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九從句的復(fù)習(xí)
復(fù)合句:定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句:
1.that,which,who的使用。一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中有兩個(gè)相同的名詞,將其中的一個(gè)名詞進(jìn)行替換,如果是人,用who;如果是物,用which;that既可以指人又可以指物。
重磅閱讀2.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(結(jié)構(gòu))和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系:關(guān)系緊密&關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn);定語(yǔ)從句中如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密,則介詞必須保留在謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的后面,不能做任何位置的改動(dòng);如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn),介詞一般提到which/who/that的前面;介詞加which正好表示時(shí)間,可以表達(dá)成whe-n;表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),可以表達(dá)成where;表示原因時(shí),變成why;
3.限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。限定性定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密,刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后,整個(gè)句子意思會(huì)改變;非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密,刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后,整個(gè)句子意思不會(huì)改變,定語(yǔ)從句只起到補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的意義;
(2)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:
eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.
②非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在后面,as則只能放在句子前面
名詞性從句:主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句及同謂語(yǔ)從句;
形式:
名詞+從句;
連接詞取決于后面的從句是什么樣的形式;
如果是陳述句,直接加that引導(dǎo);
一般疑問(wèn)句:先把一般疑問(wèn)句變成陳述句語(yǔ)序,然后在其前加上weather或者if;
特殊疑問(wèn)句:直接保留特殊疑問(wèn)詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語(yǔ)序;
定義:在句子中起名詞作用的句子,且在句子中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同謂語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等成分;
eg.Yuminhong,thepresidentofNewOrientalSchool.
狀語(yǔ)從句:兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子中間用一些含義不同的連接詞連接;狀語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)表達(dá)兩個(gè)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系;分成原因狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、比較狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)等九大類型;
定語(yǔ)從句是名詞+關(guān)系詞+從句,關(guān)系詞的用法取決于名詞的問(wèn)題;
名詞性從句:同謂語(yǔ)從句:名詞+關(guān)系詞+從句,關(guān)系詞跟后面的從句有關(guān)系,如果是陳述句,直接加that引導(dǎo);
一般疑問(wèn)句:先把一般疑問(wèn)句變成陳述句語(yǔ)序,然后在其前加上weather或者if;
特殊疑問(wèn)句:直接保留特殊疑問(wèn)詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語(yǔ)序;
賓語(yǔ)從句:動(dòng)詞+關(guān)系詞+從句;
表語(yǔ)從句:系動(dòng)詞+關(guān)系詞+從句;
主語(yǔ)從句:關(guān)系詞+從句+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;
名詞性從句,其關(guān)系詞的來(lái)源取決于后面的從句的性質(zhì)。
狀語(yǔ)從句:完整句子1+邏輯關(guān)系詞+完整句子2;
如何區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句和同謂語(yǔ)從句:whether,what,how接在名詞后面一定是同謂語(yǔ)從句;關(guān)系詞是when,where,why如果前面不是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物,那么是同謂語(yǔ)從句;如果是的話,則為定語(yǔ)從句;如果見(jiàn)到which的話,which在句中翻譯成“哪一個(gè)”,就是同謂語(yǔ);翻譯不成“哪一個(gè)”就是定語(yǔ)從句;that就是看它在句中是否充當(dāng)成分,如果充當(dāng)成分就是定語(yǔ)從句;不充當(dāng)成分就是同謂語(yǔ)從句;
Whethertheplanisfeasible
remainstobeproved.
(主語(yǔ)從句)
是否這個(gè)計(jì)劃是可行的仍然值得去考證。
Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpassthroughthecrisisofhisillness.
(賓語(yǔ)從句)
我擔(dān)心他是否能度過(guò)疾病的危險(xiǎn)期。
Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.(同謂語(yǔ)從句)
Attimewhenhiringqualified
peopleisbecomingmoredifficult(定語(yǔ)從句),employerswhocaneliminate
invalid
biasfromtheprocesshaveadistinctadvantage.(定語(yǔ)從句)
在雇傭合格人才變得越來(lái)越困難的時(shí)期,那些能夠在雇傭過(guò)程中消除站不住腳的偏見(jiàn)的雇主具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。
Eg.While(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)eventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhen(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)theyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.
在20世紀(jì)60年代之前,當(dāng)人們伏案寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候,即使那些接受教育不多的人也會(huì)追求一種高雅的風(fēng)格,但是從那以后,即使是那些令人敬仰的文學(xué)作品也在追求一種口語(yǔ)的風(fēng)格。
Eg.About45%oftheworld'spopulation
livedintheclimatezonewheremosquito
transmitdisease.全球45%的人口都生活在這樣的一個(gè)區(qū)域,這個(gè)地方的蚊子會(huì)傳播疾病。
五、定語(yǔ)從句:
eg:Iknowthegirl.
ThegirlcomesfromBeijing.
IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBeijing.
重磅閱讀
步驟:
1.找到兩個(gè)句子中相同的名詞;
2.將兩個(gè)名詞中的一個(gè)進(jìn)行替換,若是人,用who替換;若是物,用which替換;that既可以指人,又可以指物;
3.將who或which引導(dǎo)的句子放在相同名詞之后;
eg:Ilikereadingbooks.
ThebookswerewrittenbyOHenry.
IlikereadingbookswhichwerewrittenbyOHenry.
eg:Iplantedatree.
Thetreeistallerthanthehouse.
ThetreewhichIplantedistallerthanthehouse.
1.who/that/which所引導(dǎo)的句子必須放在相同名詞之后;
eg:Theteacherprizedtheboy.
Theboyismyneighbor.
Theboywhotheteacherprizedismyneighbor.
eg:Thisisthebook.
Youarelookingforthebook.
Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.
eg:Thisisthebook.
Youareinterestedinthebook.
Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.
2.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(結(jié)構(gòu))和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系:關(guān)系緊密&關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn);
關(guān)系緊密:謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞合成在一起,聯(lián)系緊密,不可分割,一旦分割意思就會(huì)發(fā)生改變;
eg:lookfor,beinterestedin,lookafter,lookat
定語(yǔ)從句中如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密,則介詞必須保留在謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的后面,不能做任何位置的改動(dòng);如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn),介詞一般提到which/who/that的前面;
eg:Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.
Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.
Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.
Thisisthebookwhichyou
askedfor.
3.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞:
eg:Beijingistheplace.
Iwasbornintheplace.
BeijingistheplacewhichIwasbornin.
BeijingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn.
定語(yǔ)從句中,如果介詞+which表示地點(diǎn),則可以用where替換;
BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.
eg:
Ican'tforgettheday.
Ijointhearmyontheday.
Ican'tforgetthedaywhichIjointhearmyon.
Ican'tforgetthedayonwhichIjointhearmy.
Ican'tforgetthedaywhenIjointhearmy.
判斷:ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.
ThisisthemountainvillageinwhichIvisitedlastyear.
ThisisthemountainvillagewhichIvisitedinlastyear.
正確:Thisisthemountainvillagewhich/thatIvisitedlastyear.
4.判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法:
(1)不管是關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,都取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;
若該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞,則一定使用關(guān)系代詞;若該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,且其后沒(méi)有介詞,則一定使用關(guān)系副詞;
eg:IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.
IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.
IwillneverforgetthedayswhichIspentinthecountryside.
(2)通過(guò)判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分
eg:Isthisthemuseum(that)youvisitedafewdaysago?
themuseum:充當(dāng)visit的賓語(yǔ)
Isthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwasheld?
關(guān)系代詞:前面句子里的先行詞也要在后面的句子里充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的成分;
介詞+which,恰好表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn),可以替換成when,where這樣的關(guān)系副詞;
5限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句
(1)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:先行詞(即名詞)后有一個(gè)逗號(hào);
eg:Inourschool,therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.(限定性定語(yǔ)從句)
Inourschool,therewere8foreignteachers,whocomefromAustralia.(非限定性定語(yǔ)從句)
限定性定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密,刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后,整個(gè)句子意思會(huì)改變;
非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密,刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后,整個(gè)句子意思不會(huì)改變,定語(yǔ)從句只起到補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的意義;
eg:Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.
(2)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:
①先行詞是前面的整句話;
eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.
WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.
Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.
②非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在后面,as則只能放在句子前面;
eg:Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweknow.
Smokingisharmfultoourheath,asweknow.
Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourheath.
eg:Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss(
)cameasasurprise.
A.It
B.that
C.as
D.which
(3)that和which的區(qū)別:①什么時(shí)候不能用that,只能用which:非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,即逗號(hào)之后;
eg:Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamoushere.
②什么時(shí)候不能用that,只能用which:非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,即逗號(hào)之后;介詞后面不能用that,只能用which;
eg:Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamoushere.
Wedependontheland,fromwhichwecangetourfood.
inthat:因?yàn)椋?/p>
(4)什么時(shí)候不能用which,只能用that:
①前面的先行詞是不定代詞,包括all,anything,nothing,theone,much,little等;
eg:HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehassaid?
②如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了theonly,thevery等;
eg:Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthinkout.
③如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí);
eg:ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.
④如果先行詞中即有人,又有物;
eg:Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisitedyesterday.
例:Medicalresearchersarepainfullyawarethattherearemanyproblems
(他們至今還沒(méi)找到答案).
theyhavn'tfoundsolutions/answerstotheseproblems.
therearemanyproblemswhich
theyhavn'tfoundsolutions/answersto.
例:(與我成長(zhǎng)的地方相比),thistownismoreprosperousandexciting.
Comparedwiththeplaceinwhich/whereIgrewup,
例:(聽(tīng)到他告訴我的消息),Icouldn’thelplaughing.
Hearingthenewswhich/thathetoldme,
例:CareerexpertssaythatoneofthewaysjobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.
當(dāng)先行詞中是theway的時(shí)候,后面的連接詞可以用that,可以用which和inwhich,甚至可以不填;強(qiáng)調(diào)句
英語(yǔ)中表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的8種方式
1.用形容詞“very”,“single”等表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
eg.YouaretheverypersonI'mlookingfor.
你就是我要找的那個(gè)人。
重磅閱讀
RedArmyfoughtabattleonthisveryspot.
紅軍就在此地打過(guò)一仗。
Notasinglepersonhasbeenintheofficethisafternoon.
今天下午竟然沒(méi)有一個(gè)人來(lái)過(guò)辦公室。
2.用反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
e.g.Imyselfwillseeheroffatthestation.
我將親自到車站為她送行。
Youcandoitwellyourself.
你自己能做好這件事情。
3.用助詞“do/does/did+動(dòng)詞原形”表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
e.g.Thebabyisgenerallyhealthy,buteverynowandthenshedoescatchacold.
那孩子的健康狀況尚好,但就是偶爾患感冒。
Dobequiet.ItoldyouIhadaheadache.
務(wù)必安靜,我告訴過(guò)你,我頭疼。
4.用“...a(chǎn)ndthat”,“...a(chǎn)ndthose”,等結(jié)構(gòu)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
e.g.Theyfulfilledthetask,andthatinafewdays.
他們?cè)趲滋靸?nèi)完成的就是那項(xiàng)任務(wù)。
Igavehersomepresents,andthosethedaybeforeyesterday.
前天我送給她的就是那些禮物。
5.用雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
e.g.Thereisnoreasonwhythisnewimmigrantshouldnothavethesamesuccess.
完全有理由相信這些新移民應(yīng)該擁有相同的成功。
Amancanneverhavetoomanyties.
一個(gè)男人有再多的領(lǐng)帶也不為過(guò)。
Ican'tthankyoutoomuch.
我無(wú)論怎樣感謝你都不過(guò)份。
Amothercanneverbepatientenoughwithherchild.
Iamnotunfaithfultoyou.我對(duì)你無(wú)比忠誠(chéng)。
6.用短語(yǔ)“ineveryway”,“innoway”,“byallmeans”,“bynomeans”,“onlytoo”,“alltoo”,“buttoo”,“inheaven”,“intheworld”,“inhell”,“onearth”,“underthesun”等表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
e.g.Hisbehaviourwasineverywayperfect.
他的舉止確實(shí)無(wú)可挑剔。
Thenewswasonlytootrue.
這消息確實(shí)是事實(shí)。
Whereinheavenwereyouthen?
當(dāng)時(shí)你到底在哪里?
7.用倒裝句表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
8.用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型表示強(qiáng)調(diào)
Itisthat或Itiswho
e.g.Itwastheheadmasterwhoopenedthedoorforme.
正是校長(zhǎng)為我開(kāi)的門。
Itwasyesterdaythatwecarriedoutthatexperiment.
就是在昨天我們做了那個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。插入語(yǔ)
插入語(yǔ)通常是說(shuō)話者對(duì)所表達(dá)意思的一種補(bǔ)充、強(qiáng)調(diào)、解釋或者是說(shuō)話人的一種態(tài)度。它的位置比較靈活,常常會(huì)用逗號(hào)或者破折號(hào)和其他部分隔開(kāi),但是在語(yǔ)法上不會(huì)影響其他成分。
重磅閱讀
插入語(yǔ)六大用法小結(jié)
例1_____themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality.
A.Generalspeaking
B.Speakinggeneral
C.Generallyspeaking
D.Speakinggenerally
小結(jié):許多分詞短語(yǔ)可以用作插入語(yǔ),這樣的分詞短語(yǔ)有:strictlyspeaking(嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)),generallyconsidering(一般認(rèn)為),judgingfrom……(根據(jù)……判斷)等。
例2Twomiddle-agedpassengersfellintothesea.____,neitherofthemcouldswim.
A.Infact
B.Luckily
C.Unfortunately
D.Naturally
小結(jié):常用作插入語(yǔ)的副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)有:indeed(的確),surely(無(wú)疑),however(然而),frankly(坦率地說(shuō)),obviously(顯然),naturally(天然地),luckily(happily)forsb.(算某人幸運(yùn)),fortunately(幸好),strangely(奇怪),briefly(簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō))等。
例3Yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn’treachtherequiredstandard,_____,you
failed.
A.intheend
B.afterallC.inotherwords
D.atthesametime
小結(jié):常用作插入語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)有:inconclusion(總之),inaword(簡(jiǎn)而言之),inshort(簡(jiǎn)而言之),ingeneral(一般說(shuō)來(lái)),inasense(在某種意義上),inmyview(在我看來(lái)),inhisopinion(按照他的看法),infact(事實(shí)上),atfirst(首先),inaddition(此外),ofcourse(當(dāng)然),tomysurprise(使我驚奇的),toherregret(使她遺憾的),forexample(例如)等。
例4Itissonicetohearfromher._____,welastmetmorethanthirtyyearsago.
A.What‘smore
B.Thatistosay
C.Inotherwords
D.Believeitornot
小結(jié):用簡(jiǎn)短的句子結(jié)構(gòu)作插入語(yǔ),它們常置于句中或句末。這類簡(jiǎn)短的句子有:Iamsure(我可以肯定地說(shuō)),Ibelieve(我相信),doyouknow(你知道嗎),yousee(你明白),I’mafraid(恐怕),itissaid(據(jù)說(shuō)),Isuppose(我想),what’smore(而且),what’sworse(更糟糕的是),thatis(也就是說(shuō)),whatisimportant(重要的是)等。
例5_____withyou,Ihavenomoneytospare.
A.Tobefrank
B.What’smoreC.Inaddition
D.However
小結(jié):常用作插入語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)有:tobesure(無(wú)疑地),tosumup(概括地說(shuō)),totellthetruth(老實(shí)說(shuō))等。
例6_____,heshouldhavedonesuchathing.
A.Speakinggeneral
B.StrangetosayC.Luckily
D.Ofcourse
小結(jié):常用作插入語(yǔ)的形容詞或其短語(yǔ)有:true(真的),funny(真可笑),needlesstosay(不用說(shuō)),mostimportantofall(最為重要),worsestill(更糟糕的),evenbetter(更好)等。
BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration).
Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanaura(光環(huán))offuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness.
Opinionsurveysintheworld’stwolargesteconomies—JapanandtheUnitedStates—showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbecomingevermoreprevalent.
破課程講義主講:屠皓民歡迎使用新東方在線電子教材大家好,歡迎大家回到我們的新東方網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂!第一講句子的基本成分句子成分:主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)/表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。注:“_____”的部分是主干部分。
例:Suchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidates.謂語(yǔ)是整個(gè)句子的最重要的部分,也是整個(gè)句子的突破口。只有謂語(yǔ)是沒(méi)有從句的概念的。一、謂語(yǔ)1、
實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,即行為動(dòng)詞,watch,play
及物動(dòng)詞:后面直接賓語(yǔ)
不及物動(dòng)詞:后面加介詞+賓語(yǔ)Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.Theexaminationendedat11:30am.Theyarelookingforthelostwallet..不及物動(dòng)詞有的時(shí)候也可以做及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)用,比如close,begin,study,leave,work等Thepostofficescloseat9:00o’clockPM.Closethewindow!形式變化:時(shí)態(tài)變化,語(yǔ)態(tài)變化,用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的原型,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+過(guò)去分詞形式2、
系動(dòng)詞(構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu))Be動(dòng)詞持續(xù)的系動(dòng)詞:keep,taste,…后面加形容詞Healwayskeptsilentatthemeeting.Thesearchproveddifficult.二、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)(1)認(rèn)識(shí)名詞:
①名詞是用來(lái)表示人,事物,地點(diǎn),以及抽象事物名稱的。比如:
人:John,sister,father
事物:water,air,sun,computer
地點(diǎn):London,theater
抽象事物:love,happiness,imagination,hope
②名詞的數(shù):注意單復(fù)數(shù)
③名詞的格:
‘s以及of
邏輯語(yǔ)義:
Rachel:I’mCarol’sex-husband'ssister'sroommate.
Doctor:I’myourroommate'sbrother'sex-wife'sobstetrician.(產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生)
——老友記
of:理清邏輯語(yǔ)義
表示所有關(guān)系:
翻譯方法:
“AofB”翻譯成“B的A”Therapidityofthemotionofthewingofthehummingbirdisremarkable.Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.特殊:Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.
(2)語(yǔ)法功能:充當(dāng)句子中主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等成分。
例:Thereasonsareclearnow.
Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.
Hehasmadeclearthefacts.
Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.
Itisthequestion.
Itiswhetherthebookisworthreading.
Wefoundoutthemurderer,Tom.
Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.
注:代詞與名詞關(guān)系十分緊密,與名詞形成特定的指代關(guān)系。
分為以下幾類:
人稱代詞:I/you/he/she/it/me/you/him/her/it
形容詞性物主代詞:my/your/his/her/its/
名詞性物主代詞:mine/yours/his/hers/its
反身代詞:myself/yourself/herself/himself/itself
不定代詞:every/both/all/none/something/anything/everything(注意否定)
疑問(wèn)代詞:that/what/which/whose/who/whom
(3)名詞性結(jié)構(gòu):動(dòng)名詞與不定式
①動(dòng)名詞與不定式做主語(yǔ)例:WatchingTVismyhobby.Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife.
Reallyusingalanguageisnotaneasytask.(2006完形)Findingwaystoassistthisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.(2009.閱讀)Knowingwhatyouaregoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.
Tomasteralanguageisnotaneasything.
Toerr(犯錯(cuò))ishuman;toforgive,divine(神圣的).Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastoffuture.
②動(dòng)名詞與不定式做賓語(yǔ)
例:Otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.
BadweatherpreventedhimfromstartingoutforBeijingontime.
(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.
③動(dòng)名詞與不定式檢測(cè)題
(2004Text1)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopenings(空缺)canbetime-consumingandinefficient……Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.
(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.(4)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句
注:把原來(lái)是詞的位置轉(zhuǎn)換成句就成了相應(yīng)的從句。
①主語(yǔ)從句:that引導(dǎo)(陳述句)、whether(一般疑問(wèn)句)、what等疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)(特殊疑問(wèn)句)。
ThatEnglishisimportantisanundoubtedfact.
Whetherhewillcometomypartymakesnodifferencetome.Whatweforget——whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting——
isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.
②賓語(yǔ)從句:that引導(dǎo)(可省—陳述句)、whether等疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)(一般疑問(wèn)句)。
I'veknownthatyouaremysourceofendlessinspiration.
Idon'tknowif/whetherheneedsmyhelp.Idon'tknowhowhecancomehere.Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.
(5)從句檢測(cè)題:Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocates(倡導(dǎo)者)offree-marketeconomictheories.
(1994.75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.4.定語(yǔ)
(1)形容詞:
Heisahandsomeboy.Heisaboywhoishandsome.Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent.
(2)形容詞性從句:定語(yǔ)從句——限定性定語(yǔ)從句(that可)、非限定性定語(yǔ)從句(that否)。
Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.
Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributestohissuccessinlaterlife.例:(2005.47)Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.
①關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:that引導(dǎo)(做連詞可省)、which引導(dǎo)、who引導(dǎo)、whom引導(dǎo)、whose引導(dǎo)。
例:Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入,套入)eachday’sevents.
Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed.
The“housingslave”isanewexpressioninChina,referringtopeoplewhousemostoftheirsalarytorepaybankloansduetosoaringhousingprices.注:先行詞被any,only,all,every,no,some,much,few,little序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí),theonly.theone,thevery,theright和thelast等成分修飾時(shí),用that.ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveread.
that不用在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在中that不用在介詞后面
②關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:when引導(dǎo)、where引導(dǎo)、why引導(dǎo)、whereby引導(dǎo)。
Thedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenwedie.Literatureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.
③as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:
a.引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句such…as…,thesame…as(that)…,as…as…;
例:(2001Text4)Themostimportantforcesbehindthemassive(巨大的)M&A(并購(gòu))wavearethesamethatunderlie(引起)theglobalizationprocess.TheSungivesusasmuchenergyeveryminuteasmankindusesinayear.
b.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:
作文常用句型:Asisshowninthepictures,Asisseenfromthechart,Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove…
(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what(3)分詞:現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞——時(shí)態(tài)與主被動(dòng)
①語(yǔ)法功能:定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)/主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。
定語(yǔ):a.Weareoftenattractedbyenchantingmusic.
Theyarerepairingthebrokenwindow.b.TheAmericanPresidentvisitingChinanowwillreturnonSaturday.
IlikereadingbookswrittenbyMarkTwain.
c.分詞作定語(yǔ)檢測(cè)題:
(1996年語(yǔ)法)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently4whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.
A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.gives(2003年63題)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.5.
狀語(yǔ)
(1)副詞
注:狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和整句。例:Shecarefullypickedupallthebitsofbrokenglass.Ourcountryisbecomingincreasinglystrong.
Heisoldenoughtogetmarried.
Hepassedthefirst-roundoftheexamination.However,hewasnotadmittedbyRenmin(2)介詞充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)
①介詞的定義:中介作用(介詞與名詞的搭配,介詞與形容詞的搭配,介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配)
②常見(jiàn)介詞基本意義總結(jié):
空間關(guān)系:in,on,at
時(shí)間關(guān)系:in,on,at
論及、牽涉關(guān)系:about,on,over
介詞
原因關(guān)系:becauseof,for
方法手段:by,with,in
組成構(gòu)成:of,from,with
讓步關(guān)系:despite,inspiteof
排除關(guān)系:except,but其他常見(jiàn)介詞:besides;among;towards;between
③介詞或短語(yǔ)介詞的語(yǔ)法功能在句中的體現(xiàn):
注:無(wú)論是介詞還是短語(yǔ)介詞后面所接的詞都是名詞性的。
Apartfromwomen'sownhappiness,theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.
Advertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse.(3)副詞性從句:狀語(yǔ)從句……時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、
結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句。①時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:正點(diǎn)……as,till,(not)until,assoonas…,every(each)time,theinstant,theminute,themoment,thesecond,nosooner...than,hardly...when;之前……before;之后……after,since,once;例:Thebabystart’scryingtheminuteheseeshisfather.Nosoonerhadhedrunkthecoffeethanhebegantofeeldrowsy(困倦的).
***“not...until"的四種不同句式:
a.正常句式Wedidn’tgohomeuntilwefinishedourhomework.
b.Until在句首_________________________________________________________
c.倒裝句式Notuntilwefinishedourworkdidwegohome.
d.強(qiáng)調(diào)句式Itwasnotuntil……thatwewenthome.
注:分享同一翻譯:直到……才。
(1994Text2)Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.
時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句檢測(cè)題:
(1991年語(yǔ)法)_____tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.
A.Hardlyhadhebegan
B.Nosoonerhadhebegan
C.Notuntilhebegan
D.Scarcelydidhebegan
(1998年Text2)Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue——itcomestoclassroomtests.
A.before
B.as
C.since
D.when
(2002.22)Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot—the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小冊(cè)子)andthe
bookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical(期刊).
A.after
B.by
C.during
D.until
②地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句:everywhere/anywhere/wherever;
例:(1998Text2)EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.
③條件狀語(yǔ)從句:suppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing,as(so)longas;ifonly:只要;onlyif:只有
(1996年語(yǔ)法)Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3Shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.
A.eversince
B.muchas
C.eventhough
D.ifonly
(2004年完形42)
Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily__heproducesasurplus.
A.onlyif
B.muchas
C.longbefore
D.eversincesuppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing
注:相當(dāng)于if例:Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,canweplayfootballindoors?
Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.
(1993語(yǔ)法)YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeeting
youdon'tmindtakingthenighttrain.
A.provided
B.unless
C.though
D.untilaslongas...
(2002Text4)Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.
④原因狀語(yǔ)從句:
as,since,inthat;considering;nowthat,as(so)longas;onthegroundsthat;
例(2003.37)__theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentareadmiredbyothers.A.If
B.Although
C.whereas
D.Because
(1995語(yǔ)法)Hydrogen(氫元素)isthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse__itprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.
A.sothat-
B.butthat
C.inthat
D.providedthat
(1996.46)Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon(碳元素),hydrogen,oxygen(氧元素),andsometimesnitrogen(氮元素).
Theyaredifferent__theirelementsarearrangeddifferently.A.inthat
B.sothat
C.suchthat
D.exceptthat
(2004.22)Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeeds(違法行為)orthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteraction(一起活動(dòng))withothers.A.before
B.unless
C.until
D.because
⑤目的狀語(yǔ)從句:lest,incase,forfearthat
例:
(2000Text5)Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,as
easilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing(愛(ài)出風(fēng)頭的),acquisitive(貪婪的)andvulgar(庸俗的)
(2003.35)Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.AVarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoOntosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.
.A.ifonly
B.nowthat
C.sothat
D.evenif
⑥方式狀語(yǔ)從句:as;asif/though;inthesameway/manner;
例:(2000Text)Forawhileitlooksasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericanhadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty(犧牲品)。
⑦讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:
易懂類:although,though,despite,inspiteof,eventhough
例:(1996.50)Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluseforexcessVitamins.Manypeople,50,believeinbeingOilthe"safeside"andthustakeextravitamins.A.nevertheless
B.therefore
C.moreover
D.meanwhile
(1997.44)44
itseconomyconditionstorecover,theusisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.A.Eventhough
B.Nowthat
C.Ifonly
D.Providedthat
(2000Text2)
ButhoweveramazedourdecedentsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.
(2004.40)A11theseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.
A.provided
B.since
C.although
D.supposing
難點(diǎn)類:while,as,though(2000Text4)Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanical(機(jī)械的)learningovercreativityandself-expression.
例:Youngasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.Childasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.
(1992語(yǔ)法)___hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.
A.Althoughmuchhelikesher
B.MuchalthoughhelikesherC.Ashelikeshermuch
D.Muchashelikesher
(1998.75)Oddthoughifsounds,cosmicinflation(宇宙膨脹論)isascientificallyplausible(可行的)
consequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics.
⑧比較狀語(yǔ)從句:
as...as,more...than,nomorethanlessthan,notlessthan.
基本類:
例:
(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.(2006Text1)Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics"havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoUS-bornwhitesandblacks."(2007text7)Fewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.
(2000Text4)Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterparts(同輩)inthe10othercountriessurveyed.
倍數(shù)類:
例:(2000Text1)AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUShadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleled(無(wú)與倫比的)economiesofscale.
(2003Text3)Railroadstypicallychargetheshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.
(1998Text4)Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent—littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.
倍數(shù)類檢測(cè)題:
(1999語(yǔ)法)Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkills__peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.
A.sevenmoretimes
B.seventimesmore
C.overseventimes
D
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