How to write an abstract 怎么寫摘要 英語作文論文 寫作技巧

Howtowriteanabstract

如何寫摘要

Heyguys,welcome!Inthisarticlewearegoingtoknowhowtowriteanabstractandcompleteawrittentextperfectly.Stayconnectedifyouwanttowritethebestabstract.

Ifyouneedtoknowhowtowriteanabstractforanacademicorscientificpaper,don’tpanic!Yourabstractissimplyashort,stand-alonesummaryoftheworkorpaperthatotherscanuseasanoverview.Youcangettheideasandgatherinformationbyexpertstomakeitconciseyeteffectivethroughassignmenthelp.Asfarastheotherspecificsareconcerned,wewilldiscussthemhere.

Beforemovingfurtherlet’shaveanoverviewofthisarticletoseewhatyouaregoingtoknow:

-Whatisanabstract?

-Howtowriteanabstract?

-Whyisitimportanttowriteanabstract?

-Howtowriteanabstractquickly?

-Thewaytowriteanabstractforscience?

Whatisanabstract?

Beforemovingtohowtowriteanabstract,youshouldknowtheabstractmeaning.Anabstractdescribeswhatyoudoinyouressay,whetherit’sascientificexperimentoraliteraryanalysispaper.Itshouldhelpyourreaderunderstandthepaperandhelppeoplesearchingforthispaperdecidewhetheritsuitstheirpurposespriortoreading.

Towriteanabstract,finishyourpaperfirst,thentypeasummarythatidentifiesthepurpose,problem,methods,results,andconclusionofyourwork.Afteryougetthedetailsdown,allthat’sleftistoformatitcorrectly.Sinceanabstractisonlyasummaryoftheworkyou’vealreadydone,it’seasytoaccomplish!

Majorly,therearethreetypesofabstract:

-Informative

-Descriptive

-Critical

Howtowriteanabstract?

1.Writedownthepaperfirstly

Thefirstthingtoknowhowtowriteanabstractis:Eventhoughanabstractgoesatthebeginningofthework,itactsasasummaryofyourentirepaper.Ratherthanintroducingyourtopic,itwillbeanoverviewofeverythingyouwriteaboutinyourpaper.Savewritingyourabstractforlast,afteryouhavealreadyfinishedyourpaper.

-Athesisandanabstractareentirelydifferentthings.Thethesisofapaperintroducesthemainideaorquestion,whiletheabstractworkstoreviewtheentiretyofthepaper,includingthemethodsandresults.

-Evenifyouthinkthatyouknowwhatyourpaperisgoingtobeabout,alwayssavetheabstractforlast.Youwillbeabletogiveamuchmoreaccuratesummaryifyoudojustthat–summarisewhatyou’vealreadywritten.Let’smovetothenextsteptoknowhowtowriteanabstract.

2.Reviewandunderstandanyrequirementsforwritingyourabstract

Thepaperyou’rewritingprobablyhasspecificguidelinesandrequirements,whetherit’sforpublicationinajournal,submissioninaclass,orpartofaworkproject.Beforeyoustartwriting,refertotherubricorguidelinesyouwerepresentedwithtoidentifyimportantissuestokeepinmind.Answerthefollowingquestionsbeforeknowinghowtowriteanabstract.

-Isthereamaximumorminimumlength?

-Aretherestylerequirements?

-reyouwritingforaninstructororapublication?

3.Consideryourtargetedaudience

Abstractsarewrittentohelpreadersfindyourwork.Forexample,inscientificjournals,abstractsallowreaderstoquicklydecidewhethertheresearchdiscussedisrelevanttotheirowninterests.Abstractsalsohelpyourreadersgetatyourmainargumentquickly.Keeptheneedsofyourreadersinmindthisisthebestthingtoknowforhowtowriteanabstract.

-Willotheracademicsinyourfieldreadthisabstract?

-Shoulditbeaccessibletoalayreaderorsomebodyfromanotherfield?

4.Determinethetypeofabstract

Beforemovingtothequestionhowtowriteanabstract,focusonwhichtypeofabstractdoyouwanttowrite.Althoughallabstractsaccomplishessentiallythesamegoal,therearetwoprimarystylesofabstract:descriptiveandinformative.Youmayhavebeenassignedaspecificstyle,butifyouweren’t,youwillhavetodeterminewhichisrightforyou.Typically,informativeabstractsareusedformuchlongerandtechnicalresearchwhiledescriptiveabstractsarebestforshorterpapers.

Havealookatthetypesofabstractsagain

Descriptiveabstractsexplainthepurpose,goal,andmethodsofyourresearchbutleaveouttheresultssection.Thesearetypicallyonly100-200words.

Informativeabstractsarelikeacondensedversionofyourpaper,givinganoverviewofeverythinginyourresearchincludingtheresults.Thesearemuchlongerthandescriptiveabstracts,andcanbeanywherefromasingleparagraphtoawholepagelong.

Thebasicinformationincludedinbothstylesofabstractisthesame,withthemaindifferencebeingthattheresultsareonlyincludedinaninformativeabstract,andaninformativeabstractismuchlongerthanadescriptiveone.

Acriticalabstractisnotoftenused,butitmayberequiredinsomecourses.Acriticalabstractaccomplishesthesamegoalsastheothertypesofabstract,butwillalsorelatethestudyorworkbeingdiscussedtothewriter’sownresearch.Itmaycritiquetheresearchdesignormethods.

5.Identifyyourmotiveofwritinganabstract

You’rewritingaboutacorrelationbetweenlackoflunchesinschoolsandpoorgrades.Sowhat?Whydoesthismatter?Thereaderwantstoknowwhyyourresearchisimportant,andwhatthepurposeofitis.Startoffyourdescriptiveabstractbyconsideringthefollowingquestions:

Howdidyouconductyourresearch?

Whatdidyoufind?

Whyisthisresearchandyourfindingsimportant?

Whyshouldsomeonereadyourentireessay?

Howtowriteanabstract

6.Describetheproblem

Abstractsissomethingthatexpressesthe“problem”behindyourwork.Thinkofthisastheparticularissuethatyourprojectaddresses.Youcansometimescombinetheproblemwithyourmotivation,butitisbesttobeclearandseparatethetwo.

7.Describeyourmethods

Motivation–check.Problem–check.Methods?Nowisthepartwhereyougiveanoverviewofhowyouaccomplishedyourstudy.Ifyoudidyourownwork,includeadescriptionofithere.Ifyoureviewedtheworkofothers,itcanbebrieflyexplained.

-Discussyourownresearchincludingthevariablesandyourapproach

-Describetheevidenceyouhavetosupportyourclaim

-Giveanoverviewofyourmostimportantsources.

8.Describeyourresults

Thisiswhereyoubegintomakedifferencebetweenyourabstractbetweenadescriptiveandaninformativeabstract.Youwanttoknowhowtowriteanabstractandthisissomethingwhichshouldbeinyourprioritylist.Inaninformativeabstract,youwillbeaskedtoprovidetheresultsofyourstudy.Whatisitthatyoufound?

-Whatanswerdidyoureachfromyourresearchorstudy?

-Wasyourhypothesisorargumentsupported?

-Whatarethegeneralfindings?

9.Givetheconclusionofabstract

Youmustfinishupyoursummaryandprovideaclosuretoyourabstract.Init,addressthemeaningofyourfindingsaswellastheimportanceofyouroverallpaper.Thisformatofhavingaconclusioncanbeusedinbothdescriptiveandinformativeabstracts,butyouwillonlyaddresssomequestionsinaninformativeabstract.

10.Keeptheformatright

Intheruntoknowhowtowriteanabstract,formatisavitalfactortoconsider.Therearespecificquestionsyourabstractmustprovideanswersfor,buttheanswersmustbekeptinorderaswell.Ideally,itshouldbeaccordingtotheoverallformatofyouressay,withageneral‘introduction,‘body,’and‘conclusion.’Manyjournalshavespecificstyleguidesforabstracts.Ifyou’vebeengivenasetofrulesorguidelines,followthemtotheletter

11.Providehelpfulinformation

Unlikeatopicparagraph,whichmaybeintentionallyvague,anabstractshouldprovideahelpfulexplanationofyourpaperandyourresearch.Wordyourabstractsothatthereaderknowsexactlywhatyou’retalkingabout,andisn’tlefthangingwithambiguousreferencesorphrases.

-Avoidusingdirectacronymsorabbreviationsintheabstract,asthesewillneedtobeexplainedinordertomakesensetothereader.Thatusesuppreciouswritingroom,andshouldgenerallybeavoided.

-Ifyourtopicisaboutsomethingwell-knownenough,youcanreferencethenamesofpeopleorplacesthatyourpaperfocuseson.

-Don’tincludetables,figures,sources,orlongquotationsinyourabstract.Thesetakeuptoomuchroomandusuallyaren’twhatyourreaderswantfromanabstractanyway.Formakingyourabstractevenbetteryougatherrelevantideas,fordoingsoyoucangototheexpertwritesthroughassignmenthelponline

12.Writeitdownfromscratch

Aabstractisasummaryofthemainpaper,yes,butitshouldbewrittencompletelyseparatefromyourpaper.Don’tcopyandpastedirectquotesfromyourself,andavoidsimplyparaphrasingyourownsentencesfromelsewhereinyourwriting.Writeyourabstractusingcompletelynewvocabularyandphrasestokeepitinterestingandredundancy-free.So,farwehavegonethroughdetailedinformationandstepstoknowhowtowriteanabstract.But,whatifsomeoneisinahurryandyethastocomeupwithaperfectabstract?Well,Ihavetipssuchpeopleaswell,continuetoreadandknowhowtowriteanabstractinlessertime.

Howtowriteanabstractquickly?

Simplyaceyourabstract.

Anabstractislikeamovietrailer.Itoffersapreview,highlightskeypoints,andhelpstheaudiencedecidewhethertoviewtheentirework.Abstractsarethepivotofaresearchpaperbecausemanyjournaleditorialboardsscreenmanuscriptsonlyonthebasisoftheabstract.

Ifyourabstractdoesn’tgrabtheirattentionandmakeagoodfirstimpression,there’sagoodchanceyourresearchpaperwillberejectedattheoutset.Moreover,evenafteryourresearchpaperispublished,yourabstractwillbethefirst,andpossiblyonly,thingreaderswillaccessthroughelectronicsearches.Theywillonlyconsiderreadingtherestofthemanuscriptiftheyfindyourabstractinteresting.

Forstudiesinthehumanitiesandsocialsciences,theabstractistypicallydescriptive.Thatis,itdescribesthetopicofresearchanditsfindingsbutusuallydoesn’tgivespecificinformationaboutmethodsandresults.Theseabstractsmayalsobeseeninreviewarticlesorconferenceproceedings.Inscientificwriting,ontheotherhand,abstractsareusuallystructuredtodescribethebackground,methods,results,andconclusions,withorwithoutsubheadings.

Makesurethatyourabstractdoesnotconstitutesthefollowing

-Newinformationthatisnotpresentinthepaper

-Undefinedabbreviationsorgroupnames

-Adiscussionofpreviousliteratureorreferencecitations

-Unnecessarydetailsaboutthemethodsused

Followthese10stepstoknowhowtowriteanabstractquickly

Nowhowdoyougoaboutfittingtheessentialpointsfromyourentirepaper—whytheresearchwasconducted,whattheaimswere,howtheseweremet,andwhatthemainfindingswere—intoaparagraphofjust200-300words?It’snotaneasytask,buthere’sa10-stepguidethatshouldmakeiteasier:

1.Beginwritingtheabstractafteryouhavefinishedwritingyourpaper.

2.Pickoutthemajorobjectives/hypothesesandconclusionsfromyourIntroductionandConclusionsections

3.SelectkeysentencesandphrasesfromyourMethodssection.

4.Identifythemajorresultsfromyour

Resultssection.

5.Now,arrangethesentencesandphrasesselectedinallstepsintoasingleparagraphinthefollowingsequence:Introduction,Methods,Results,andConclusions.

6.Confirmthatthereisconsistencybetweentheinformationpresentedintheabstractandinthepaper.

7.Askacolleaguetoreviewyourabstractandcheckifthepurpose,aim,methods,andconclusionsofthestudyareclearlystated.

8.Checktoseeifthefinalabstractmeetstheguidelinesofthetargetjournal(wordlimit,typeofabstract,recommendedsubheadings,etc.

9.Removeallextrainformationandthenlinkyoursentencestoensurethattheinformationflowswell,preferablyinthefollowingorder:purpose;basicstudydesign,methodologyandtechniquesused;majorfindings;summaryofyourinterpretations,conclusions,andimplications.

10.Nowrevisityourabstractwiththesestepsinmind,andI’msureyou’llbeabletoreviseitandmakeitmoreattractive.

Howtowriteanabstractforscience?

So,hereissomethingforsciencebuffs.Weknowthatsciencestudentsarelessintowritingandformatting.But,theyareoneofthestudentswhoareindulgedinresearchpaperstothemost.So,hereisacollectionofvitalinformationforallthestudentswhoaregoingtowritedownascientificresearchpaper.Wanttoknowhowtowriteanabstractforscience?Continuetoread..

Anabstractshouldbetheshortestpartoftheabstractandshouldverybrieflyoutlinethefollowinginformation:

Whatisalreadyknownaboutthesubject,relatedtothepaperinquestion

Whatisnotknownaboutthesubjectandhencewhatthestudyintendedtoexamine(orwhatthepaperseekstopresent)

Thingsyoushouldremember

Inmostcases,thebackgroundcanbeframedinjust2–3sentences,witheachsentencedescribingadifferentaspectoftheinformationreferredtoabove;sometimes,evenasinglesentencemaysuffice.Thepurposeofthebackground,astheworditselfindicates,istoprovidethereaderwithabackgroundtothestudy,andhencetosmoothlyleadintoadescriptionofthemethodsemployedintheinvestigation.

Usuallyauthorspublishpaperstheabstractsofwhichcontainalengthybackgroundsection.Therearesomesituations,perhaps,wherethismaybejustified.Inmostcases,however,alongerbackgroundsectionmeansthatlessspaceremainsforthepresentationoftheresults.Thisisunfortunatebecausethereaderisinterestedinthepaperbecauseofitsfindings,andnotbecauseofitsbackground.

Whyanabstractisneeded?

Mostjournalsrequireauthorstosubmitabstractsalongwiththeirarticles,Thisrequirementhastwomainneeds

-Anabstractoffersreadersahelpful,succinctsummaryofthelongerargumentdevelopedintheessay.

-Itidentifieskeywordsthatwillmakeiteasierfor