2022年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試真題卷六21測(cè)

2022年大學(xué)英語(yǔ)考試真題卷六

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1.ThesearetoughtimesforWal-Mart,America1sbiggestretaiIer.Long

accusedofwreckingsmaII-townAmericaandcondemnedforthestinginess

ofitspay,thecompanyhaslatelycomeunderfireforitsmeannessover

empIoyees'heaIth-carebenefits.ThechargeisarguabIyunfair:thefinnJ

shealthcoverage,whileadmittedlylessextensivethantheaveragefor

bigcompanies,isonaparwithotherretailers5.ButbadpubIicity,

coupIedwithrisingcosts,hasstirredtheBentonviIIegianttoaction.

Wal-MartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica1s

heaIth-caredebate.OnestrategyistosIashthepricesofmanygeneric,

orout-of-patent,prescriptiondrugs.Wal-Martrecentlyannouncedthat

itsFloridastoreswouldseiIaIistofsome300genericdrugsat$4for

amonthJssupply;otherstateswiIIfoIIow.Thatisabovecostbutfar

lessthanthepriceschargedbymanypharmacychains,whichgetprofits

fromfatmarginsongenerics.Wal-Mart'scriticsdismissthemoveas

apubIicitystunt.TheIistofdrugsincIudesonIy143differentmedicines

andexcludesmanypopulargenerics.True,hutshort-sighted.Wal-Mart

hastransformedretaiIingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand

passingthegainsontoconsumers.Itcoulddothesamewithdrugs.Target,

anotherbigretailerFhasalreadyannouncedthatitwiIImatchthenew

pricing.AnWal-Marteffect"indrugswiIInotsolveAmericas

health-costsproblem:genericsaccountforonlyasmalIshareofdrug

costs,whichinturnmakeuponly10%ofoveralIhealthspending.But

itwouldhelp.Thefirm'sotherinitiativeismorecontroversial.

Wal-MartisjoiningthesmalIbutfast-growinggroupofemployerswho

arecontrolIingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhigh

deductibles.FromJanuary1stnewWal-MartempIoyeeswiIIonlybe

offeredinsurancewithverylowpremiums(asIittIeas$11amonthfor

anindividual)butratherhighdeductibles(excesses):anindividualmust

payatleastthefirst$1,000ofannualhealth-careexpenses,andona

familyplan,thefirst$3,000.Unusually,Wal-Mart*splanincludesthree

doctorvisitsandthreeprescriptiondrugsbeforethebigdeductibIe

kicksin.SincemostempIoyeesgotothedoctorlessoftenthanthat,

thecompanyargues,theywillbebetteroffbecauseofthelowerpremiums.

Thatmaybetrueforthehealthy,saycritics;sickerworkerswiIIsee

theirhealthcostssoar.Thisdebate,writlarge,isthebiggest

controversyinAmericanhealthcaretoday.TheBushadministrationhas

beenpushinghigh-deductibIeplansasthebestroutetocontrolIing

healthcostsandhasencouragedthem,withtax-breaksforhealth-saving

accounts.ThelogicisappeaIing.Higherdeductiblesencourageconsumers

tobecomeprice-consciousforroutinecare,whileinsurancekicksinfor

catastrophicexpenses.Earlyevidencesuggeststheseplansdohelp

firmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthe

savingsaremisleading.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosicker

workers,discouragepreventativecareandwiIIanywaydolittleto

controloveralIhealthspending,sincemostofthe$2trillion(asixth

ofitsentireGDP)thatAmericaspendsonhealthcareeachyeargoesto

peopIewithmultiplechronicdiseases.Forthemoment,relativelyfew

Americansarecoveredbvtheser,consumer-directedHpIans.Buttheyare

becomingincreasinglypopular,especiallyamongfirmsempIoying

low-skiIledworkers.AndnowAmerica'sbiggestemployerhasjoinedthe

high-deductibIetrend.Thatisboundtohaveanimpact.

Astothehealth-careissue,Wal-Martistryingto

A.reduceitsoperatingcosts.

B.lookforotherwayout.

C.seekhelpfromthegovernment.

D.divertpeople'sattention.

2.In1830,onlyafewmilesawayfromwhatisnowthegreatcityof

CincinnatiylayanimmenseandaImostunbrokenforest.Thewholeregion

wassparselysettIedbypeopIeofthefrontier-restlesssoulswhono

soonerhadhewnfairlyhabitabIehomesoutofthewiIdernessandattained

tothatdegreeofprosperitywhichtodayweshouIdcalIindigence,then,

impeIIedbysomemysteriousimpulseoftheirnature,theyabandonedalI

andpushedfartherwestward,toencounternewperiIsandprivationsin

theefforttoregainthemeagrecomfortswhichtheyhadvoluntarily

renounced.Manyofthemhadalreadyforsakenthatregionfortheremoter

settIements,butamongthoseremainingwasonewhohadbeenofthosefirst

arriving.HeIivedaloneinahouseoflogssurroundedonalIsidesby

thegreatforest,ofwhosegloomandsiIenceheseemedapart,forno

onehadeverknownhimtosmilenorspeakaneedlessword.Hissimple

wantsweresuppliedbythesaleorbarterofskinsofwiIdanimalsin

therivertown,fornotathingdidhegrowupontheIandwhich,ifneedfuI,

hemighthavecIaimedbyrightofundisturbedpossession.Therewere

evidencesofnimprovement',-afewacresofgroundimmediateIyaboutthe

househadoncebeenclearedofitstrees,thedecayedstumpsofwhich

werehalfconcealedbythenewgrowththathadbeensufferedtorepair

theravagewroughtbytheaxe.Apparentlytheman,szealforagriculture

hadburnedwithafailingflame,expiringinpenitentialashes.The

IittIeloghouse,withitschimneyofsticks,itsroofofwarping

clapboardsweightedwithtraversingpolesandits"chinking'1ofclay,

hadasingledoorand,directlyopposite,awindow.Thelatter,however,

wasboardedup-nobodycouldrememberatimewhenitwasnot.Andnone

knewwhyitwassocIosed;certainlynotbecauseoftheoccupantJsdisIike

ofIightandair,foronthoserareoccasionswhenahunterhadpassed

thatIoneIyspotthereclusehadcommonIybeenseensunninghimselfon

hisdoorstepifheavenhadprovidedsunshineforhisneed.Ifancythere

arefewpersonsIivingtodaywhoeverknewthesecretofthatwindow,

butIamone.Theman'snamewassaidtobeMurloek.Hewasapparently

seventyyearsoldractuallyaboutfifty.Somethingbesidesyearshadhad

ahandinhisageing.Hishairandlong,fulIbeardwerewhite,hisgrey,

lustrelesseyessunken,hisfacesingularlyseamedwithwrinkleswhich

appearedtobeIongtotwointersectingsystems.InfigurehewastaiI

andspare,withastoopoftheshoulders-aburdenbearer.Oneday

Murloekwasfoundinhiscabin,dead.Itwasnotatimeandplacefor

coronersandnewspapers,andIsupposeitwasagreedthathehaddied

fromnaturalcausesorIshouldhavebeentold,andshouldremember.I

knowonlythatwithwhatwasprobablyasenseofthefitnessofthings

thebodywasburiednearthecabin,alongsidethegraveofhiswife,who

hadprecededhimbysomanyyearsthatIocaItraditionhadretainedhardIy

ahintofherexistence.Thatclosesthefinalchapterofthistruestory.

ButthereisanearIierchapter-thatsuppliedbymygrandfather.When

Murloekbuilthiscabinandbeganlayingsturdilyaboutwithhisaxeto

hewoutafarm-therifle,meanwhiIe,hismeansofsupport-hewasyoung,

strongandfulIofhope.Inthateasterncountrywhencehecamehehad

married,aswasthefashion,ayoungwomaninalIwaysworthyofhishonest

devotion,whosharedthedangersandprivationsofhislotwithawiIIing

spiritandIightheart.Thereisnoknownrecordofhername;ofhercharms

ofmindandpersontraditionissiIentandthedoubterisatIibertyto

entertainhisdoubt;butGodforbidthatIshouldshareit!Oftheir

affectionandhappinessthereisabundantassuranceineveryaddedday

oftheman'swidowedlife;forwhatbutthemagnetismofabIessedmemory

couldhavechainedthatventuresomespirittoalotIikethatOneday

Murlockreturnedfromgunninginadistantpartoftheforesttofind

hiswifelyingonthefloorwithfever,anddelirious.Therewasno

physicianwithinmiles,noneighbour;norwassheinaconditiontobe

left,tosummonhelp.Sohesetaboutthetaskofnursingherbackto

health,butattheendofthethirdclayshefelIintounconsciousness

aridsopassedaway,apparently,withneveragleamofreturningreason.

WhatdoweknowaboutMurlock,swife

A.Shewasacharacterwithgreatcharmandbeauty.

B.Moreimaginaryspaceaboutherlifewasleft.

C.Sheusedtoentertainotherpeopleinherhouse.

D.Shewasyoung,delicateanddevoted.

3.Backin2000,inspiredbyadesiretohelpthoseinneed,Meganand

DennisDoyleofMinneapolisdecidedtheywantedtodomorethanjust

volunteerorwriteacheck.Instead,theytook$30,000oftheirownmoney

andstartedanonprofitcalledHopefortheCity.Theorganization

collectscorporateoverstockanddistributesittononprofitsintheTwin

Cities,nationwide,andinternationallyto26developingcountries.

Todaythenonprofithasa$900,000operatingbudgetanda25,000sq.ft.

warehousetostorethedonateditemsandhasdistributednearly$380

millionofin-kindmerchandisesinceitsinception."Thismakesusfeel

Iikewe'reapartofsomethingalotbiggerthanjustthetwoofus,M

saysDennis,54,whoisCEOofalocalcommercialrealestatefirm.The

DoyIesarenotaloneintheirdesiretogiveback.Therearemorethan

1million501(c)(3)charitiesIiketheirs,upnearIy70%fromthe614,000

thatexistedadecadeago,accordingtoTomPoIIak,programdirectorwith

theNationaICenterforCharitableStatisticsattheUrbanInstitute.

Organizationsdedicatedtoeducation,disasterreIief,jobdeveIopment,

theenvironmentandAIDSareamongtoday5s"hotcauses,“saysPhy11is

McGrath,presidentofPhilanthropyManagement,aFairfield,Conn.,

consultingfirmthatworkswithnonprofitsnationwide.Fuelingthis

growthareseveralfactors:babyboomerswithasociaI-entrepreneurship

mind-setandaddedtimeintheirIivestogivebacktotheircommunitiesr

suchtragiceventsasSept.11andHurricaneKatrina,andgreaternumbers

ofwealthyindividualswiththefundstolaunchtheirownnonprofits.

ButstartinganonprofitisaHerculeaneffort,requiringpatienceand

determination.Itmaytakeatleastsixmonthstoayearandasmuch

as30to40hoursaweektogetanorganizationofftheground,McGrath

says.HiringanattorneyexperiencedwithnonprofitstohandIestatewide

andfederalapplicationsiskey.The501(c)(3)designationcomesfrom

theIRS(InternalRevenueService),andnonprofitsareexpectedto

providethegovernmentwithsuchinformationasamissionstatement,an

ideaofwhowiIIbeassistedandbywhatmethods,anticipatedbudgetand

boardofdirectors,saysAndrewGrumet,alawyerrepresentingnonprofits

withtheManhattanfirmHerrick,Feinstein,LLP.AccountantsfamiIiar

withnonprofitscanadviseonhowmuchofaninvestmentcanbemadewithout

affectingpersonalwealth.Butevenwiththebestofintentions,

nonprofitshaveahighfailurerate:onlyone-thirdsurvivebeyondfive

years,saysStanMadden,directoroftheCenterforNonprofitStudies

attheHankamerSchooIofBusinessatBaylorUniversityinWaeo,Texas.

Thebestapproachistostartwithabusinessplan.Researchother

organizationsinthefieldtomakesurethereisnoothergroupaddressing

thesamecause.Consultwithothercharitiestodeterminethatthereare

constituentswhocanreallyuseyourservices.AsMcGrathnotes,

"Considerarealisticanddoablenichethatyourorganizationcan

uniquelyfill."ThatisjustwhatBethShaw,41,did.Theownerof

a$4miIIioncompanythattrainsyogafitnessinstructorsworIdwide,Shaw

usedherknowIedgeofthemarkettolaunchVisionaryWomeninFitness,

whichprovidesscholarshipstounderprivilegedwomensothattheycan

traintobecomeinstructors.Withabudgetofjust$30,000,thenonprofit,

basedinHermosaBeach,Calif.,isabletohelp15to20womenayear

learnaskillthatcangetthemanentry-1eveIjob.nIhavetwohomes

andasuccessfuIbusiness,somanyyoungwomenouttherehavenothing,H

saysShaw,whohasdonated$50,000ofherownmoneysinceshelaunched

thecharityinJune2004."Thiswasthetimeinmylifetostepupand

startgivingback.\

ItcanbeconeIudedfromthepassagethat

A.hardworkandgoodintentionsdon'tguaranteethesuccessofnonprofits.

B.anexperiencedlawyeristhedeterminingfactorofthesuccessof

nonprofits.

C.accountantswillbehelpfulindecidingwhethertoinvestinnonprofits.

D.investinginnonprofitsmeansahighriskoflosingone'swealth.

4.ThesearetoughtimesforWal-Mart,America'sbiggestretaiIer.Long

accusedofwreckingsmaII-townAmericaandcondemnedforthestinginess

ofitspay,thecompanyhasIateIycomeunderfireforitsmeannessover

empIoyees5heaIth-carebenefits.ThechargeisarguabIyunfair:thefinn

shealthcoverage,whileadmittedlylessextensivethantheaveragefor

bigcompanies,isonaparwithotherretailers’.ButbadpubIicity,

coupIedwithrisingcosts,hasstirredtheBentonviIIegianttoaction.

Wal-MartismakingchangesthatshouldshiftthegroundinAmerica's

heaIth-caredebate.OnestrategyistosIashthepricesofmanygeneric,

orout-of-patent,prescriptiondrugs.Wal-Martrecentlyannouncedthat

itsFloridastoreswouldseiIaIistofsome300genericdrugsat$4for

amonthJssupply;otherstateswiIIfoIIow.Thatisabovecostbutfar

lessthanthepriceschargedbymanypharmacychains,whichgetprofits

fromfatmarginsongenerics.Wal-Mart'scriticsdismissthemoveas

apubIicitystunt.TheIistofdrugsincIudesonIy143differentmedicines

andexcludesmanypopulargenerics.True,hutshort-sighted.Wal-Mart

hastransformedretaiIingbyusingitssizetosqueezesuppliersand

passingthegainsontoconsumers.Itcoulddothesamewithdrugs.Target,

anotherbigretaiIer,hasalreadyannouncedthatitwiIImatchthenew

pricing.A"Wal-Marteffect*'indrugswiIInotsolveAmerica5s

health-costsproblem:genericsaccountforonlyasmalIshareofdrug

costs,whichinturnmakeuponly10%ofoveralIhealthspending.But

itwouldhelp.Thefirm'sotherinitiativeismorecontroversial.

Wal-MartisjoiningthesmalIbutfast-growinggroupofemployerswho

arecontrolIingcostsbyshiftingtohealthinsurancewithhigh

deductibles.FromJanuary1stnewWal-MartempIoyeeswiIIonlybe

offeredinsurancewithverylowpremiums(asIittIeas$11amonthfor

anindividual)butratherhighdeductibIes(excesses):anindividualmust

payatleastthefirst$1,000ofannualhealth-careexpenses,andona

familyplan,thefirst$3,000.Unusually,Wal-Mart'splanincludesthree

doctorvisitsandthreeprescriptiondrugsbeforethebigdeductibIe

kicksin.SincemostempIoyeesgotothedoctorlessoftenthanthat,

thecompanyargues,theywiIIbebetteroffbecauseofthelowerpremiums.

Thatmaybetrueforthehealthy,saycritics;sickerworkerswiIIsee

theirhealthcostssoar.Thisdebate,writlarge,isthebiggest

controversyinAmericanhealthcaretoday.TheBushadministrationhas

beenpushinghigh-deductibIeplansasthebestroutetocontrolIing

healthcostsandhasencouragedthem,withtax-breaksforhealth-saving

accounts.ThelogicisappeaIing.Higherdeductiblesencourageconsumers

tobecomeprice-consciousforroutinecare,whileinsurancekicksinfor

catastrophicexpenses.Earlyevidencesuggeststheseplansdohelp

firmscontrolthecostofhealthinsurance.Butcriticssaythatthe

savingsaremisleading.Theyarguethattheplansshiftcoststosicker

workers,discouragepreventativecareandwiIIanywaydoIittIeto

controIoveraIIheaIthspending,sineemostofthe$2tri11ion(asixth

ofitsentireGDP)thatAmericaspendsonhealthcareeachyeargoesto

peopIewithmultiplechronicdiseases.Forthemoment,relativelyfew

Americansarecoveredbvthese"consumer-directedHpIans.Buttheyare

becomingincreasinglypopular,especiallyamongfirmsempIoying

low-skiIledworkers.AndnowAmerica'sbiggestemployerhasjoinedthe

high-deductibIetrend.Thatisboundtohaveanimpact.

Thephrase"kicksin"(Lastline,Paragraph6)probablymeans

A.startstolowerhealthcosts.

B.startstohaveaneffect.

C.startstopushuphealthcost.

D.startstooffsetdeductibles.

5.MYoudon5thavetowaitforgovernmenttomove...thereallyfantastic

thingaboutFairtradeisthatyoucangoshopping!"Sosaida

representativeoftheFairtrademovementinaBritishnewspaper.

SimilarlyMarionNestle,anutritionistatNewYorkUniversity,argues

that"whenyouchooseorganics,youarevotingforapIanetwithfewer

pesticides,richersoiIandcleanerwatersupplies."Theideathat

shoppingisthenewpoliticsiscertainlyseductive.NevermindthebaIlot

box:votewithyoursupermarkettrolleyinstead.EIectionsoccur

relativelyrarely,butyouprobablygoshoppingseveraltimesamonth,

providingyourselfwithlotsofopportunitiestoexpressyouropinions.

Ifyouareworriedabouttheenvironment,youmightbuyorganicfood;

ifyouwanttohelppoorfarmers,youcandoyourbitbybuyingFairtrade

products;oryoucanexpressadisIikeofeviImultinationaIcompanies

andrampantgIobaIisationbybuyingonlylocalproduce.Andthebestbit

isthatshopping,unlikevoting,isfun;soyoucandogoodandenjoy

yourselfatthesametime.SadIyfit'snotthateasy.Therearegood

reasonstodoubttheclaimsmadeaboutthreeofthemostpopuIarvarieties

ofMethical"food:organicfood,Fairtradefoodandlocalfood.PeopIe

whowanttomaketheworldabetterplacecannotdosobyshiftingtheir

shoppinghabits:transformingthepIanetrequiresduIIerdisciplinesr

Iikepolitics.Organicfood,whichisgrownwithoutman-made

pesticidesandfertiIisers,isgenerallyassumedtobemore

environmentallyfriendlythanconventionaIintensivefarming,whichis

heavilyreliantonchemicalinputs.ButitalIdependsonwhatyoumean

byMenvironmentallyfriendly".Farmingisinherentlybadforthe

environment:sincehumanstookituparound11,000yearsago,theresult

hasbeendeforestationonamassivescale.Butfollowingthen.green

revolutionnofthe1960sgreateruseofchemicalfertiIiserhastripled

grainyieldswithveryIittIeincreaseintheareaoflandunder

cultivation.Organicmethods,whichrelyoncroprotation,manureand

compostinplaceoffertiIiser,arefarlessintensive.Soproducingthe

world'scurrentagriculturaloutputorganicallywouldrequireseveral

timesasmuchlandasiscurrentlycultivated.Therewouldn,tbemuch

roomleftfortherainforest.Fairtradefoodisdesignedtoraisepoor

fanners-incomes.Itissoldatahigherpricethanordinaryfood,with

asubsidypassedbacktothefarmer.Butpricesofagricultural

commoditiesarelowbecauseofoverproduction.Byproppinguptheprice,

theFairtradesystemencouragesfarmerstoproducemoreofthese

commoditiesratherthandiversifyingintoothercropsandsodepresses

prices-thusachieving,formostfanners,exactIytheoppositeofwhat

theinitiativeisintendedtodo.AndsinceonlyasmalIfractionofthe

mark-uponFairtradefoodsactua11ygoestothefarmer-mostgoestothe

retaiIer-thesystemgivesrichconsumersaninflatedimpressionoftheir

largesseandmakesalIeviatingpovertyseemtooeasy.Surelytheease

forlocalfood,producedascloseaspossibletotheconsumerinorder

tominimise"foodmilesnand,byextension,carbonemissions,isclear

Surprisingly,itisnot.AstudyofBritain5sfoodsystemfoundthat

nearlyhalfoffood-vehicIemiles(ie,milestravelledbyvehicles

carryingfood)weredrivenbycarsgoingtoandfromtheshops.MostpeopIe

Iiveclosertoasupermarketthanafarmer1smarket,somorelocalfood

couldmeanmorefood-vehiclemiles.Movingfoodaroundinbig,carefully

packedlorries,assupermarketsdo,mayinfactbethemostefficient

waytotransportthestuff.What'smore,oncetheenergyusedin

productionasweIIastransportistakenintoaccount,localfoodmay

turnouttobeevenlessgreen.ProducinglambinNewZeaIandandshipping

ittoBritainuseslessenergythanproducingBritishlamb,because

farminginNewZeaIandislessenergy-intensive.AndtheIocaI-food

movement1saims,ofcourse,contradictthoseoftheFairtrademovement,

bydiscouragingrich-countryconsumersfrombuyingpoor-countryproduce.

ButsincetheIocaI-foodmovementlookssuspiciouslyIikeoldfashioned

protectionismmasqueradingasconcernfortheenvironment,helpingpoor

countriesispresumablynotthepoint.

WhichofthefollowingisoneoftheblameIocaI-foodmovementincurs

A.Itintentionallyincreasescarbonemissions.

B.Itisnotbeneficialtopoorcountriesindeed.

C.Itreducestheuseofcarefullypackedlorries.

D.Itdiscouragescustomerstobuygoodproduce.

6.In1830,onlyafewmilesawayfromwhatisnowthegreatcityof

Cincinnati,layanimmenseandalmostunbrokenforest.Thewholeregion

wassparselysettIedbypeopIeofthefrontier—restlesssoulswhono

soonerhadhewnfairlyhabitablehomesoutofthewiIdernessandattained

tothatdegreeofprosperitywhichtodayweshouIdcalIindigence,then,

impeIIedbysomemysteriousimpuIseoftheirnature,theyabandonedalI

andpushedfartherwestward,toencounternewperiIsandprivationsin

theefforttoregainthemeagrecomfortswhichtheyhadvoluntarily

renounced.Manyofthemhadalreadyforsakenthatregionfortheremoter

settIements,butamongthoseremainingwasonewhohadbeenofthosefirst

arriving.HeIivedaloneinahouseoflogssurroundedonalIsidesby

thegreatforest,ofwhosegloomandsiIenceheseemedapart,forno

onehadeverknownhimtosmilenorspeakaneedlessword.Hissimple

wantsweresuppliedbythesaleorbarterofskinsofwiIdanimalsin

therivertown,fornotathingdidhegrowupontheIandwhich,ifneedfuI,

hemighthavecIaimedbyrightofundisturbedpossession.Therewere

evidencesofnimprovement'1-afewacresofgroundimmediateIyaboutthe

househadoncebeenclearedofitstrees,thedecayedstumpsofwhich

werehalfconceaIedbythenewgrowththathadbeensufferedtorepair

theravagewroughtbytheaxe.Apparentlytheman1szealforagriculture

hadburnedwithafailingflame,expiringinpenitentialashes.The

IittIeloghouse,withitschimneyofsticks,itsroofofwarping

1

clapboardsweightedwithtraversingpolesandits'chinking"ofclayr

hadasingledoorand,directlyopposite,awindow.Thelatter,however,

wasboardedup-nobodycouldrememberatimewhenitwasnot.Andnone

knewwhyitwassoclosed;certainlynotbecauseoftheoccupant1sdisIike

ofIightandair,foronthoserareoccasionswhenahunterhadpassed

thatIoneIyspottherec