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九從句的復(fù)習(xí)

復(fù)合句:定語(yǔ)從句、名詞性從句、狀語(yǔ)從句。定語(yǔ)從句:

1.that,which,who的使用。一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中有兩個(gè)相同的名詞,將其中的一個(gè)名詞進(jìn)行替換,如果是人,用who;如果是物,用which;that既可以指人又可以指物。

重磅閱讀2.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(結(jié)構(gòu))和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系:關(guān)系緊密&關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn);定語(yǔ)從句中如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密,則介詞必須保留在謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的后面,不能做任何位置的改動(dòng);如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn),介詞一般提到which/who/that的前面;介詞加which正好表示時(shí)間,可以表達(dá)成whe-n;表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),可以表達(dá)成where;表示原因時(shí),變成why;

3.限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句。限定性定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密,刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后,整個(gè)句子意思會(huì)改變;非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密,刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后,整個(gè)句子意思不會(huì)改變,定語(yǔ)從句只起到補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的意義;

(2)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:

eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.

②非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在后面,as則只能放在句子前面

名詞性從句:主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句、表語(yǔ)從句及同謂語(yǔ)從句;

形式:

名詞+從句;

連接詞取決于后面的從句是什么樣的形式;

如果是陳述句,直接加that引導(dǎo);

一般疑問(wèn)句:先把一般疑問(wèn)句變成陳述句語(yǔ)序,然后在其前加上weather或者if;

特殊疑問(wèn)句:直接保留特殊疑問(wèn)詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語(yǔ)序;

定義:在句子中起名詞作用的句子,且在句子中能擔(dān)任主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同謂語(yǔ)、介詞賓語(yǔ)等成分;

eg.Yuminhong,thepresidentofNewOrientalSchool.

狀語(yǔ)從句:兩個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子中間用一些含義不同的連接詞連接;狀語(yǔ)從句用來(lái)表達(dá)兩個(gè)句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系;分成原因狀語(yǔ)、條件狀語(yǔ)、結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)、讓步狀語(yǔ)、目的狀語(yǔ)、比較狀語(yǔ)、方式狀語(yǔ)等九大類型;

定語(yǔ)從句是名詞+關(guān)系詞+從句,關(guān)系詞的用法取決于名詞的問(wèn)題;

名詞性從句:同謂語(yǔ)從句:名詞+關(guān)系詞+從句,關(guān)系詞跟后面的從句有關(guān)系,如果是陳述句,直接加that引導(dǎo);

一般疑問(wèn)句:先把一般疑問(wèn)句變成陳述句語(yǔ)序,然后在其前加上weather或者if;

特殊疑問(wèn)句:直接保留特殊疑問(wèn)詞,后面的句子變成陳述句語(yǔ)序;

賓語(yǔ)從句:動(dòng)詞+關(guān)系詞+從句;

表語(yǔ)從句:系動(dòng)詞+關(guān)系詞+從句;

主語(yǔ)從句:關(guān)系詞+從句+謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;

名詞性從句,其關(guān)系詞的來(lái)源取決于后面的從句的性質(zhì)。

狀語(yǔ)從句:完整句子1+邏輯關(guān)系詞+完整句子2;

如何區(qū)分定語(yǔ)從句和同謂語(yǔ)從句:whether,what,how接在名詞后面一定是同謂語(yǔ)從句;關(guān)系詞是when,where,why如果前面不是時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物,那么是同謂語(yǔ)從句;如果是的話,則為定語(yǔ)從句;如果見(jiàn)到which的話,which在句中翻譯成“哪一個(gè)”,就是同謂語(yǔ);翻譯不成“哪一個(gè)”就是定語(yǔ)從句;that就是看它在句中是否充當(dāng)成分,如果充當(dāng)成分就是定語(yǔ)從句;不充當(dāng)成分就是同謂語(yǔ)從句;

Whethertheplanisfeasible

remainstobeproved.

(主語(yǔ)從句)

是否這個(gè)計(jì)劃是可行的仍然值得去考證。

Iworryaboutwhetherhecanpassthroughthecrisisofhisillness.

(賓語(yǔ)從句)

我擔(dān)心他是否能度過(guò)疾病的危險(xiǎn)期。

Theyareinvestigatingthequestionwhetherthemanistrustworthy.(同謂語(yǔ)從句)

Attimewhenhiringqualified

peopleisbecomingmoredifficult(定語(yǔ)從句),employerswhocaneliminate

invalid

biasfromtheprocesshaveadistinctadvantage.(定語(yǔ)從句)

在雇傭合格人才變得越來(lái)越困難的時(shí)期,那些能夠在雇傭過(guò)程中消除站不住腳的偏見(jiàn)的雇主具有明顯的優(yōu)勢(shì)。

Eg.While(讓步狀語(yǔ)從句)eventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhen(時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句)theyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.

在20世紀(jì)60年代之前,當(dāng)人們伏案寫(xiě)作的時(shí)候,即使那些接受教育不多的人也會(huì)追求一種高雅的風(fēng)格,但是從那以后,即使是那些令人敬仰的文學(xué)作品也在追求一種口語(yǔ)的風(fēng)格。

Eg.About45%oftheworld'spopulation

livedintheclimatezonewheremosquito

transmitdisease.全球45%的人口都生活在這樣的一個(gè)區(qū)域,這個(gè)地方的蚊子會(huì)傳播疾病。

五、定語(yǔ)從句:

eg:Iknowthegirl.

ThegirlcomesfromBeijing.

IknowthegirlwhocomesfromBeijing.

重磅閱讀

步驟:

1.找到兩個(gè)句子中相同的名詞;

2.將兩個(gè)名詞中的一個(gè)進(jìn)行替換,若是人,用who替換;若是物,用which替換;that既可以指人,又可以指物;

3.將who或which引導(dǎo)的句子放在相同名詞之后;

eg:Ilikereadingbooks.

ThebookswerewrittenbyOHenry.

IlikereadingbookswhichwerewrittenbyOHenry.

eg:Iplantedatree.

Thetreeistallerthanthehouse.

ThetreewhichIplantedistallerthanthehouse.

1.who/that/which所引導(dǎo)的句子必須放在相同名詞之后;

eg:Theteacherprizedtheboy.

Theboyismyneighbor.

Theboywhotheteacherprizedismyneighbor.

eg:Thisisthebook.

Youarelookingforthebook.

Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.

eg:Thisisthebook.

Youareinterestedinthebook.

Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.

2.謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞(結(jié)構(gòu))和后面的介詞有兩種關(guān)系:關(guān)系緊密&關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn);

關(guān)系緊密:謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞合成在一起,聯(lián)系緊密,不可分割,一旦分割意思就會(huì)發(fā)生改變;

eg:lookfor,beinterestedin,lookafter,lookat

定語(yǔ)從句中如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系緊密,則介詞必須保留在謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的后面,不能做任何位置的改動(dòng);如果謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)和介詞關(guān)系疏遠(yuǎn),介詞一般提到which/who/that的前面;

eg:Thisisthebookwhichyouarelookingfor.

Thisisthebookwhichyouareinterestedin.

Thisisthebookinwhichyouareinterested.

Thisisthebookwhichyou

askedfor.

3.關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞:

eg:Beijingistheplace.

Iwasbornintheplace.

BeijingistheplacewhichIwasbornin.

BeijingistheplaceinwhichIwasborn.

定語(yǔ)從句中,如果介詞+which表示地點(diǎn),則可以用where替換;

BeijingistheplacewhereIwasborn.

eg:

Ican'tforgettheday.

Ijointhearmyontheday.

Ican'tforgetthedaywhichIjointhearmyon.

Ican'tforgetthedayonwhichIjointhearmy.

Ican'tforgetthedaywhenIjointhearmy.

判斷:ThisisthemountainvillagewhereIvisitedlastyear.

ThisisthemountainvillageinwhichIvisitedlastyear.

ThisisthemountainvillagewhichIvisitedinlastyear.

正確:Thisisthemountainvillagewhich/thatIvisitedlastyear.

4.判斷關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的方法:

(1)不管是關(guān)系代詞還是關(guān)系副詞,都取決于從句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;

若該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為及物動(dòng)詞,則一定使用關(guān)系代詞;若該謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞為不及物動(dòng)詞,且其后沒(méi)有介詞,則一定使用關(guān)系副詞;

eg:IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIworkedtogetherwithyou.

IwillneverforgetthedayswhenIspentinthecountryside.

IwillneverforgetthedayswhichIspentinthecountryside.

(2)通過(guò)判斷先行詞在定語(yǔ)從句中的成分

eg:Isthisthemuseum(that)youvisitedafewdaysago?

themuseum:充當(dāng)visit的賓語(yǔ)

Isthisthemuseum(inwhich/where)theexhibitionwasheld?

關(guān)系代詞:前面句子里的先行詞也要在后面的句子里充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的成分;

介詞+which,恰好表示時(shí)間和地點(diǎn),可以替換成when,where這樣的關(guān)系副詞;

5限定性定語(yǔ)從句和非限定性定語(yǔ)從句

(1)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:先行詞(即名詞)后有一個(gè)逗號(hào);

eg:Inourschool,therewere8foreignteacherswhocomefromAustralia.(限定性定語(yǔ)從句)

Inourschool,therewere8foreignteachers,whocomefromAustralia.(非限定性定語(yǔ)從句)

限定性定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系非常緊密,刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后,整個(gè)句子意思會(huì)改變;

非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:定語(yǔ)從句和關(guān)系詞關(guān)系不是很緊密,刪掉定語(yǔ)從句后,整個(gè)句子意思不會(huì)改變,定語(yǔ)從句只起到補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的意義;

eg:Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.

(2)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:

①先行詞是前面的整句話;

eg:Hewonthefirstplaceinthecompetition,whichisoutofourexpectation.

WewillspendtheSpringFestivalinGuangzhou,whichwasdecidedlastyear.

Thisisthehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth.

②非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句只能放在后面,as則只能放在句子前面;

eg:Smokingisharmfultoourheath,whichweknow.

Smokingisharmfultoourheath,asweknow.

Asweknow,smokingisharmfultoourheath.

eg:Alicereceivedaninvitationfromherboss(

)cameasasurprise.

A.It

B.that

C.as

D.which

(3)that和which的區(qū)別:①什么時(shí)候不能用that,只能用which:非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,即逗號(hào)之后;

eg:Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamoushere.

②什么時(shí)候不能用that,只能用which:非限定性定語(yǔ)從句中,即逗號(hào)之后;介詞后面不能用that,只能用which;

eg:Thetree,thatis400yearsold,whichisveryfamoushere.

Wedependontheland,fromwhichwecangetourfood.

inthat:因?yàn)椋?/p>

(4)什么時(shí)候不能用which,只能用that:

①前面的先行詞是不定代詞,包括all,anything,nothing,theone,much,little等;

eg:HaveyoutakendowneverythingthatMr.Leehassaid?

②如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了theonly,thevery等;

eg:Thisistheonlywaythatwecanthinkout.

③如果先行詞中出現(xiàn)了序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí);

eg:ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.

④如果先行詞中即有人,又有物;

eg:Theyaretalkingabouttheschoolandtheteachersthattheyvisitedyesterday.

例:Medicalresearchersarepainfullyawarethattherearemanyproblems

(他們至今還沒(méi)找到答案).

theyhavn'tfoundsolutions/answerstotheseproblems.

therearemanyproblemswhich

theyhavn'tfoundsolutions/answersto.

例:(與我成長(zhǎng)的地方相比),thistownismoreprosperousandexciting.

Comparedwiththeplaceinwhich/whereIgrewup,

例:(聽(tīng)到他告訴我的消息),Icouldn’thelplaughing.

Hearingthenewswhich/thathetoldme,

例:CareerexpertssaythatoneofthewaysjobseekerscanstaysafewhileusingtheInternettosearchoutjobsistoconcealtheiridentities.

當(dāng)先行詞中是theway的時(shí)候,后面的連接詞可以用that,可以用which和inwhich,甚至可以不填;強(qiáng)調(diào)句

英語(yǔ)中表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的8種方式

1.用形容詞“very”,“single”等表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

eg.YouaretheverypersonI'mlookingfor.

你就是我要找的那個(gè)人。

重磅閱讀

RedArmyfoughtabattleonthisveryspot.

紅軍就在此地打過(guò)一仗。

Notasinglepersonhasbeenintheofficethisafternoon.

今天下午竟然沒(méi)有一個(gè)人來(lái)過(guò)辦公室。

2.用反身代詞表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

e.g.Imyselfwillseeheroffatthestation.

我將親自到車站為她送行。

Youcandoitwellyourself.

你自己能做好這件事情。

3.用助詞“do/does/did+動(dòng)詞原形”表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

e.g.Thebabyisgenerallyhealthy,buteverynowandthenshedoescatchacold.

那孩子的健康狀況尚好,但就是偶爾患感冒。

Dobequiet.ItoldyouIhadaheadache.

務(wù)必安靜,我告訴過(guò)你,我頭疼。

4.用“...a(chǎn)ndthat”,“...a(chǎn)ndthose”,等結(jié)構(gòu)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

e.g.Theyfulfilledthetask,andthatinafewdays.

他們?cè)趲滋靸?nèi)完成的就是那項(xiàng)任務(wù)。

Igavehersomepresents,andthosethedaybeforeyesterday.

前天我送給她的就是那些禮物。

5.用雙重否定結(jié)構(gòu)表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

e.g.Thereisnoreasonwhythisnewimmigrantshouldnothavethesamesuccess.

完全有理由相信這些新移民應(yīng)該擁有相同的成功。

Amancanneverhavetoomanyties.

一個(gè)男人有再多的領(lǐng)帶也不為過(guò)。

Ican'tthankyoutoomuch.

我無(wú)論怎樣感謝你都不過(guò)份。

Amothercanneverbepatientenoughwithherchild.

Iamnotunfaithfultoyou.我對(duì)你無(wú)比忠誠(chéng)。

6.用短語(yǔ)“ineveryway”,“innoway”,“byallmeans”,“bynomeans”,“onlytoo”,“alltoo”,“buttoo”,“inheaven”,“intheworld”,“inhell”,“onearth”,“underthesun”等表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

e.g.Hisbehaviourwasineverywayperfect.

他的舉止確實(shí)無(wú)可挑剔。

Thenewswasonlytootrue.

這消息確實(shí)是事實(shí)。

Whereinheavenwereyouthen?

當(dāng)時(shí)你到底在哪里?

7.用倒裝句表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

8.用強(qiáng)調(diào)句型表示強(qiáng)調(diào)

Itisthat或Itiswho

e.g.Itwastheheadmasterwhoopenedthedoorforme.

正是校長(zhǎng)為我開(kāi)的門。

Itwasyesterdaythatwecarriedoutthatexperiment.

就是在昨天我們做了那個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。插入語(yǔ)

插入語(yǔ)通常是說(shuō)話者對(duì)所表達(dá)意思的一種補(bǔ)充、強(qiáng)調(diào)、解釋或者是說(shuō)話人的一種態(tài)度。它的位置比較靈活,常常會(huì)用逗號(hào)或者破折號(hào)和其他部分隔開(kāi),但是在語(yǔ)法上不會(huì)影響其他成分。

重磅閱讀

插入語(yǔ)六大用法小結(jié)

例1_____themoreexpensivethecamera,thebetteritsquality.

A.Generalspeaking

B.Speakinggeneral

C.Generallyspeaking

D.Speakinggenerally

小結(jié):許多分詞短語(yǔ)可以用作插入語(yǔ),這樣的分詞短語(yǔ)有:strictlyspeaking(嚴(yán)格地說(shuō)),generallyconsidering(一般認(rèn)為),judgingfrom……(根據(jù)……判斷)等。

例2Twomiddle-agedpassengersfellintothesea.____,neitherofthemcouldswim.

A.Infact

B.Luckily

C.Unfortunately

D.Naturally

小結(jié):常用作插入語(yǔ)的副詞或副詞短語(yǔ)有:indeed(的確),surely(無(wú)疑),however(然而),frankly(坦率地說(shuō)),obviously(顯然),naturally(天然地),luckily(happily)forsb.(算某人幸運(yùn)),fortunately(幸好),strangely(奇怪),briefly(簡(jiǎn)單地說(shuō))等。

例3Yourperformanceinthedrivingtestdidn’treachtherequiredstandard,_____,you

failed.

A.intheend

B.afterallC.inotherwords

D.atthesametime

小結(jié):常用作插入語(yǔ)的介詞短語(yǔ)有:inconclusion(總之),inaword(簡(jiǎn)而言之),inshort(簡(jiǎn)而言之),ingeneral(一般說(shuō)來(lái)),inasense(在某種意義上),inmyview(在我看來(lái)),inhisopinion(按照他的看法),infact(事實(shí)上),atfirst(首先),inaddition(此外),ofcourse(當(dāng)然),tomysurprise(使我驚奇的),toherregret(使她遺憾的),forexample(例如)等。

例4Itissonicetohearfromher._____,welastmetmorethanthirtyyearsago.

A.What‘smore

B.Thatistosay

C.Inotherwords

D.Believeitornot

小結(jié):用簡(jiǎn)短的句子結(jié)構(gòu)作插入語(yǔ),它們常置于句中或句末。這類簡(jiǎn)短的句子有:Iamsure(我可以肯定地說(shuō)),Ibelieve(我相信),doyouknow(你知道嗎),yousee(你明白),I’mafraid(恐怕),itissaid(據(jù)說(shuō)),Isuppose(我想),what’smore(而且),what’sworse(更糟糕的是),thatis(也就是說(shuō)),whatisimportant(重要的是)等。

例5_____withyou,Ihavenomoneytospare.

A.Tobefrank

B.What’smoreC.Inaddition

D.However

小結(jié):常用作插入語(yǔ)的不定式短語(yǔ)有:tobesure(無(wú)疑地),tosumup(概括地說(shuō)),totellthetruth(老實(shí)說(shuō))等。

例6_____,heshouldhavedonesuchathing.

A.Speakinggeneral

B.StrangetosayC.Luckily

D.Ofcourse

小結(jié):常用作插入語(yǔ)的形容詞或其短語(yǔ)有:true(真的),funny(真可笑),needlesstosay(不用說(shuō)),mostimportantofall(最為重要),worsestill(更糟糕的),evenbetter(更好)等。

BillGates,thebillionaireMicrosoftchairmanwithoutasingleearneduniversitydegree,isbyhissuccessraisingnewdoubtsabouttheworthofthebusinessworld’sfavoriteacademictitle:theMBA(MasterofBusinessAdministration).

Theproblem,mostparticipantsinthedebateacknowledge,isthattheMBAhasacquiredanaura(光環(huán))offuturerichesandpowerfarbeyonditsactualimportanceandusefulness.

Opinionsurveysintheworld’stwolargesteconomies—JapanandtheUnitedStates—showconsumeristdefinitionsofsuccessbecomingevermoreprevalent.

破課程講義主講:屠皓民歡迎使用新東方在線電子教材大家好,歡迎大家回到我們的新東方網(wǎng)絡(luò)課堂!第一講句子的基本成分句子成分:主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)/表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)和補(bǔ)語(yǔ)。注:“_____”的部分是主干部分。

例:Suchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidates.謂語(yǔ)是整個(gè)句子的最重要的部分,也是整個(gè)句子的突破口。只有謂語(yǔ)是沒(méi)有從句的概念的。一、謂語(yǔ)1、

實(shí)義動(dòng)詞,即行為動(dòng)詞,watch,play

及物動(dòng)詞:后面直接賓語(yǔ)

不及物動(dòng)詞:后面加介詞+賓語(yǔ)Wehavefriendsallovertheworld.Theexaminationendedat11:30am.Theyarelookingforthelostwallet..不及物動(dòng)詞有的時(shí)候也可以做及物動(dòng)詞來(lái)用,比如close,begin,study,leave,work等Thepostofficescloseat9:00o’clockPM.Closethewindow!形式變化:時(shí)態(tài)變化,語(yǔ)態(tài)變化,用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的原型,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞+have+過(guò)去分詞形式2、

系動(dòng)詞(構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu))Be動(dòng)詞持續(xù)的系動(dòng)詞:keep,taste,…后面加形容詞Healwayskeptsilentatthemeeting.Thesearchproveddifficult.二、主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ)(1)認(rèn)識(shí)名詞:

①名詞是用來(lái)表示人,事物,地點(diǎn),以及抽象事物名稱的。比如:

人:John,sister,father

事物:water,air,sun,computer

地點(diǎn):London,theater

抽象事物:love,happiness,imagination,hope

②名詞的數(shù):注意單復(fù)數(shù)

③名詞的格:

‘s以及of

邏輯語(yǔ)義:

Rachel:I’mCarol’sex-husband'ssister'sroommate.

Doctor:I’myourroommate'sbrother'sex-wife'sobstetrician.(產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生)

——老友記

of:理清邏輯語(yǔ)義

表示所有關(guān)系:

翻譯方法:

“AofB”翻譯成“B的A”Therapidityofthemotionofthewingofthehummingbirdisremarkable.Thecomingofageofpost-warbabyboombroughtremarkableinfluenceuponAmericansociety.特殊:Chinaisproudofitsfivethousandyearsofthehistoryandculture.

(2)語(yǔ)法功能:充當(dāng)句子中主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、同位語(yǔ)等成分。

例:Thereasonsareclearnow.

Whyhemurderedhiswifeisclearnow.

Hehasmadeclearthefacts.

Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.

Itisthequestion.

Itiswhetherthebookisworthreading.

Wefoundoutthemurderer,Tom.

Wefoundoutthefactthathewaskilled.

注:代詞與名詞關(guān)系十分緊密,與名詞形成特定的指代關(guān)系。

分為以下幾類:

人稱代詞:I/you/he/she/it/me/you/him/her/it

形容詞性物主代詞:my/your/his/her/its/

名詞性物主代詞:mine/yours/his/hers/its

反身代詞:myself/yourself/herself/himself/itself

不定代詞:every/both/all/none/something/anything/everything(注意否定)

疑問(wèn)代詞:that/what/which/whose/who/whom

(3)名詞性結(jié)構(gòu):動(dòng)名詞與不定式

①動(dòng)名詞與不定式做主語(yǔ)例:WatchingTVismyhobby.Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife.

Reallyusingalanguageisnotaneasytask.(2006完形)Findingwaystoassistthisgrowinghomelesspopulationhasbecomeincreasinglydifficult.(2009.閱讀)Knowingwhatyouaregoodatanddoingevenmoreofitcreatesexcellence.

Tomasteralanguageisnotaneasything.

Toerr(犯錯(cuò))ishuman;toforgive,divine(神圣的).Itissurelynotwrongtoliveinthepresentratherthaninthepastoffuture.

②動(dòng)名詞與不定式做賓語(yǔ)

例:Otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakingasimilarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.

BadweatherpreventedhimfromstartingoutforBeijingontime.

(2003Text1)Thelatestrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen’se-mail.

③動(dòng)名詞與不定式檢測(cè)題

(2004Text1)Withthousandsofcareer-relatedsitesontheInternet,findingpromisingopenings(空缺)canbetime-consumingandinefficient……Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.

(2004完形)Alltheseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact.(4)主語(yǔ)從句、賓語(yǔ)從句

注:把原來(lái)是詞的位置轉(zhuǎn)換成句就成了相應(yīng)的從句。

①主語(yǔ)從句:that引導(dǎo)(陳述句)、whether(一般疑問(wèn)句)、what等疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)(特殊疑問(wèn)句)。

ThatEnglishisimportantisanundoubtedfact.

Whetherhewillcometomypartymakesnodifferencetome.Whatweforget——whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting——

isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.

②賓語(yǔ)從句:that引導(dǎo)(可省—陳述句)、whether等疑問(wèn)詞引導(dǎo)(一般疑問(wèn)句)。

I'veknownthatyouaremysourceofendlessinspiration.

Idon'tknowif/whetherheneedsmyhelp.Idon'tknowhowhecancomehere.Hehasmadeclearwhattheyhaddoneyesterday.

(5)從句檢測(cè)題:Thateachlargefirmwillactwithconsiderationofitsownneedsandthusavoidsellingitsproductsformorethanitscompetitorschargeiscommonlyrecognizedbyadvocates(倡導(dǎo)者)offree-marketeconomictheories.

(1994.75)WhethertheGovernmentshouldincreasethefinancingofpurescienceattheexpenseoftechnologyoftendependsontheissueofwhichisseenasthedrivingforce.4.定語(yǔ)

(1)形容詞:

Heisahandsomeboy.Heisaboywhoishandsome.Weshouldknowtheculturepastandpresent.

(2)形容詞性從句:定語(yǔ)從句——限定性定語(yǔ)從句(that可)、非限定性定語(yǔ)從句(that否)。

Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.

Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributestohissuccessinlaterlife.例:(2005.47)Multi-mediagroupshavebeenincreasinglysuccessful:groupswhichbringtogethertelevision,radio,newspapers,magazinesandpublishinghousesthatworkinrelationtooneanother.

①關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:that引導(dǎo)(做連詞可省)、which引導(dǎo)、who引導(dǎo)、whom引導(dǎo)、whose引導(dǎo)。

例:Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates(模式)intowhichtheyplug(嵌入,套入)eachday’sevents.

Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed.

The“housingslave”isanewexpressioninChina,referringtopeoplewhousemostoftheirsalarytorepaybankloansduetosoaringhousingprices.注:先行詞被any,only,all,every,no,some,much,few,little序數(shù)詞,形容詞最高級(jí),theonly.theone,thevery,theright和thelast等成分修飾時(shí),用that.ThisisthemostinterestingbookthatIhaveread.

that不用在非限定性定語(yǔ)從句在中that不用在介詞后面

②關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:when引導(dǎo)、where引導(dǎo)、why引導(dǎo)、whereby引導(dǎo)。

Thedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenwedie.Literatureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethefuture.

③as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句:

a.引導(dǎo)限定性定語(yǔ)從句such…as…,thesame…as(that)…,as…as…;

例:(2001Text4)Themostimportantforcesbehindthemassive(巨大的)M&A(并購(gòu))wavearethesamethatunderlie(引起)theglobalizationprocess.TheSungivesusasmuchenergyeveryminuteasmankindusesinayear.

b.引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句:

作文常用句型:Asisshowninthepictures,Asisseenfromthechart,Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoonabove…

(1994完形54)Thewordsusedbythespeakermaystirupunfavorablereactionsinthelistener45interferewithhiscomprehension.A.whoB.asC.whichD.what(3)分詞:現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞——時(shí)態(tài)與主被動(dòng)

①語(yǔ)法功能:定語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)/主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)。

定語(yǔ):a.Weareoftenattractedbyenchantingmusic.

Theyarerepairingthebrokenwindow.b.TheAmericanPresidentvisitingChinanowwillreturnonSaturday.

IlikereadingbookswrittenbyMarkTwain.

c.分詞作定語(yǔ)檢測(cè)題:

(1996年語(yǔ)法)TherewasaveryinterestingremarkinabookbyanEnglishmanthatIreadrecently4whathethoughtwasareasonforthisAmericancharacteristic.

A.givingB.gaveC.togiveD.gives(2003年63題)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirsthand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttoanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.5.

狀語(yǔ)

(1)副詞

注:狀語(yǔ)修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞和整句。例:Shecarefullypickedupallthebitsofbrokenglass.Ourcountryisbecomingincreasinglystrong.

Heisoldenoughtogetmarried.

Hepassedthefirst-roundoftheexamination.However,hewasnotadmittedbyRenmin(2)介詞充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ)

①介詞的定義:中介作用(介詞與名詞的搭配,介詞與形容詞的搭配,介詞與動(dòng)詞的搭配)

②常見(jiàn)介詞基本意義總結(jié):

空間關(guān)系:in,on,at

時(shí)間關(guān)系:in,on,at

論及、牽涉關(guān)系:about,on,over

介詞

原因關(guān)系:becauseof,for

方法手段:by,with,in

組成構(gòu)成:of,from,with

讓步關(guān)系:despite,inspiteof

排除關(guān)系:except,but其他常見(jiàn)介詞:besides;among;towards;between

③介詞或短語(yǔ)介詞的語(yǔ)法功能在句中的體現(xiàn):

注:無(wú)論是介詞還是短語(yǔ)介詞后面所接的詞都是名詞性的。

Apartfromwomen'sownhappiness,theneedsofthecommunitymustbeconsidered.

Advertisementsmaybeclassifiedintothreetypesaccordingtothekindofappealstheyuse.(3)副詞性從句:狀語(yǔ)從句……時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句、條件狀語(yǔ)從句、原因狀語(yǔ)從句、

結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)從句、目的狀語(yǔ)從句、方式狀語(yǔ)從句、讓步狀語(yǔ)從句、比較狀語(yǔ)從句。①時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句:正點(diǎn)……as,till,(not)until,assoonas…,every(each)time,theinstant,theminute,themoment,thesecond,nosooner...than,hardly...when;之前……before;之后……after,since,once;例:Thebabystart’scryingtheminuteheseeshisfather.Nosoonerhadhedrunkthecoffeethanhebegantofeeldrowsy(困倦的).

***“not...until"的四種不同句式:

a.正常句式Wedidn’tgohomeuntilwefinishedourhomework.

b.Until在句首_________________________________________________________

c.倒裝句式Notuntilwefinishedourworkdidwegohome.

d.強(qiáng)調(diào)句式Itwasnotuntil……thatwewenthome.

注:分享同一翻譯:直到……才。

(1994Text2)Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellerstoo.

時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句檢測(cè)題:

(1991年語(yǔ)法)_____tospeakwhentheaudienceinterruptedhim.

A.Hardlyhadhebegan

B.Nosoonerhadhebegan

C.Notuntilhebegan

D.Scarcelydidhebegan

(1998年Text2)Doingyourhomeworkisasurewaytoimproveyourtestscores,andthisisespeciallytrue——itcomestoclassroomtests.

A.before

B.as

C.since

D.when

(2002.22)Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot—the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小冊(cè)子)andthe

bookandinthecompanyoftheperiodical(期刊).

A.after

B.by

C.during

D.until

②地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)從句:everywhere/anywhere/wherever;

例:(1998Text2)EverywhereyougoinAmerica,youheartalesofcorporaterevival.

③條件狀語(yǔ)從句:suppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing,as(so)longas;ifonly:只要;onlyif:只有

(1996年語(yǔ)法)Theseniorlibrarianatthecirculationdeskpromisedtogetthebookforme3Shecouldrememberwholastborrowedit.

A.eversince

B.muchas

C.eventhough

D.ifonly

(2004年完形42)

Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhisfamily__heproducesasurplus.

A.onlyif

B.muchas

C.longbefore

D.eversincesuppose/supposing,assuming,provided/providing

注:相當(dāng)于if例:Suppose/Supposingthatitrains,canweplayfootballindoors?

Farmerswillhaveagoodharvest,assumingtheweatherisfavorable.Provided/Providingwegetgoodweatheritwillbeasuccessfulholiday.

(1993語(yǔ)法)YoucanarriveinBeijingearlierforthemeeting

youdon'tmindtakingthenighttrain.

A.provided

B.unless

C.though

D.untilaslongas...

(2002Text4)Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurpose,thedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.

④原因狀語(yǔ)從句:

as,since,inthat;considering;nowthat,as(so)longas;onthegroundsthat;

例(2003.37)__theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnewintellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedtheconfidencethatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentareadmiredbyothers.A.If

B.Although

C.whereas

D.Because

(1995語(yǔ)法)Hydrogen(氫元素)isthefundamentalelementoftheuniverse__itprovidesthebuildingblocksfromwhichtheotherelementsareproduced.

A.sothat-

B.butthat

C.inthat

D.providedthat

(1996.46)Vitaminsaresimilarbecausetheyaremadeofthesameelements—usuallycarbon(碳元素),hydrogen,oxygen(氧元素),andsometimesnitrogen(氮元素).

Theyaredifferent__theirelementsarearrangeddifferently.A.inthat

B.sothat

C.suchthat

D.exceptthat

(2004.22)Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior22theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeeds(違法行為)orthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteraction(一起活動(dòng))withothers.A.before

B.unless

C.until

D.because

⑤目的狀語(yǔ)從句:lest,incase,forfearthat

例:

(2000Text5)Whathashappenedisthatpeoplecannotconfessfullytotheirdreams,as

easilyandopenlyasoncetheycould,lesttheybethoughtpushing(愛(ài)出風(fēng)頭的),acquisitive(貪婪的)andvulgar(庸俗的)

(2003.35)Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.AVarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoOntosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.

.A.ifonly

B.nowthat

C.sothat

D.evenif

⑥方式狀語(yǔ)從句:as;asif/though;inthesameway/manner;

例:(2000Text)Forawhileitlooksasthoughthemakingofsemiconductors,whichAmericanhadinventedandwhichsatattheheartofthenewcomputerage,wasgoingtobethenextcasualty(犧牲品)。

⑦讓步狀語(yǔ)從句:

易懂類:although,though,despite,inspiteof,eventhough

例:(1996.50)Gettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtolife,althoughthebodyhasnonutritionaluseforexcessVitamins.Manypeople,50,believeinbeingOilthe"safeside"andthustakeextravitamins.A.nevertheless

B.therefore

C.moreover

D.meanwhile

(1997.44)44

itseconomyconditionstorecover,theusisincreasinglybecominganationofpart-timersandtemporaryworkers.A.Eventhough

B.Nowthat

C.Ifonly

D.Providedthat

(2000Text2)

ButhoweveramazedourdecedentsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeus.

(2004.40)A11theseconditionstendtoincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,40adirectcausalrelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.

A.provided

B.since

C.although

D.supposing

難點(diǎn)類:while,as,though(2000Text4)Whileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasics,Japaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanical(機(jī)械的)learningovercreativityandself-expression.

例:Youngasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.Childasheis,Jimisknowledgeable.

(1992語(yǔ)法)___hedoesgetannoyedwithhersometimes.

A.Althoughmuchhelikesher

B.MuchalthoughhelikesherC.Ashelikeshermuch

D.Muchashelikesher

(1998.75)Oddthoughifsounds,cosmicinflation(宇宙膨脹論)isascientificallyplausible(可行的)

consequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementaryparticlephysics.

⑧比較狀語(yǔ)從句:

as...as,more...than,nomorethanlessthan,notlessthan.

基本類:

例:

(2005.46)NeverbeforehastelevisionservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.(2006Text1)Foreign-bornAsiansandHispanics"havehigherratesofintermarriagethandoUS-bornwhitesandblacks."(2007text7)Fewthingsaremorelikelytodestroytrustthanacompanylettingsensitivepersonaldatagetintothewronghands.

(2000Text4)Inaddition,farmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterparts(同輩)inthe10othercountriessurveyed.

倍數(shù)類:

例:(2000Text1)AftertheendoftheSecondWorldWar,theUShadamarketeighttimeslargerthananycompetitor,givingitsindustriesunparalleled(無(wú)與倫比的)economiesofscale.

(2003Text3)Railroadstypicallychargetheshippers20to30percentmorethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.

(1998Text4)Asaresult,California'sgrowthratedroppedduringthe1970s,to18.5percent—littlemorethantwothirdsthe1960sgrowthfigureandconsiderablybelowthatofotherWesternstates.

倍數(shù)類檢測(cè)題:

(1999語(yǔ)法)Smokingissoharmfultopersonalhealththatitkills__peopleeachyearthanautomobileaccidents.

A.sevenmoretimes

B.seventimesmore

C.overseventimes

D

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