?（表示邀請）Takeabreak,whydon’tyou?（表示邀請）注1：此種情況在水平測試中，一般以willyou為準。特別是在否定形式中，只能用willyou。如：Don'tforqettogetupearly,willyou?Don’tdothat,willyou?注2:祈使句以let開頭時，附加疑問部分應(yīng)特別注意°Let’s所建議的活動指說話者與聽話者雙方的行為，Let’s…意思即shallwe…，附加疑問部分是shallwe意思的重復(fù);而Letus/Letme向聽話者一方提出請求，是請你讓我們/我做某事之意°Letus…意即maywe…或willyouletus…，附加疑問部分用maywe或willyou來表示重復(fù)。Letme…意即mayI…或willyouletme…，附加疑問部分用mayI或willyou來表示重復(fù)。 如：It’safineday.Let’sgofishing,shallwe?ComeonMary,let’sdance,shallwe?Letusgotothecinemathisafternoon,maywe/willyou?LetmesayI’llthinkitover,mayI/willyou?三.陳述部分帶有否定或半否定的副詞或代詞，如：none,scarecely,neither,noone,few,seldom,never,hardly,rarely,little,nowhere,nothing或nobody等，附加疑問部分謂語用動詞用肯定形式。如：Shenevertellsalie，doesshe?Fewpeoplewenttomeethimyesterday,didthey?3.Sheseldomgoestoworklate,doesshe?Nothingwassaid,wasit?Tomhardlydidhishomework,didhe?Hehadnotimeforreading,didhe?注：帶有否定意義的形容詞，如：unfair,invisible,undrinkable,unfit,useless,impolite,hopeless等，不屬于帶有否定或半否定的副詞或代詞，故后面的附加疑問部分要用否定形式。如：That'sunfair,isn'tit?Theyareunhappy,aren’tthey?Thekingisunfitforhisoffice,isn’the?Thewaterintheareaisundrinkable,isn’tit?四.陳述部分如果是主從復(fù)合句時，附加疑問部分謂語動詞根據(jù)主句的謂語動詞而定；陳述部分如果是并列復(fù)合句時，附加疑問部分謂語動詞根據(jù)后句的謂語動詞而定。如：1.Itisnotcolderthanitwasyesterday，isit?HetoldherMrs.Smithwasn’tgoingtothemeeting,didn’the?YouwereinthefarmwhenIsawyoulastnight,weren’tyou?HesaysthatIdidit,doesn’the?Johnisn’tadiligentstudent,foritisthethirdtimehehasbeenlate,ishe?6.ItisthesecondtimethatMaryhasbeentoChina,isn’tit?7.Timeisupandlet’sbeginourmeeting,shallwe?注：think,suppose,expect,feel,hear,guess,imagine,besure或believe弓［導(dǎo)的賓語從句，主句中主語是第一人稱時，附加疑問部分謂語動詞根據(jù)從句的謂語動詞而定。如：Idon'tthinkthereismuchteainthecup,isthere?supposethatheisserious,isn’the?don’tfeelhecandoitanylonger,canhe?amnotsureyouwillhelphim,willyou?believehehascome,hasn’the?五.陳述部分主語是合成不定代詞everybody,everyone,someone,somebody,nobody等時，附加疑問部分中的主語常用they,有時也用he;陳述部分主語是合成不定代詞something,anything,nothing,everything等時，附加疑問部分中的主語常用it。如：Everybodyhasarrived,hasn'the?NobodyphonedwhileIwasout,didhe?3.Somebodyborrowedmydictionaryyesterday,didn’the?Everyoneknowshowtodoit,don’tthey?Everybodyisheretoday,aren’tthey?Everthingisready,isn'tit?Nothingwillmakehimgivein,willit?當陳述部分的謂語動詞含有助動詞hadbetter,wouldrather,wouldlike時，附加疑問部分要重復(fù)助動詞had或wouldo如：She’dliketogotherebyplane,wouldn’tshe?You’dbetterstopatthenextplacewesee,hadn’tyou?You’drathernotdoit,wouldyou?當陳述部分的謂語動詞含有Iwish時，附加疑問部分謂語動詞要用mayI,而且一般都用肯定式。如：Iwishgohomenow,mayI?wishtoshakehandswithyou,mayI?當陳述部分的謂語動詞含有情態(tài)動詞表示'推測意義時，附加疑問部分根據(jù)陳述部分中后面的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)而定。如：Hemustbeverytired,isn'the?=Iamsureheistired,isn’the?Yourparentsmustbeinthekitchen,aren’tthey?=Iamsureyourparentsareinthekitchen,aren’tthey?Youmusthaveseenthemovielastmonth,didn’tyou?=Iamsureyousawthefilmlastnight,didn’tyou?Hemusthavewaitedhereforseveraldays,hasn’the?=Iamsurehehaswaitedhereforseveraldays,hasn’the?Hemustbeintheworkshop,isn’the?=Iamsureheisintheworkshop,isn’the?LiMingcan’tbeintheclassroom,ishe?=IamnotsureLiMingisintheclassroom,ishe?Hecan’thavegonetoseeafilmlastnight,didhe?=Iamnotsurehewenttoseeafilmlastnight,didhe?Youshouldhavecomeearlier,didn’tyou?=Iamsureyoucameearlier,didn’tyou?注：當陳述部分的謂語動詞不表示推測意義時，附加疑問部分用情態(tài)動詞加主語。如：Wemustgosoon,mustn’twe?Youshouldn’tgothere,shouldyou?Youmuststudyhardnextterm,mustn’tyou?Hecan’trideabike,canhe?掌握感嘆句的構(gòu)成。首先應(yīng)把感嘆句的主語和謂語補全，再構(gòu)成附加疑問部分的主語和謂語。如：Whatbeautifulweathertoday(itis)，isn'tit?Whatfunnypersons(theyare),aren’tthey?Whatabeautifulgirl(sheis),isn’tshe?Alovelyday(itis),isn’tit?十.掌握need與dare所在句子反意疑問句的構(gòu)成原則。need和dare既可作情態(tài)動詞，也可作行為動詞，在構(gòu)成附加疑問部分的主語和謂語時，須加以區(qū)別°need和dare作情態(tài)動詞時，附加疑問部分仍然用need和dare；need和dare作行為動詞時，附加疑問部分用do,does,did形式。如：Arthurdaren'tcallyouafool,darehe?Youneedn’thandinyourpaper,needyou?Mysisteroftenneedshelpwithherstudy,doesn’tshe?Theboydoesn’tdaretoclimbthatmountain,doeshe?Youneedtocomeearlier,don’tyou?十一.陳述部分是由情態(tài)動詞加禿頭不定式作謂語動詞，附加疑問部分與前面保持一致。如：Heshouldn’tsmokesomuch,shouldhe?Theyoughttohavegoneearlier,oughtn'tthey?3.Sheoughtnottodothatagain,oughtshe?十二.陳述部分是Iam時，疑問部分常用'‘a(chǎn)ren’tI’’或''ain'tI’’，代替正式的‘‘a(chǎn)mInot’’；陳述部分是Iamnot時，疑問部分用amI.如：Iamlateforyourclass,aren'tI?amtoofat,aren’tI?3.I’mnotastudent,amI?十二.當陳述部分是一個動詞不定式，動名詞，詞組或從句作主語時，疑問部分用it;當陳述部分是多個動詞不定式，動名詞，詞組或從句作主語時，疑問部分用they。如：TostudyChinesewellisnoteasy,isit?Liftingweightswillbuildarmandshouldermuscles,won'tit?FrommyschooltoHarbinisalongdistance,isn’tit?Thattheyarefriendsisnottrue,isit?Whathesaidandwhathedidwerethesame,weren’tthey?十三.陳述部分是therebe結(jié)構(gòu)，疑問部