2023年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-國(guó)防科技大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題答案

2023年考研考博-考博英語(yǔ)-國(guó)防科技大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題答案第1卷一.綜合題(共25題)1.單選題Whatthesepeoplewantisa______existence—morefood,bettershelterandpeace.問題1選項(xiàng)A.rationalB.ambivalentC.reluctantD.tolerable2.單選題Inthe______areasoftherailroadterminal,thousandsoftravelerslingeredwhilewaitingfortheirtrain.問題1選項(xiàng)A.circuitousB.balefulC.auxiliaryD.capacious3.單選題TheNationalParkSystem______areasofnaturalbeautyforpreservationandpublicemployment.問題1選項(xiàng)A.setsasideB.savesupC.arrangesforD.reservesfor4.單選題Somerobotsmay______applythesetechniquestoinstallanewnetworkthereinthenearfuture.問題1選項(xiàng)A.conceivablyB.unbelievableC.unimaginablyD.unthinkably5.單選題Salesmanshipistheabilitytoswaypeopletowillinglybuyproductsorsupportnewideas.問題1選項(xiàng)A.educateB.expectC.allowD.persuade6.單選題Hisremarkswereso______thatwecouldnotdecidewhichofthepossiblemeaningswascorrect.問題1選項(xiàng)A.persuasiveB.ambiguousC.suspiciousD.consistent7.單選題Viruses,infectiousparticlesconsistingofnucleicacidpackagedinaproteincoat(thecapsid),aredifficulttoresist.Unabletoreproduceoutsidealivingcell,virusesreproduceonlybysubvertingthegeneticmechanismsofahostcell.Inonekindofvirallifecycle,thevirusfirstbindstothecell’ssurface,thenpenetratesthecellandshedsitscapsid.Theexposedviralnucleicacidproducesnewvirusesfromthecontentsofthecell.Finally,thecellreleasestheviralprogeny,andanewcellcycleofinfectionbegins.Thehumanbodyrespondstoaviralinfectionbyproducingantibodies:complex,highlyspecificproteinsthatselectivelybindtoforeignmoleculessuchasviruses.Anantibodycaneitherinterferewithavirus’sabilitybindtoacell,orcanpreventitfromreleasingitsnucleicacid.Unfortunately,thecommoncold,producedmostoftenbyrhinoviruses,isintractabletoantiviraldefense.Humanshavedifficultyresistingcoldsbecauserhinovirusesaresodiverse,includingatleast100strains.Thestrainsdiffermostinthemolecularstructureoftheproteinsintheircapsids.Sincedisease-fightingantibodiesbindtothecapsid,anantibodydevelopedtoprotectagainst-onerhinovirusstrainisuselessagainstotherstrains.Differentantibodiesmustbeproducedforeachstrain.Adefenseagainstrhinovirusesmightnonethelesssucceedbyexploitinghiddensimilaritiesamongtherhinovirusstrains.Forexample,mostrhinovirusstrainsbindtothesamekindofmolecule(delta-receptors)onacell’ssurfacewhentheyattackhumancells.Colonno,takingadvantageofthesecommonreceptors,devisedastrategyforblockingtheattachmentofrhinovirusestotheirappropriatereceptors.Ratherthanfruitlesslysearchingforanantibodythatwouldbindtoallrhinoviruses,Colonnorealizedthatanantibodybindingtothecommonreceptorsofahumancellwouldpreventrhinovirusesfrominitiatinganinfection.Becausehumancellsnormallydonotdevelopantibodiestocomponentsoftheirowncells,Colonnoinjectedhumancellsintomice,whichdidproduceanantibodytothecommonreceptor.Inisolatedhumancells,thisantibodyprovedtobeextraordinarilyeffectiveatthwartingtherhinovirus.Moreover,whentheantibodywasgiventochimpanzees,itinhibitedrhinoviralgrowth,andinhumansitlessenedboththeseverityanddurationofcoldsymptoms.AnotherpossibledefenseagainstrhinoviruseswasproposedbyRossman,whodescribedrhinoviruses’detailedmolecularStructure.Rossmanshowedthatproteinsequencescommontoallrhinovirusstrainslieatthebaseofadeep“canyon”scoringeachfaceoftheCapsid.Thenarrowopeningofthiscanyorpossiblypreventstherelativelylargeantibodymoleculesfrombindingtothecommonsequence,butsmallermoleculesmightreachit.Amongthesesmaller,nonantibodymolecules,somemightbindtothecommonsequence,lockthenucleicacidinitscoat,andtherebypreventthevirusfromreproducing.54.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.55.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheproteinsequencesofthecapsidthatvarymostamongstrainsofrhinovirusarethose______.56.Whichofthefollowingresearchstrategiesfordevelopingadefenseagainstthecommoncoldwouldtheauthorbelikelytofindmostpromising?57.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthepurposeofColonno’sexperimentswastodeterminewhether______.問題1選項(xiàng)A.discussviralmechanismsandpossiblewaysofcircumventingcertainkindsofthosemechanismsB.challengerecentresearchonhowrhinovirusesbindtoreceptorsonthesurfacesofcellsC.suggestfutureresearchonrhinoviralgrowthinchimpanzeesD.defendacontroversialresearchprogramwhosepurposeistodiscoverthemolecularstructureofrhinoviruscapsids問題2選項(xiàng)A.atthebaseofthe“canyon”B.outsideofthe“canyon”C.responsibleforproducingnucleicacidD.responsibleforpreventingtheformationofdelta-receptors問題3選項(xiàng)A.Continuingtolookforageneralantirhinoviralantibody.B.Searchingforcommoncell-surfacereceptorsinhumansandmice.C.Continuingtolookforsimilaritiesamongthevariousstrainsofrhinovirus.D.Discoveringhowthehumanbodyproducesantibodiesinresponsetoarhinoviralinfection.問題4選項(xiàng)A.chimpanzeesandhumanscanbothbeinfectedbyrhinovirusesB.chimpanzeescanproduceantibodiestohumancell-surfacereceptorsC.arhinovirus’nucleicacidmightbelockedinitsproteincoatD.bindingantibodiestocommonreceptorscouldproduceapossibledefenseagainstrhinoviruses8.單選題Broughtupinademocraticatmosphere,thestudentwasshockedbythe______andnarrownessexpressedbyseveralofhisclassmates.問題1選項(xiàng)A.indecisivenessB.bigotryC.callusD.calumny9.單選題Thetaleisbasedonthe______ideaofamanwhoremainsyoungwhilehisportraitonthewallgrowsold.問題1選項(xiàng)A.tentativeB.whimsicalC.querulousD.cynical10.單選題Traditionally,pollination(授粉)bywindhasbeenviewedasareproductiveprocessmarkedbyrandomeventsinwhichthevagariesofthewindarecompensatedforbythegenerationofvastquantitiesofpollen,sothattheultimateproductionofnewseedsisassuredattheexpenseofproducingmuchmorepollenthanisactuallyused.Becausethepotentialhazardspollengrainsaresubjecttoastheyaretransportedoverlongdistancesareenormous,wind-pollinatedplantshave,intheviewabove,compensatedfortheensuinglossofpollenthroughhappenstancebyvirtueofproducinganamountofpollenthatisonetothreeordersofmagnitudegreaterthantheamountproducedbyspeciespollinatedbyinsects.However,anumberoffeaturesthatarecharacteristicofwind-pollinatedplantsreducepollenwaste.Forexample,manywind-pollinatedspeciesfailtoreleasepollenwhenwindspeedsareloworwhenhumidconditionsprevail.Recentstudiessuggestanotherwayinwhichspeciescompensatefortheinefficiencyofwindpollination.Thesestudiessuggestthatspeciesfrequentlytakeadvantageofthephysicsofpollenmotionbygeneratingspecificaerodynamicenvironmentswithintheimmediatevicinityoftheirfemalereproductiveorgans.Itisthemorphologyoftheseorgansthatdictatesthepatternofairflowdisturbancesthroughwhichpollenmusttravel.Thespeedanddirectionoftheairflowdisturbancescancombinewiththephysicalpropertiesofaspecies’pollentoproduceaspecies-specificpatternofpollencollisiononthesurfacesoffemalereproductiveorgans.Providedthatthesesurfacesarestrategicallylocated,theconsequencesofthiscombinationcansignificantlyincreasethepollen-captureefficiencyofafemalereproductiveorgan.Acriticalquestionthatremainstobeanswerediswhetherthemorphologicalattributesofthefemalereproductiveorgansofwind-pollinatedspeciesareevolutionaryadaptationstowindpollinationoraremerelyfortuitous.Acompleteresolutionofthequestionisasyetimpossiblesinceadaptationmustbeevaluatedforeachspecieswithinitsownuniquefunctionalcontext.However,itmustbesaidthat,whileevidenceofsuchevolutionaryadaptationsdoesexistinsomespecies,onemustbecarefulaboutattributingmorphologytoadaptation.Forexample,thespiralarrangementofscale-bractcomplexesonovule-bearingpinecones,wherethefemalereproductiveorgansofconifersarelocated,isimportanttotheproductionofairflowpatternsthatspiraloverthecone'ssurfaces,therebypassingairbornepollenfromonescaletothenext.However,thesepatternscannotbeviewedasanadaptationtowindpollinationbecausethespiralarrangementoccursinanumberofnon-wind-pollinatedplantlineagesandisregardedasacharacteristicofvascularplants,ofwhichconifersareonlyonekind,asawhole.Therefore,thespiralarrangementisnotlikelytobetheresultofadirectadaptationtowindpollination.62.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithdiscussing______.63.Accordingtothepassage,the“aerodynamicenvironments”mentionedinparagraph2,whentheyareproduced,areprimarilydeterminedbythe______.64.Thepassagesuggeststhattherecentstudiescitedinparagraph2havenotdonewhichofthefollowing?65.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheclaimthatthespiralarrangementofscale-bractcomplexesonanovule-bearingpineconeisanadaptationtowindpollinationwouldbemoreconvincingifwhichofthefollowingweretrue?問題1選項(xiàng)A.thecurrentdebateonwhetherthemorphologicalattributesofwind-pollinatedplantsareevolutionaryadaptationsB.thekindsofairflowpatternsthatpermitwind-pollinatedplantstocapturepollenmostefficientlyC.thewaysinwhichthereproductiveprocessesofwind-pollinatedplantsarecontrolledbyrandomeventsD.arecentlyproposedexplanationofawayinwhichwind-pollinatedplantsreducepollenwaste問題2選項(xiàng)A.presenceofinsectsneartheplantB.physicalpropertiesoftheplant’spollenC.shapeoftheplant’sfemalereproductiveorgansD.amountofpollengeneratedbytheplant問題3選項(xiàng)A.Madeanydistinctionsbetweendifferentspeciesofwind-pollinatedplants.B.Demonstratedthatthemorphologicalattributesofthefemalereproductiveorgansofwind-pollinatedplantsareusuallyevolutionaryadaptationstowindpollination.C.Indicatedthegeneralrangewithinwhichplant-generatedairflowdisturbancesareapttooccur.D.Includedinvestigationsofthephysicsofpollenmotionanditsrelationshiptotheefficientcaptureofpollenbythefemalereproductiveorgansofwind-pollinatedplants.問題4選項(xiàng)A.Suchanarrangementoccurredonlyinwind-pollinatedplants.B.Suchanarrangementoccurredinvascularplantsasawhole.C.Suchanarrangementcouldbeshowntobebeneficialtopollenrelease.D.Thenumberofbractscouldbeshowntohaveincreasedovertime.11.單選題Theword“sophism”hasanunfavorableconnotationandmeansarguingdeceitfully,attemptingtoturnapoorcaseintoagoodonebymeansofcleverbut______reasoning.問題1選項(xiàng)A.implacableB.queerC.fictitiousD.specious12.單選題Rosefeels______abouttheweekendinVermont.Shewantstogo,butshealsowantstostayathome.問題1選項(xiàng)A.atheisticB.ambiguousC.ambivalentD.ascetic13.單選題Inspiteof_____reviewsinthepress,theproductionofherplaywas_____almostcertainoblivionbyenthusiasticaudiencewhoseacumenwasgreaterthanthatofthecritics.問題1選項(xiàng)A.lukewarm…condemnedB.scathing...exposedtoC.lackluster...rescuedfromD.sensitive...reducedto14.單選題Bytoday’sstandards,earlyfarmerswereimprudentbecausetheyplantedthesamecroprepeatedly,exhaustingthesoilafterafewharvests.問題1選項(xiàng)A.unwiseB.stubbornC.tiresomeD.unscientific15.單選題Heisas_____apoliticianasyoucanfindanywhere.There’snotahintofscandalinhislongcareer.問題1選項(xiàng)A.scrupulousB.voraciousC.epicureanD.profuse16.單選題Whenplantingshrubberyitisadvisabletotamphedintaroundtherootaftercoveringthem.問題1選項(xiàng)A.intrigueB.fertilizeC.packdownD.tamperwith17.單選題Donotbearmalicetowardhim;heisreallyagoodmanbynature.問題1選項(xiàng)A.malignancyB.hospitalityC.meticulousnessD.mischievousness18.單選題Owingtoanacutelackoflower-incomehousing,themunicipalgovernmentisembarrassedbytheimpressinghousingissue.問題1選項(xiàng)A.urgentB.graveC.stressfulD.increasing19.單選題

—Excuseme,sir.Wouldyoudomeafavor?—Ofcourse.Whatisit?—I______ifyoucouldtellmehowtofilloutthisform.問題1選項(xiàng)A.hadwonderedB.waswonderingC.wouldwonderD.hadbeenwondering20.單選題Horse-drawncoacheswereneitheracompetitivenoracomfortablealternativegiventhedeplorablestateofthenation’shighwaysandthoughbicycleswerepopularinbothtownandcountry,they,too,werehamperedbypoorroadsurfaces.問題1選項(xiàng)A.restrainedB.supportedC.favoredD.damaged21.單選題Thencametheclose-upimagesobtainedbytheexploratoryspacecraftVoyage2,andwithindays,Europawastransformed—inourperception,atleast—intooneofthesolarsystem’smostintriguingworlds.問題1選項(xiàng)A.changingB.perfectC.visibleD.fascinating22.單選題Proteinsarecomposedofmorethantwentyaminoacidsthatareliberatedduringdigestion.問題1選項(xiàng)A.congregatedB.multipliedC.freedD.conscripted23.單選題Thedecreaseofhisfeverwasabenignsign.問題1選項(xiàng)A.unfavorableB.favorableC.harshD.unharsh24.單選題Aidedbytherecentabilitytoanalyzesamplesofairtrappedglaciers,scientistsnowhaveaclearerideaoftherelationshipbetweenatmosphericcompositionandglobaltemperaturechangeoverthepast160,000years.Inparticular,determinationofatmosphericcompositionduringperiodsofglacialexpansionandretreat(coolingandwarming)ispossibleusingdatafromthe2,000-meterVostokicecoredrilledinAntarctica.Thetechniqueinvolvedissimilartothatusedinanalyzingcoresofmarinesediments,wheretheratioofthetwocommonisotopesofoxygen,180and160,accuratelyreflectspasttemperaturechanges.IsotopicanalysisofoxygenintheVostokcoresuggestsmainglobaltemperaturefluctuationsofupto10degreescentigradeoverthepast160,000years.DatafromtheVostokcorealsoindicatethattheamountofCarbondioxidehasfluctuatedwithtemperatureoverthesameperiod:thehigherthetemperature,thehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideandthelowerthetemperature,thelowertheconcentration.Althoughchangeincarbondioxidecontentcloselyfollowschangeintemperatureduringperiodsofdeglaciation,itapparentlylagsbehindtemperatureduringperiodsofcooling.Thecorrelationofcarbondioxidewithtemperature,ofcourse,doesnotestablishwhetherchangesinatmosphericcompositioncausedthewarmingandcoolingtrendsorwerecausedbythem.ThecorrelationbetweencarbondioxideandtemperaturethroughouttheVostokrecordisconsistentandpredictable.Theabsolutetemperaturechanges,however,arefrom5to14timesgreaterthanwouldbeexpectedonthebasisofcarbondioxide’sownabilitytoabsorbinfraredradiation,orradiantheat.Thisreactionsuggeststhat,quiteasidefromchangesinheat-trappinggases,commonlyknownasgreenhousegases,certainpositivefeedbacksarealsoamplifyingthetemperaturechange.Suchfeedbacksmightinvolveiceonlandandsea,clouds,orwatervapor,whichalsoabsorbradiantheat.OtherdatafromtheVostokcoreshowthatmethanegasalsocorrelatescloselywithtemperatureandcarbondioxide.Themethaneconcentrationnearlydoubled,forexample,betweenthepeakofthepenultimateglacialperiodandthefollwinginterglacialperiod.Withinthepresentinterglacialperiodithasmorethandoubledinjustthepast300yearsandisrisingrapidly.Althoughtheconcentrationofatmosphericmethaneismorethantwoordersofmagnitudelowerthanthatofcarbondioxide,itcannotbeignored:theradiativepropertiesofmethanemakeit20timesmoreeffective,moleculeformolecule,thancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.Onthebasisofasimulationmodelthatclimatologicalresearchershavedeveloped,methaneappearstohavebeenabout25percentasimportantascarbondioxideinthewarmingthattookplaceduringthemostrecentglacialretreat8,000to10,000yearsago.50.Thepassageprovidesinformationtosupportwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutmethane?51.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribestherelationshipbetweencarbondioxideandglobaltemperature?52.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatalong-termdecreaseintheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmospherewould______.53.ThepassagesuggeststhatwhenthemethaneconcentrationintheEarth’satmospheredecreases,whichofthefollowingalsohappens?問題1選項(xiàng)A.Methaneismoreeffectivethancarbondioxideinabsorbingradiantheat.B.Thelessthemethaneconcentration,themorethecloudsformedintheEarth’satmosphere.C.ThehighertheconcentrationofcarbondioxideintheEarth’satmosphere;thelowertheconcentrationofmethane.D.Mostoftheglobalwarmingthathasoccurredduringthepast10yearshasbeenassociatedwithincreasedmethaneconcentration.問題2選項(xiàng)A.Carbondioxidelevelschangeimmediatelyinresponsetochangesintemperature.B.Carbondioxidelevelscorrelatewithglobaltemperatureduringcoolingperiodsonly.C.Oncecarbondioxidelevelsincrease,theyremainhighregardlessofchangesinglobaltemperature.D.Duringcoolingperiods,carbondioxidelevelsinitiallyremainhighandthendecline.問題3選項(xiàng)A.increasemethaneconcentrationintheEarth’satmosphereB.accompanyaperiodofglaciationC.encouragetheformationofmoreoxygenisotopesintheEarth’satmosphereD.promotetheformationofmorewaterintheEarth’sglobalenvironment問題4選項(xiàng)A.Glaciersmeltfaster.B.Theconcentrationofcarbondioxideincreases.C.Theglobaltemperaturedecreases.D.Carbondioxideabsorbsmoreradiantheat.25.單選題One’schancesofgettingintocollegecanbebolsteredbywritinganeffectiveapplicationessay.問題1選項(xiàng)A.boastedB.gratifiedC.strengthenedD.indulged第1卷參考答案一.綜合題1.【答案】A【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)rational“合理的，理性的”，B項(xiàng)ambivalent“矛盾的，好惡相克的”，C項(xiàng)reluctant“不情愿的，勉強(qiáng)的”，D項(xiàng)tolerable“可容忍的，容忍的”。由morefood,bettershelterandpeace（更多的食物，更好的住所和和平）可知，空格處是要填入一個(gè)褒義詞，B、C項(xiàng)排除；D項(xiàng)不符合語(yǔ)境，只有A項(xiàng)正確。句意：這些人想要的是一種理性的生活：更多的食物，更好的住所和和平。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。2.【答案】D【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)circuitous表示“迂曲的，繞行的”，B項(xiàng)baleful表示“惡意的，有害的”，C項(xiàng)auxiliary表示“輔助的，副的，附加的”，D項(xiàng)capacious表示“寬敞的，廣闊的”。根據(jù)railroadterminal（鐵路終點(diǎn)站）和thousandsoftravelers（成千上萬(wàn)的旅客）可知，______areas表示“寬敞的地方”。句意：在鐵路終點(diǎn)站廣闊的區(qū)域里，成千上萬(wàn)的旅客逗留在那等待火車。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。3.【答案】A【解析】考查詞組辨析。A項(xiàng)setaside“挑出，留出”，B項(xiàng)saveup“儲(chǔ)蓄，貯存”，C項(xiàng)arrangefor“安排，為……做準(zhǔn)備”，D項(xiàng)reservefor“為……而保留”。由areasofnaturalbeauty（自然風(fēng)景區(qū)）可知，空格處填入“劃出、留出”符合，A項(xiàng)正確。句意：國(guó)家公園系統(tǒng)為自然保護(hù)和公共就業(yè)劃出了自然風(fēng)景區(qū)。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。4.【答案】C【解析】考查副詞辨析。A項(xiàng)conceivably“可以想象的是，可以想得到的是”，B項(xiàng)unbelievable“難以置信的，不可信的”，C項(xiàng)unimaginably“難以想象地”，D項(xiàng)unthinkably“無(wú)法接受地”。句子的意思是“在不久的將來(lái)，一些機(jī)器人可能會(huì)應(yīng)用這些技術(shù)來(lái)安裝一個(gè)新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)”，那么由此可知，這種情況是“不敢想象地”，C項(xiàng)符合。句意：在不久的將來(lái)，一些機(jī)器人可能會(huì)意想不到地應(yīng)用這些技術(shù)來(lái)安裝一個(gè)新的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)。5.【答案】D【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。A項(xiàng)educate“教育，培養(yǎng)，訓(xùn)練”，B項(xiàng)expect“期望，指望，認(rèn)為”，C項(xiàng)allow“允許，給予，認(rèn)可”，D項(xiàng)persuade“說(shuō)服，勸說(shuō)，使某人相信”。句意：推銷術(shù)是說(shuō)服人們?cè)敢赓?gòu)買產(chǎn)品或支持新想法的能力。sway在句中表示“說(shuō)服”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中意思與之相近的是D項(xiàng)。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)。6.【答案】B【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)persuasive“有說(shuō)服力的，勸誘的”，B項(xiàng)ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱兩可的”，C項(xiàng)suspicious“可疑的，懷疑的”，D項(xiàng)consistent“始終如一的，一致的”。由wecouldnotdecidewhichofthepossiblemeaningswascorrect（我們無(wú)法確定哪個(gè)可能的意思是正確的）可知，B項(xiàng)符合。句意：他的話含糊不清，我們無(wú)法斷定哪一個(gè)意思是正確的。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。7.【答案】第1題:A第2題:B第3題:C第4題:D【解析】54.【試題答案】A【試題解析】題干意思是“文章的主要目的是……”。文章開始先闡述的病毒的繁殖和人體的抗體反映，接著引用了鼻病毒來(lái)討論病毒的攻擊機(jī)制以及抵御這種機(jī)制的辦法，故A項(xiàng)“討論病毒機(jī)制和規(guī)避某些機(jī)制的可能方法”符合題意；B項(xiàng)“挑戰(zhàn)最近關(guān)于鼻病毒如何與細(xì)胞表面受體結(jié)合的研究”、C項(xiàng)“建議對(duì)黑猩猩鼻病毒生長(zhǎng)的未來(lái)研究”和D項(xiàng)“為一個(gè)旨在發(fā)現(xiàn)鼻病毒衣殼分子結(jié)構(gòu)的有爭(zhēng)議的研究項(xiàng)目辯護(hù)”都不夠全面。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。55.【試題答案】B【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出，鼻病毒株衣殼蛋白序列差異最大的是……的那些”。根據(jù)文章最后一段中的Rossmanshowedthatproteinsequencescommontoallrhinovirusstrainslieatthebaseofadeep“canyon”scoringeachfaceoftheCapsid.（羅斯曼指出，所有鼻病毒株共有的蛋白質(zhì)序列位于衣殼表面的一個(gè)深“峽谷”的底部。）可知，擁有共同的蛋白質(zhì)序列的鼻病毒株都是位于衣殼表面的一個(gè)深“峽谷”的底部里，那么“峽谷”外的那些鼻病毒株則是沒有共同的蛋白質(zhì)序列，所以“峽谷”外的鼻病毒株的衣殼蛋白序列差異最大，故B項(xiàng)“‘峽谷’外”正確；A項(xiàng)“在‘峽谷’的底部”錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“負(fù)責(zé)生產(chǎn)核酸”和D項(xiàng)“負(fù)責(zé)阻止受體的形成”并不符合題干。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。56.【試題答案】C【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“關(guān)于對(duì)普通感冒的防御，以下哪一種是作者認(rèn)為可能是最有希望的方法？”。由第四段第一句Adefenseagainstrhinovirusesmightnonethelesssucceedbyexploitinghiddensimilaritiesamongtherhinovirusstrains.（盡管如此，通過(guò)利用鼻病毒株之間隱藏的相似性，對(duì)鼻病毒的防御可能會(huì)成功。）可知，C項(xiàng)“繼續(xù)尋找各種鼻病毒株之間的相似性”正確；根據(jù)第三段中的Humanshavedifficultyresistingcoldsbecauserhinovirusesaresodiverse,includingatleast100strains…Sincedisease-fightingantibodiesbindtothecapsid,anantibodydevelopedtoprotectagainst-onerhinovirusstrainisuselessagainstotherstrains.Differentantibodiesmustbeproducedforeachstrain.（人類很難抵抗感冒，因?yàn)楸遣《痉N類繁多，至少有100種……由于抗病抗體與衣殼結(jié)合，一種用于對(duì)抗一種鼻病毒株的抗體對(duì)其他病毒株無(wú)效。每個(gè)毒株必須產(chǎn)生不同的抗體。）可知，鼻病毒種類很多，只尋找一般的抗鼻病毒抗體是難以對(duì)抗感冒的，A項(xiàng)“繼續(xù)尋找一般的抗鼻病毒抗體”錯(cuò)誤；B項(xiàng)“尋找人類和小鼠中常見的細(xì)胞表面受體”，只是Colonno設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)防止鼻病毒引發(fā)感染的一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程，該項(xiàng)不選；D項(xiàng)“發(fā)現(xiàn)人體如何產(chǎn)生抗體以應(yīng)對(duì)鼻病毒感染”文中沒有提及。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。57.【試題答案】D【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出，Colonno實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是確定是否……”。根據(jù)第四段中的Ratherthanfruitlesslysearchingforanantibodythatwouldbindtoallrhinoviruses,Colonnorealizedthatanantibodybindingtothecommonreceptorsofahumancellwouldpreventrhinovirusesfrominitiatinganinfection.（科洛諾不是徒勞地尋找一種能與所有鼻病毒結(jié)合的抗體，而是意識(shí)到一種與人類細(xì)胞的普通受體結(jié)合的抗體可以防止鼻病毒引發(fā)感染。）可推斷，Colonno實(shí)驗(yàn)的目的是確定與人類細(xì)胞的普通受體結(jié)合的抗體是否可以防止鼻病毒引發(fā)感染，D項(xiàng)“與普通受體結(jié)合的抗體可能產(chǎn)生一種對(duì)抗鼻病毒的防御”正確；A項(xiàng)“黑猩猩和人類都可以被鼻病毒感染”只是實(shí)驗(yàn)的過(guò)程，并不是目的；B項(xiàng)“黑猩猩能產(chǎn)生對(duì)人類細(xì)胞表面受體的抗體”，根據(jù)第四段對(duì)該實(shí)驗(yàn)的描述Becausehumancellsnormallydonotdevelopantibodiestocomponentsoftheirowncells,Colonnoinjectedhumancellsintomice,whichdidproduceanantibodytothecommonreceptor.（由于人類細(xì)胞通常不會(huì)產(chǎn)生針對(duì)自身細(xì)胞成分的抗體，Colonno將人類細(xì)胞注射到小鼠體內(nèi)，小鼠確實(shí)產(chǎn)生了針對(duì)共同受體的抗體。），可知產(chǎn)生對(duì)人類細(xì)胞表面受體的抗體是小老鼠，而黑猩猩只是被注射了小鼠產(chǎn)生的抗體，該項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤；C項(xiàng)“鼻病毒的核酸可能被鎖在它的蛋白質(zhì)外殼中”并不是Colonno的實(shí)驗(yàn)。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。8.【答案】B【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)indecisiveness表示“猶豫不定”，B項(xiàng)bigotry表示“偏執(zhí)，頑固”，C項(xiàng)callus表示“愈合組織，老繭”，D項(xiàng)calumny表示“誹謗，中傷”。根據(jù)句子可知，空格處和narrowness（狹隘）為并列成分，因此，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有“偏執(zhí)”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：在民主的環(huán)境中長(zhǎng)大的這個(gè)學(xué)生對(duì)他的幾個(gè)同學(xué)表現(xiàn)出的偏執(zhí)和狹隘感到震驚。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。9.【答案】B【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)tentative“試驗(yàn)性的，暫定的，躊躇的”，B項(xiàng)whimsical“古怪的，異想天開的”，C項(xiàng)querulous“易怒的，暴躁的，愛發(fā)牢騷的”，D項(xiàng)cynical“憤世嫉俗的，冷嘲的”。根據(jù)后面的定語(yǔ)從句“掛在墻上的肖像會(huì)變老，而他卻依然年輕”可知，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中“異想天開的”符合。句意：這個(gè)故事是基于一個(gè)人的異想天開的想法，他仍然年輕，而他的肖像在墻上變老。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。10.【答案】第1題:D第2題:C第3題:B第4題:A【解析】62.【試題答案】D【試題解析】中心主旨題。題干意思是“這篇文章的作者主要是討論……”。文章首先提出風(fēng)媒傳粉這一個(gè)繁殖過(guò)程，隨后提出風(fēng)媒傳粉植物的一些特征減少了花粉的浪費(fèi)并對(duì)其特征做出了論述，第三段則舉例證明風(fēng)媒傳粉物種的雌性生殖器官的形態(tài)屬性是對(duì)風(fēng)媒傳粉的進(jìn)化適應(yīng)這個(gè)問題還沒有解決。通讀全文可知，作者在文章中主要討論的還是最近提出的關(guān)于風(fēng)媒傳粉能夠減少花粉浪費(fèi)這一解釋，所以D項(xiàng)“一種最近提出的關(guān)于風(fēng)媒傳粉植物減少花粉浪費(fèi)的解釋”正確。A項(xiàng)“目前關(guān)于風(fēng)媒傳粉植物的形態(tài)屬性是否是進(jìn)化適應(yīng)的爭(zhēng)論”、B項(xiàng)“氣流模式的種類允許風(fēng)媒植物捕獲花粉最有效”和C項(xiàng)“風(fēng)媒傳粉植物的繁殖過(guò)程受隨機(jī)事件控制的方式”都只是文中提及的一部分。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)正確。63.【試題答案】C【試題解析】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章，當(dāng)?shù)?段提到的‘空氣動(dòng)力環(huán)境’被生產(chǎn)時(shí)，它們主要是由______決定的”。根據(jù)題干關(guān)鍵詞可以定位到第二段第三句Thesestudiessuggestthatspeciesfrequentlytakeadvantageofthephysicsofpollenmotionbygeneratingspecificaerodynamicenvironmentswithintheimmediatevicinityoftheirfemalereproductiveorgans.（這些研究表明，物種經(jīng)常利用花粉運(yùn)動(dòng)的物理特性，在其雌性生殖器官附近產(chǎn)生特定的空氣動(dòng)力環(huán)境），結(jié)合第四句Itisthemorphologyoftheseorgansthatdictatesthepatternofairflowdisturbancesthroughwhichpollenmusttravel.（正是這些器官的形態(tài)決定了花粉必須通過(guò)的氣流擾動(dòng)的模式）可知，當(dāng)空氣動(dòng)力環(huán)境產(chǎn)生時(shí)，雌性生殖器官的形態(tài)決定了這些氣流的模式，所以C項(xiàng)“植物雌性生殖器官的形狀”正確。A項(xiàng)“植物附近有昆蟲”和D項(xiàng)“植物產(chǎn)生的花粉量”沒提到，B項(xiàng)“植物花粉的物理特性”是空氣動(dòng)力環(huán)境的產(chǎn)生因素而并不是決定因素。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)正確。64.【試題答案】B【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“這篇文章暗示了第二段中引用的最近的研究沒有完成以下哪一項(xiàng)？”。文章第二段描述了最近的研究得到的結(jié)果，而第三段對(duì)這個(gè)研究提出了問題，第一句指出Acriticalquestionthatremainstobeanswerediswhetherthemorphologicalattributesofthefemalereproductiveorgansofwind-pollinatedspeciesareevolutionaryadaptationstowindpollinationoraremerelyfortuitous.（一個(gè)有待回答的關(guān)鍵問題是，風(fēng)媒傳粉物種的雌性生殖器官的形態(tài)屬性是對(duì)風(fēng)媒傳粉的進(jìn)化適應(yīng)還是僅僅是偶然的。），由此可以推斷，第二段中引用的最近的研究并沒有對(duì)風(fēng)媒傳粉植物雌性生殖器官的形態(tài)屬性是對(duì)風(fēng)媒傳粉的進(jìn)化適應(yīng)提供有力的證明，所以B項(xiàng)“證明風(fēng)媒傳粉植物雌性生殖器官的形態(tài)屬性通常是對(duì)風(fēng)媒傳粉的進(jìn)化適應(yīng)”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“對(duì)不同種類的風(fēng)媒傳粉植物進(jìn)行了區(qū)分”、C項(xiàng)“表示植物產(chǎn)生的氣流擾動(dòng)易于發(fā)生的一般范圍”和D項(xiàng)“包括對(duì)花粉運(yùn)動(dòng)的物理性質(zhì)及其與風(fēng)媒傳粉植物雌性生殖器官有效捕捉花粉的關(guān)系的調(diào)查”都不是這個(gè)研究存在的問題。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)正確。65.【試題答案】A【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出，如果下列哪一個(gè)是正確的，那么關(guān)于含有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀排列是對(duì)風(fēng)授粉的適應(yīng)的這種主張將更有說(shuō)服力？”。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二句However,thesepatternscannotbeviewedasanadaptationtowindpollinationbecausethespiralarrangementoccursinanumberofnon-wind-pollinatedplantlineagesandisregardedasacharacteristicofvascularplants,ofwhichconifersareonlyonekind,asawhole.（然而，這些模式不能被看作是對(duì)風(fēng)媒傳粉的適應(yīng)，因?yàn)槁菪帕邪l(fā)生在許多非風(fēng)媒傳粉的植物譜系中，并被認(rèn)為是維管植物的特征，而針葉樹只是維管植物的一種。）可知，含有胚珠的松球的鱗苞綜合體的螺旋狀排列不能被看作是對(duì)風(fēng)媒傳粉的適應(yīng)是因?yàn)槁菪帕邪l(fā)生在許多非風(fēng)媒傳粉的植物譜系中，那么可以反推，如果螺旋排列只發(fā)生在風(fēng)媒傳粉的植物中，這些模式就能被看作是對(duì)風(fēng)媒傳粉的適應(yīng)，故A項(xiàng)“這種排列只發(fā)生在風(fēng)媒傳粉的植物中”正確。B項(xiàng)“這種排列在維管植物中作為一個(gè)整體出現(xiàn)”錯(cuò)誤，維管植物是非風(fēng)媒傳粉的植物。C項(xiàng)“這樣的排列可以被證明是有利于花粉釋放”和D項(xiàng)“苞片的數(shù)量會(huì)隨著時(shí)間的推移而增加”不符合題干，且在文中不能推斷出來(lái)。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)正確。11.【答案】D【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)implacable“不能安撫的，難和解的”，B項(xiàng)queer“奇怪的，異常的”，C項(xiàng)fictitious“虛構(gòu)的，假想的”，D項(xiàng)specious“似是而非的，外表美觀的”。由meansarguingdeceitfully（意思是欺騙性地辯論）和turnapoorcaseintoagoodonebymeansofcleverbut______reasoning（通過(guò)聰明但______的推理把一個(gè)糟糕的案例變成一個(gè)好案例）可知，空格處填入D項(xiàng)符合。句意：“詭辯”這個(gè)詞有一個(gè)不利的含義，意思是欺騙性地辯論，試圖通過(guò)聰明但似是而非的推理把一個(gè)糟糕的案例變成一個(gè)好案例。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)。12.【答案】C【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)atheistic“無(wú)神論的，無(wú)神論者的”，B項(xiàng)ambiguous“模糊不清的，模棱兩可的”，C項(xiàng)ambivalent“矛盾的，好惡相克的”，D項(xiàng)ascetic“苦行的，禁欲主義的”。根據(jù)后面句子的意思“她想去，但她也想呆在家里”可知，“矛盾的”符合語(yǔ)境。句意：羅斯對(duì)去佛蒙特州度周末感到矛盾；她想去，但她也想呆在家里。因此，該題選擇C項(xiàng)。13.【答案】C【解析】考查詞義辨析和句意理解。A項(xiàng)lukewarm“微溫的，無(wú)興趣的”，condemn“指責(zé)，譴責(zé)”；B項(xiàng)scathing“嚴(yán)厲的”,exposeto“暴露于”；C項(xiàng)lackluster“無(wú)光澤的，無(wú)生氣的”，rescuefrom“從……營(yíng)救”；D項(xiàng)sensitive“敏感的”，reduceto“減少，縮減到”。reviewinthepress和critics是對(duì)應(yīng)的，所以第一空和critics的觀點(diǎn)應(yīng)該一致，和觀眾的意見相反。觀眾的意見是enthusiastic“熱情的”，所以必然要否定oblivion“遺忘”，從第二空來(lái)看，只有C可能表示否定oblivion。句意：盡管媒體的評(píng)論很，但她演奏的作品被熱情的觀眾從注定被遺忘的結(jié)局里，聽眾比評(píng)論家更敏銳。所以C項(xiàng)符合。14.【答案】A【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)unwise“不明智的，愚蠢的，輕率的”，B項(xiàng)stubborn“頑固的，頑強(qiáng)的”，C項(xiàng)tiresome“煩人的，無(wú)聊的”，D項(xiàng)unscientific“不科學(xué)的，不符合科學(xué)原理的”。句意：按照今天的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，早期的農(nóng)民是輕率的，因?yàn)樗麄冎貜?fù)種植同一種作物，幾次收獲后就耗盡了土壤。根據(jù)句意可知，imprudent在句中表示“輕率的”。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。15.【答案】A【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)“一絲不茍的；審慎正直的”，B項(xiàng)“貪吃的；渴求的”，C項(xiàng)“享樂的；吃喝玩樂的”，D項(xiàng)“大量的；慷慨的”，根據(jù)后一句“在他漫長(zhǎng)的職業(yè)生涯中沒有一絲丑聞”，故選A。16.【答案】C【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。題干tamp“搗實(shí)；壓實(shí)；塞緊”。A項(xiàng)“激起……的興趣；密謀”，B項(xiàng)“使受孕；施肥于”，C項(xiàng)“把……壓實(shí)”，D項(xiàng)“篡改；干預(yù)”。因此選C。句意：種植灌木叢時(shí)，建議將其覆蓋后夯實(shí)在根部周圍。17.【答案】A【解析】考查名詞辨析。A項(xiàng)malignancy“惡性（腫瘤等），惡意”，B項(xiàng)hospitality“好客，殷勤”，C項(xiàng)meticulousness“謹(jǐn)小慎微”，D項(xiàng)mischievousness“惡作劇”。句意：你們不可對(duì)他懷惡意，他真是一個(gè)本性善良的人。根據(jù)句意可知，malice在句中表示“惡意”。因此，該題選擇A項(xiàng)。18.【答案】B【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)urgent“緊急的，急迫的”，B項(xiàng)grave“重大的，嚴(yán)肅的”，C項(xiàng)stressful“緊張的，有壓力的”，D項(xiàng)increasing“越來(lái)越多的，漸增的”。句意：由于低收入者住房的嚴(yán)重匱乏，市政府對(duì)于嚴(yán)重的住房問題感到為難。acute在句中表示“嚴(yán)重的”，四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中意思與之相近的是B項(xiàng)。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。19.【答案】B【解析】考查語(yǔ)法。wonder表示“想知道，感到疑惑”，后面接if或者whether可以引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句，常用來(lái)表示一種委婉的請(qǐng)求或者疑問。這個(gè)句子表達(dá)的是一種委婉的請(qǐng)求，根據(jù)之前的語(yǔ)境可知，這里表達(dá)的是“我剛剛一直在想……”，所以要用過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)，B項(xiàng)符合。A項(xiàng)是過(guò)去完成時(shí)，D項(xiàng)是過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，但是句子并不是基于事情發(fā)生在過(guò)去的一個(gè)狀態(tài)，所以A、D選項(xiàng)排除。C選項(xiàng)表示將來(lái)。句意：我想知道您能否告訴我如何填寫這張表格。因此，該題選擇B項(xiàng)。20.【答案】A【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。題干hampered“妨礙，阻止”。A項(xiàng)“阻止；約束”，B項(xiàng)“支持”，C項(xiàng)“喜愛，偏愛”，D項(xiàng)“損害；傷害”。因此選A。句意：考慮到國(guó)家公路狀況糟糕，騎馬教練既不是競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者，也不是舒適的替代者，盡管自行車在城鎮(zhèn)和鄉(xiāng)村都廣受歡迎，但它們也受到不良路面的阻礙。21.【答案】D【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)changing“變化的，發(fā)展的”，B項(xiàng)perfect“完美的，最好的”，C項(xiàng)visible“明顯的，看得見的”，D項(xiàng)fascinating“迷人的，吸引人的”。句意：然后是探測(cè)飛船“航行2號(hào)”獲得的特寫圖像，在幾天之內(nèi)，至少在我們看來(lái)，木衛(wèi)二就變成了太陽(yáng)系中最迷人的世界之一。intriguing在句中表示“迷人的”。因此，該題選擇D項(xiàng)。22.【答案】C【解析】考查動(dòng)詞辨析。題干liberated“解放”。A項(xiàng)“聚集，集合”，B項(xiàng)“成倍增加；繁殖”，C項(xiàng)“解放，使自由”，D項(xiàng)“征募；征召”。因此選C。句意：蛋白質(zhì)由二十多種在消化過(guò)程中釋放的氨基酸組成。23.【答案】B【解析】考查形容詞辨析。A項(xiàng)unfavorable“不宜的，令人不快的”，B項(xiàng)favorable“有利的，良好的”，C項(xiàng)harsh“嚴(yán)厲的，嚴(yán)酷的”，D項(xiàng)unharsh“不苛刻的”。句