高考英語閱讀理解解詞義猜測題【高效備課精研+知識精講提升】 課件

高三二輪復習Practicalskillsofwordguessing

汕頭：周文平

2022.4.262021年高考2020年高考2019年高考新高考Ⅰ卷新高考Ⅱ卷全國甲卷全國乙卷新高考Ⅰ卷全國Ⅰ卷全國Ⅱ卷全國Ⅲ卷全國Ⅰ卷全國Ⅱ卷全國Ⅲ卷猜生詞詞義√

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猜代詞指代詞義

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猜熟詞生義

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猜短語或句子含義

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√√近三年高考詞義猜測題分類匯總Task1詞義猜測題類型：1.猜生詞詞義2.

猜代詞指代詞義3.猜熟詞生義4.

猜短語或句子含義Task2詞義猜測題解題技巧：1.

上下文語境法2.

詞匯復現(xiàn)法:

(1)原詞復現(xiàn)法

(2)近義詞復現(xiàn)法3.

轉(zhuǎn)折對比法4.

例證法5.

特定指代法6.

定義解釋法詞義猜測題類型1、猜生詞詞義“Therearetwoschoolsofthoughtaboutthis,”Theleadresearcher,Scullinsaid.“Oneisthatwritingaboutthefuturewouldleadtoincreasedworryaboutunfinishedtasksanddelaysleep,whilewriyingaboutcompletedactivitieswouldnottriggerworry.Thealternativehypothesis(假設)isthat...”32.Whatdoestheword“trigger”inParagraphTwomean?【2022年汕頭二模D篇】A.Reduce. B.Rid.

C.Control. D.Cause.D.Cause.詞義猜測題類型2、猜代詞指代詞義Inthelate1930s,acollectionof14goldRomancoins,knownastheChapipitreasure,wasalsofoundinthesamewoodlands.Theresearchersbelievethatlocalpeoplemayhaveburiedtheircoinstokeepthemsafeduringaperiodofintensepoliticalinstabilityintheregion.6.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"them"refertoinParagraph4?【2022年湛江一模B篇】A.TheRomans.B.Thecoins.

C.Thewoodlands.D.Theresearchers.B.Thecoins.詞義猜測題類型3、猜熟詞生義Forthosewhocanstomachit,workingoutbeforebreakfastmaybemorebeneficialforhealththaneatingfirst,accordingtoastudyofmealtimingandphysicalactivity.

Athletesandscientistshavelongknownthatmealtimingaffectsperformance.However,farlesshasbeenknownabouthowmealtimingandexercisemightaffectgeneralhealth.61.Theunderlinedexpression“stomachit”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans“__”.

【2020年江蘇卷C篇】A.digestthemealeasily B.managewithoutbreakfast

C.decidewiselywhattoeatD.eatwhateverisofferedB.managewithoutbreakfast有一項關(guān)于“進餐時間和體育活動（鍛煉效果間的關(guān)系）”的研究表明：對能忍受饑餓的人來說，早餐前鍛煉身體比早餐后鍛煉身體更有益于健康詞義猜測題類型4、猜短語或句子含義TheMamanucaIslands,FijiIfyou’redreamingofanislandbathedinsunshine,theMamanucaIslandsinFijifitthebill.Thispicture-perfectstringofabout20islandsispopularfortheirgleamingpalm-studdedbeaches,crystal-clearwaters,andthrivingcoralreefs.Whenyoufirstglimpsethesetropicalbeauties,it’seasytoseewhySurvivorandtheTomHanksmovieCastAwaywerefilmedhere.Whenchoosingwheretostay,yourbudgetandinterestswilldeterminethebestFijiislandforyou.23.Whatdoestheunderlinedpart“fitthebill”inthelastparagraphmean?【2022屆河北省省級聯(lián)測A篇】A.Settletheproblem.

B.Meettherequirement.C.Makeforagoodmatch.D.Deservemuchattention.B.Meettherequirement.大洋洲斐濟共和國的瑪瑪努卡群島閃閃發(fā)亮的棕櫚鑲嵌的詞義猜測題解題方法解題方法(一)——上下文語境法Astheygrewmoremobile,weletthemmovefreelyaroundthehouseduringtheday,butwhenwewereasleepwehadtocontaintheminalargeroom,otherwisethey’dgetuptomischief.We’dcomedowninthemorningtofindthey’dturnedtheroomupsidedown,andleftitlookinglikeazoo.5.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“getuptomischief”meaninparagraph3?【2021年高考全國II卷B篇】A.Behavebadly. B.Losetheirway. C.Sleepsoundly.D.Misstheirmom.

Why?mischief

n.搗亂，胡鬧getuptomischief開始胡鬧隨著它們的活動能力越來越強，我們讓它們在白天自由地在房子里走動，但當我們睡覺時，我們必須把它們關(guān)在一個大房間里，否則它們就會調(diào)皮搗蛋

方法歸納

上下文語境法是比較常用，也非常實用的詞義猜測題解題方法。它要求仔細閱讀其上下文，并根據(jù)上下文語境及上下文中所隱含的相關(guān)信息來進行詞義的猜測。本方法對于文章的理解能力要求甚高。上下文語境法解題指導與方法歸納解題方法(二)——詞匯復現(xiàn)法例1原詞復現(xiàn)法

Southbank,ataneasternbendintheThames,isthecenterofBritishskateboarding,wherethecontinuouscrashingofskateboardsleftyourheadringing.Ilovedit.Isoonmadefriendswiththelocalskaters.Wespokeourownlanguage.Andmyfavorite:Safe.Safemeantcool.Itmeanthello.Itmeantdon'tworryaboutit.Once,whentryingacertaintrickonthebeam（橫桿）,Ifellontothestones,damaginganerveinmyhand,andTobycameover,helpingmeup:Safe,man.Safe.Afewminuteslater,whenIlandedthetrick,myfriendsbeattheirboardsloud,shouting:“Safe!Safe!Safe!”Andthat’swhatmattered—landingtricks,beingagoodskater.9.Whatdotheunderlinedwords“Safe!Safe!Safe!”probablymean?【2021全國甲卷C篇】A.Becareful! B.Welldone! C.Noway!D.Don’tworry!123Whichmeaningshouldwechoose?南岸位于泰晤士河東部的一個轉(zhuǎn)彎處，是英國滑板運動的中心，在那里，滑板不斷的碰撞讓你頭暈目眩。我很喜歡。我很快就和當?shù)氐幕\動員交上了朋友。我們說自己的語言。安全，伙計safe:adj.安全的n.保險箱解題方法(二)——詞匯復現(xiàn)法例2同、近義詞復現(xiàn)法Yet“Apes”ismoreexceptionthantherule.Infact,Hollywoodhasbeenhotonliveanimalslately.Onenonprofitorganization,whichmonitorsthetreatmentofanimalsinfilmedentertainment,iskeepingtabsonmorethan2,000productionsthisyear.Already,anumberoffilms,including“WaterforElephants,”“TheHangoverPartⅡ”and“Zookeeper,”havedrawntheangerofactivistswhosaythecreaturesactinginthemhaven’tbeentreatedproperly.26.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“keepingtabson”inparagraph3probablymean?【2020新課標III卷B篇】A.Listingcompletely.B.Directingprofessionally.C.Promotingsuccessfully.D.Watchingcarefully.動物保護人士要怎樣做才能判斷影片中的動物有沒有得到很好的對待？keeptabson監(jiān)視，密切注意許多電影,包括《大象的眼淚》、《宿醉Ⅱ》和《管理員》,引起了動物保護人士的憤怒，他們說影片中的動物沒有遭到很好的對待

方法歸納

英語中常見的詞匯復現(xiàn)分為以下幾類：（1）原詞復現(xiàn)。（2）同義詞或近義詞復現(xiàn)。

詞匯以不同的形式復現(xiàn)在語篇中，連接上下文，使上下文語意彼此相聯(lián)、語義貫通。因此可以充分利用詞匯復現(xiàn)的這些特性來巧解詞義猜測題。其中同義詞或近義詞復現(xiàn)幾率要高一些。詞匯復現(xiàn)法解題指導與方法歸納解題方法(三)——轉(zhuǎn)折對比法Totestouttheircane,PatrickSlade,aPhDstudentinroboticsatStanford,andhisteamhadvisuallyimpairedandsightedpeople(24intotal)completeaseriesofnavigationchallengesinbothoutdoorandindoorenvironments.Sightedpeoplewerenovicesatusingacane,whilethosevisuallyimpairedhadatleastafewyearsofexperience;allofthemwereblindfoldedbefore-hand.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“novices”meaninparagraph3?【2022年惠州三調(diào)C篇】A.Beginners. B.Experts.C.Followers.D.Amateurs.novice

n.新手，初學者cane:(導盲)手杖

方法歸納

轉(zhuǎn)折對比法是指通過在上下文中尋找目標詞匯的反義詞以及表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯或詞組來進行目標詞詞義的猜測。解題的突破口就是要找到與目標詞匯形成轉(zhuǎn)折或表示對比關(guān)系的詞匯或詞組，如but,however,otherwise,instead,while等。轉(zhuǎn)折對比法解題指導與方法歸納解題方法(四)——例證法WhentheexplorersfirstsetfootuponthecontinentofNorthAmerica,theskiesandlandswerealivewithanastonishingvarietyofwildlife.NativeAmericanshadtakencareofthesepreciousnaturalresourceswisely.Unfortunately,ittooktheexplorersandthesettlerswhofollowedonlyafewdecadestodecimate

alargepartoftheseresources.Millionsofwaterfowl(水禽)werekilledatthehandsofmarkethuntersandahandfulofoverly(過度地)ambitioussportsmen.Millionsofacresofwetlandsweredriedtofeedandhousetheever-increasingpopulations,greatlyreducingwaterfowlhabitat.29.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“decimate”meaninthefirstparagraph?【2021年新高考I卷C篇

】A.Acquire. B.Export.C.Destroy. D.Distribute.decimatev.大量毀滅；嚴重破壞

不幸的是，僅僅幾十年，探險家和隨后而來的定居者就decimate這些資源的大部分

方法歸納

為了讓某一詞語或句子意思更明確，作者常常會用具體的事例來說明和證實問題以便讀者更好地理解。常用的詞有：inotherwords，thatis，thatistosay等。另外，作者在寫作過程中也會在某些冷僻的詞后舉一個例子，使該詞具體易懂，用suchas，like，forexample，forinstance，including等例證性詞語來作引導，舉例說明前面較難理解的名詞。例證法解題指導與方法歸納解題方法(五)——

特定指代法Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收銀臺).Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia,includingLosAngeles.Eyeingtheseheadwinds,plastic-bagmakersarehiringscientistslike

Stein

to

makethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.25.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inparagraph2referto?【2018·浙江卷B篇】A.Bansonplasticbags. B.Effectsofcitydevelopment.C.Headachescausedbygarbage.D.Plasticbagshungintrees.headwindn.逆風，頂風膠片；薄薄的一層

方法歸納

通常情況下，英語忌諱實詞重復，而避免重復的方法之一就是用限定詞或代詞，常見的有：this，that，these，those，its，their，his，her，your，my等。其中，指示代詞this可指較近的人或物，而that可指較遠的人或物；同時，this和that都可指已提到過的人或物。遇到此類題，一定要弄清楚是近指還是遠指。如果指示代詞被用來指已提到過的人或物，這個代詞前面的內(nèi)容通常為答案。如果在從句中出現(xiàn)物主代詞，它所限定的內(nèi)容通?？稍谥骶渲姓业?。特定指代法解題指導與方法歸納解題方法(六)——

定義解釋法Some2,500yearsagoGreecediscoveredfreedom.Beforethattherewasnofreedom.Thereweregreatcivilizations,splendidempires,butnofreedomanywhere.EgyptandBabylonwereboth

tyrannies,oneverypowerfulmanrulingoverhelplessmasses.41.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“tyrannies”inParagraph2referto?【2015年江蘇卷閱讀理解D篇】A.Countrieswheretheirpeopleneedhelp. B.Powerfulstateswithhighercivilization.C.Splendidempireswherepeopleenjoyfreedom. D.Governmentsruledwithabsolutepower.tyrannyn.專橫；暴君統(tǒng)治；一個非常有權(quán)勢、統(tǒng)治著無助的群眾的人

方法歸納在寫文章時，作者為了讓讀者能夠更好地理解，常常對一些關(guān)鍵詞進行定義，或在關(guān)鍵詞后面進行解釋或說明。這些解釋或說明從形式上來看，可能是短語，也可能是句子；從句子功能來看，可能是定語從句，也可能是同位語從句。因此，在做相關(guān)猜測題時，要善于利用這些表示定義或解釋的話語標記語來猜測相關(guān)詞義。這些話語標記語有：be,becalled,mean,standfor,beknownas,referto,thatis,namely,inotherwords等等。定義解釋法解題指導與方法歸納詞義猜測題解題技巧總結(jié)：1.

上下文語境法2.

詞匯復現(xiàn)法：原詞復現(xiàn)法；近義詞復現(xiàn)法3.

轉(zhuǎn)折對比法4.

例證法5.

特定指代法6.

定義解釋法真題訓練真題訓練01

Thepoignancy（酸楚）ofJordanretiringfromhisbelovedbasketballtoplaybaseballandwhathadpushedhimtomakesuchatoughdecisiontookmebysurprise.AsIwatchedhimtakeoffhisbasketballuniformandreplaceitwithabaseballuniform,Isawhim

leavingbehindthelayer

thatnolongerservedhim,justasourlizard(蜥蜴)had.Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.26.Theunderlinedpart"leaving

behind

the

layer"inParagraph8canbeunderstoodas

.

【2021天津卷B篇】A.lettinggoofthepastB.lookingforanewjobC.gettingridofabadhabitD.givingupanopportunity此題可采用上下文語境法解答。

分析劃線詞所在句句意可知，劃線詞字面意思指的就是前文脫掉籃球服，換上棒球服。而后文說到就像我們的蜥蜴一樣，根據(jù)常識可知，蜥蜴蛻皮相當于獲得了新生。結(jié)合后文“Neitherofthemchosethemomentthathadtransformedthem.Buttheyhadtolivewithwhotheywereaftereverythingwasdifferent.Justlikeus.Irealizedthatwehavetolearntoleavethepastbehind.(他們都沒有選擇那個改變了他們的時刻。但他們必須和自己生活在一起，因為一切都變了。就像我們一樣。我意識到我們必須學會把過去拋在腦后)”句意可知，作者看著喬丹脫下籃球服，換上棒球服時，意識到看到他放開了過去，把過去拋在腦后。劃線詞意思是“放開過去”。故A選項正確。解題指導真題訓練02JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitors'centers.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos，herealizedwhyhehadfailedtospotthecaldera;almostthewholepark-2.2millionacres—wascaldera.60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"blow-up"inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean？【2019江蘇卷B篇】A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.C.Bigphotograph. D.Bird'sview.blow-upn.照片（或圖案等）的放大此題可采用詞匯復現(xiàn)法（近義詞復現(xiàn)）解答。根據(jù)信息句“JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakeaniceblow-upforoneofthevisitors’centers.”除劃線詞之外的句意可知，美國國家航空和宇宙航行局為測試一些新的高海拔照相機而拍攝了黃石公園的照片。一位深思熟慮的官員把其中的一些照片副本轉(zhuǎn)交給了公園管理部門，認為他們可能會制作一個好看的“blow-up”放在其中一個游客中心。分析句意可知公園管理部門就是將“thecopies”之一制作成“aniceblow-up”，而“thecopies”指的就是前文“photographs”，因此“blow-up”是“photograph”的近義詞。由此可推出C選項正確。解題指導真題訓練03Thefurtradekeptnutria(海貍鼠)checkfordecades，butwhenthemarketfornutria

collapsedinthelate1980s，thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana.Hesaysit’snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen,buthehasnodoubtaboutit.Huntersbringinmorethan300,000nutriatailsayear,sopartofMouton’sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur.30.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probablymean?【2020全國II卷C篇】A.Boomed.B.Becamemature. C.Remainedstable. D.Crashed.collapsev.倒塌；瓦解；突然倒下crashv.墜毀；猛撞；倒閉，暴跌此題可采用轉(zhuǎn)折對比法解答。根據(jù)collapsed所在句結(jié)構(gòu)中but判斷，本句為轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系。結(jié)合but前后句句意可知以前由于皮毛交易，海貍鼠數(shù)量處于控制，現(xiàn)在這種海貍鼠之所以能夠數(shù)量激增，是由于市場不再銷售海貍鼠皮毛導致的，可以推斷出劃線詞collapsed與crashed倒閉的意思最相近。故D選項正確。解題指導真題訓練04Ifyouhave

ajuicer,youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft-serve”creamydessert,tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren’sparty;theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.26.Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastparagraph?【2018·全國II卷B篇】A.Adessert.B.Adrink.C.Acontainer.D.Amachine.juicern.榨汁機此題可采用例證法解答。

根據(jù)段中事例“theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow”可知，孩子們喜歡把一些水果和冷凍的香蕉放入到這臺機器的上部，然后看到冰激凌從下面出來。故可以推出ajuicer就是一臺機器。

故D選項正確。解題指導真題訓練05Still,55percentofAustralianshavealandlinephoneathomeandonlyjustoveraquarter(29%)relyonlyontheirsmartphones,accordingtoasurvey（調(diào)查）.OfthoseAustralianswhostillhavealandline,athird

concede

thatit'snotreallynecessaryandthey'rekeepingitasasecurityblanket—19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.Ithinkmyhomefallsintothatcategory.25.Whatdoestheunderlinedword

"concede"

inparagraph3mean?【2021全國乙卷B篇】A.Admit.B.Argue.C.Remember.D.Remark.concedev.（通常指不情愿地）承認；認（輸）此題可采用上下文語境法+詞匯復現(xiàn)法（近義詞復現(xiàn)）解答。

根據(jù)分析concede所在句結(jié)構(gòu)可知，句中含有“athird

concede

thatit‘snotreallynecessaryandthey’rekeepingitasasecurityblanket”與“19percentsaytheyneveruseitwhileafurther13percentkeepitincaseofemergencies.”兩個類似表述結(jié)構(gòu)，由此可推測“concede”與“say”一樣是同一語域、表達看法的動詞，可視為近義詞，因此可排除C答案。再結(jié)合劃線詞后句子的句意“固定電話并不是必須的，他們將其作為一種安全保障——19%的人表示他們從未使用過固定電話，另有13%的人保留固定電話以防緊急情況”可知，很多人認為固定電話并不是必須擁有的，有些人保留固定電話只是為了防止緊急情況。從而推知，在調(diào)查中他們應該是承認了固定電話的非必要性。故A選項正確。解題指導真題訓練06AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions(份),it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?【2020山東卷D篇】A.Bigeaters. B.Overweightpersons.C.Pickyeaters. D.Tallthinpersons.beanpolen.支竿；瘦長之人此題可采用轉(zhuǎn)折對比法解答。根據(jù)前半句中“existingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions”可知：現(xiàn)有的研究表明，你應該避免和那些體重較重、食量較大的人一起吃飯。

而contraryto表示情況相反，因此后半句句意應是：你真正需要避免的是那些大胃口的thebeanpoles

。由此可推斷出，劃線詞和heavierpeople（超重的人）相反，結(jié)合選項含義可知D選項Tallthinpersons.（瘦瘦高高的人）和heavierpeople正好相反。故D選項正確。解題指導真題訓練07AsIgrewolderandbecameamother,thelibrarytookonanewplaceandanaddedmeaninginmylife.Ihadseveralchildrenandbookswereourmainsource(來源)ofentertainment.Itwasabigdealforustoloadupandgotothelocallibrary,wheremykidscouldpickoutbookstoreadorbookstheywantedmetoreadtothem.33．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“anaddedmeaning”inparagraph3refe