2023年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點真題薈萃帶答案

2023年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點真題薈萃帶答案第1卷一.綜合題(共25題)1.單選題NomanhasbeenmoreharshlyjudgedthanMachiavelli,especiallyinthetwocenturiesfollowinghisdeath.Buthehassincefoundmanyablechampionsandthetidehasturned.Theprincehasbeentermedamanualfortyrants,theeffectofwhichhasbeenmostharmful.ButwereMachiavelli’sdoctrinesreallynew?Didhediscoverthem?Hemerelyhadthefranknessandcouragetowritedownwhateverybodywasthinkingandwhateverybodyknew.Hemerelygivesustheimpressionshehadreceivedfromalongandintimateintercoursewithprincesandtheaffairsofstate.ItwasLordBaconwhosaidthatMachiavellitellsuswhatprincesdo,notwhattheyoughttodo.WhenMachiavellitakesCaesarBorgiaasamodel,hedoesnotpraisehimasaheroatall,butmerelyasaprincewhowascapableofattainingtheendinview.Thelifeofthestatewastheprimaryobject.Itmustbemaintained.AndMachiavellihaslaiddowntheprinciples,baseduponhisstudyandwideexperience,bywhichthismaybeaccomplished.Hewrotefromtheviewpointofthepolitician—notofthemoralist.Whatisgoodpoliticsmaybebadmorals,andinfact,byastrangefatality,wheremoralsandpoliticsclash,thelattergenerallygetstheupperhand.AndwillanyonecontendthattheprinciplessetforthbyMachiavelliinhisPrinceorhisDiscourseshaveentirelyperishedfromtheearth?Hasdiplomacybeenentirelystrippedoffraudandduplicity?LetanyonereadthefamouseighteenthchapterofThePrince:“InwhatMannerPrincesshouldKeeptheirFaith.”andhewillbeconvincedthatwhatwastruenearlyfourhundredyearsago,isquiteastruetoday.OftheremainingworksofMachiavellithemostimportantistheHistoryofFlorencewrittenbetween1521and1525,anddedicatedtoClementVII.ThisbookismerelyarapidreviewoftheMiddleAges,andaspartofitthehistoryofFlorence.Machiavelli’smethodhasbeencriticizedforadheringattimestoocloselytothechroniclersofhistime,andatothersrejectingtheirtestimonywithoutapparentreason,whileinitsdetailstheauthorityofhisHistoryisoftenquestionable.Itisthestraightforward,logicalnarrative,whichalwaysholdstheinterestofthereader,thatisthegreatestcharmoftheHistory.36.Itcanbeinferredfromthebeginningofthetextthat______.37.LordBacon’sremarksonMachiavelliisquotedas______.38.InthecaseofCaesarBorgiatheauthorholdsthat______.39.Accordingtotheauthor,apolitician’smorality______.40.Theauthor’sopiniononMachiavelli’sHistoryofFlorenceisthat______.問題1選項A.manypeopleusedtothinkhighlyofMachiavelliB.MachiavellihadbeenveryinfluentialamongtherulersC.MachiavelliwaswidelyreadamonghiscontemporariesD.Machiavellihasbeenatargetofcriticismthroughouthistory問題2選項A.asupportfortheauthor’sviewpointB.oneofthemainstreamviewonhimC.ajudgmentinsupportofmostcriticsD.amodificationoftheauthor’spreviousstarts問題3選項A.MachiavellihasbeenobjectiveB.MachiavellirevealedhispersonalityC.CaesarBorgiawasadeservedmodelD.MachiavelliovervaluedCaesarBorgia問題4選項A.isnomatchforhispoliticalambitionB.hasbeenundervaluedbyMachiavelliandhislikesC.isusuallyofsecondaryimportanceD.shouldbetakenasayardstickofhisinability問題5選項A.historyhasmuchtodowiththepersonwhorecordsitB.thecharmliesinthestyleratherthaninthecontentC.mostpeoplefailedtoreadMachiavelli’sintentioninitD.anyhistoryofthiskindshouldbewritteninthisway2.翻譯題Criticismisavaluablemeansofhelpingourselvesandothersachievepersonalgrowth.However,becauseitisoftendonecarelesslyorcruelly,criticismhasabadreputation.Herearesomeguidelinesforofferingcriticismconstructively.First,waituntilthepersonasksforfeedbackonhisorherperformanceoractions.Unasked-forcriticismisnotusuallyvaluable.Second,describetheperson’sbehaviorasspecificallyaspossiblebeforeyoucriticizeit.Insteadofjustsaying,“Youwereawful,”tellthepersonexactlywhatyouobserved.Andfinally,trytobalanceyourcriticismwithpositivestatements.Lookforsignificantpointsintheotherperson’sperformancethatyoucanhonestlypraise.3.翻譯題二十多年前科學(xué)家就己經(jīng)知道癌癥是一種基因病變。細胞核(nucleus)內(nèi)的DNA被某種物質(zhì)打亂，細胞突然不再有規(guī)則地分裂，而開始大量復(fù)制自身。不同于普通細胞的是，這種復(fù)制活動永無休止。癌癥細胞和正常細胞差異極大，要理清造成這種差異的事件的先后順序幾乎是不可能的，所以很多年來研究人員一直在攻關(guān)這一難題，通過研究健康細胞，他們試圖確定是什么變化使得這些健康細胞變成了癌細胞，但卻總是以失敗告終。現(xiàn)在情況出現(xiàn)了轉(zhuǎn)機。根據(jù)最近的一期《自然》雜志刊載的報道，麻省理工學(xué)院的生物醫(yī)學(xué)研究所的一個科研小組終于成功地將人類細胞轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)閻盒?malignant)細胞。他們采用了兩種不同的細胞類型，通過把三種經(jīng)過改變的基因嵌入這些細胞的DNA中，從而取得這一成就。雖然這些操作都只是在實驗室的器皿里完成的，不會立刻帶來任何治療方法，但顯然它們是理解這種疾病的關(guān)鍵一步。4.單選題Animportantnewindustry,oilrefining,grewaftertheCivilWar.Crudeoil,orpetroleum——adark,thickooze(滲出物)fromtheearthhadbeenknownforhundredsofyears.Butlittleusehadeverbeenmadeofit.Inthe1850'sSamuelM.Kier,amanufactureinwesternPennsylvania,begancollectingtheoilfromlocalseepageandrefiningitintokerosene.Refining,likesmelting,isaprocessofremovingimpuritiesfromarawmaterial.Kerosenewasusedtolightlamps.Itwasacheapsubstituteforwhaleoil,whichwasbecominghardertoget.Soontherewasalargedemandforkerosene.Peoplebegantosearchfornewsuppliesofpetroleum.ThefirstoilwellwasdrilledbyE.L.Drake,aretiredrailroadconductor.In1859hebegandrillinginTitusville,Pennsylvania,Thewholeventureseemedsoimpracticalandfoolishthatonlookerscalledit’’Drake’sFolly”.Butwhenhehaddrilleddownabout70feet(21meters)Drakestruckoil.Hiswellbegantoyield20barrelsofcrudeoiladay.NewsofDrake'ssuccessbroughtoilprospectorstothescene.Bytheearly1860'sthesewildcattersweredrillingfor"blackgold”alloverwesternPennsylvania.TheboomrivaledtheCaliforniagoldrushof1848initsexcitementandWildWestatmosphere.Anditbroughtfarmorewealthtotheprospectorsthananygoldrush.Crudeoilcouldberefinedintomanyproducts.Forsomeyearskerosenecontinuedtobetheprincipalone.Itwassoldingrocerystoresanddoor-to-door.Inthe1880'sand189(Tsrefinerslearnedhowtomakeotherproductssuchaswaxesandlubricatingoils.Petroleumwasnotthenusedtomakegasolineorheatingoil.1.Accordingtothepassage,manypeopleinitiallythoughtthatE.L.Drakehadmadeamistake（

）2.Accordingtothepassage,whatis"blackgold"?3.WhydoestheauthormentiontheCaliforniagoldrush?4.TheauthormentionsallofthefollowingaspossibleproductsofcrudeoilEXCEPT（

）.5.Whatmightbethebesttitleforthepassage?問題1選項A.movingtoPennsylvaniaB.retiringfromhisjobC.searchingforoilD.goingonawhalingexpedition問題2選項A.goldoreB.stolenmoneyC.whaleoilD.crudeoil問題3選項A.ToindicatetheextentofUnitedStatesmineralwealth.B.ToarguethatgoldwasmorevaluablethanoilC.TodescribethemoodwhenoilwasfirstdiscoveredD.Toexplaintheneedforanincreasedsupplyofgold問題4選項A.gasolineB.keroseneC.waxD.plastic問題5選項A.OilRefining:AHistoricalPerspective.B.KeroseneLamps:AlightintheTunnel.C.TheCaliforniaGoldRush:GetRichQuickly.D.PrivateProperty:TrespasserswillBeProsecuted.5.翻譯題Theminiaturizationofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnewgeneration,thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereinitspredecessor.Progresshasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersareapproachingapparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Oneoftheseisimposedbytheneedtowirethecomponentsinachiptogether,sothattheycanexchangesignals.But,inaminiaturizedversionoftheshifttowirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworld,agroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretoftheUniversityofBath,inEngland,thinktheycanmakechipswhosecomponentstalktoeachotherwirelessly.Atpresent,theelectronicsthattransmitandreceivetheradiowavesusedinwirelessdevicesaretoolargetobeusedwithinindividualchips.ButDrNogaretbelieveshecanovercomethis.LastweekheandhiscolleaguesatthreeotherBritishuniversities,anotherinBelgiumandaresearchinstituteinFrancewonthemoneytotrytobuildsuchadevice.Theresearchersintendtousethestandardlithographic（平印刷板）techniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithmicroscopicmagnets.Thesemagnetswillgeneratelocalmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpointsonthechip'ssurface.Electronshaveapropertycalledspinthatisaffectedbymagneticfields,andtheteamhopestouseaneffectcalledinverseelectron-spinresonance（諧振）tomakeelectronspassingthroughthechipemitmicrowaves..Thetechniquetheyareproposingisthereverseoftheprocessinmedicalmagnetic-resonanceimaging.InMRI,thepatientisplacedinastrongmagneticfieldthatcausessomeofhisbodyatomicnuclei,whichactliketinymagnetizedspinningtops,toalignthemselveswiththefield.Thenucleiarethenzappedbrieflywithasecondmagneticfieldthatknocksthemoutofalignmentwiththefirstone.Thecoilsinthescanningapparatusdetectthesemagneticchanges,whichareusedtobuildupamapofthepartofthebodybeingexamined.Afterafewseconds,thenucleithemselveswiththefield,radiatingsmallamountsofenergyasheator,morerarely,asradiowaves.Inchips,DrNogaretproposestousethespinoftheelectronratherthanthespinoftheatomicnucleus.Electronsflowingthroughthechipwould“see”amagneticfieldthatflipsfromonedirectiontotheoppositeeveryfewhundrednanometres(billionthsofametre).ThisistheequivalentofzappingtothestationaryobjectwithanoscillatingmagneticfieldofthesortusedinMRI.Thechangingmagneticfieldwouldforcetheelectronstooscillate,too,butwouldnotallowthemtoradiateheat.Asaresult,theywouldbeforcedtoemitradiowaves—or,rather,microwaves,whicharesimilarbutofshorterwavelength.6.單選題Coralreefsareoneofthemostfragile,biologicallycomplex,anddiversemarineecosystemonEarth.Thisecosystemisoneofthefascinatingparadoxesofthebiosphere:howdoclearandthusnutrient-poorwaterssupportsuchprolificandproductivecommunities?Partoftheanswerlieswithinthetissuesofthecoralsthemselves.Symbioticcellsofalgaeknownaszoozanthellaecarryoutphotosynthesisusingthemetabolicwastesofthecoraltherebyproducingfoodforthemselves,fortheircorals,hosts,andevenforothermembersofthereefcommunity.Thissymbioticprocessallowsorganismsinthereefcommunitytousesparsenutrientresourceefficiently.Unfortunatelyforcoralreefs,however,avarietyofhumanactivitiesarecausingworldwidedegradationofshallowmarinehabitatsbyaddingnutrientstothewater.Agriculture,slashandbumlandclearing,sewagedisposalandmanufacturingthatcreateswasteby-productsallincreasenutrientloadsinthesewaters.Typicalsymptomsofreefdeclinearedestabilizedherbivorepopulationsandanincreasingabundanceofalgaeandfilter-feedinganimals.Declinesinreefcommunitiesareconsistentwithobservationsthatnutrientinputisincreasingindirectproportiontogrowinghumanpopulations,therebythreateningreefcommunitiessensitivetosubtlechangesinnutrientinputtotheirwaters.1.Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith（

）.2.Thepassagesuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutcoralreefcommunities?3.Theauthorrefersto“filter-feedinganimals”(line17)inorderto（

）.4.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisafactorthatisthreateningthesurvivalofcoralreefcommunities?5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthordescribescoralreefcommunitiesasparadoxicalmostlikelyforwhichofthefollowingreasons?問題1選項A.describingtheeffectsofhumanactivitiesonalgaeincoralreefsB.explaininghowhumanactivitiesareposingathreattocoralreefcommunitiesC.discussingtheprocessbywhichcoralreefsdeteriorateinnutrient-poorwatersD.explaininghowcoralreefsproducefoodforthemselves問題2選項A.Coralreefcommunitiesmayactuallybemorelikelytothriveinwatersthatarerelativelylowinnutrients.B.Thenutrientsonwhichcoralcommunitiesthriveareonlyfoundinshallowwaters.C.Humanpopulationgrowthhasledtochangingoceantemperatures,whichthreatenscoralreefcommunities.D.Thegrowthofcoralreefcommunitiestendstodestabilizeunderwaterherbivorepopulations.問題3選項A.provideanexampleofacharacteristicsignofreefdeteriorationB.explainhowreefcommunitiesacquiresustenanceforsurvivalC.identifyafactorthathelpsherbivorepopulationsthriveD.indicateacauseofdecreasingnutrientinputinwatersthatreefsinhabit問題4選項A.Thewaterstheyinhabitcontainfewnutrientresources.B.Adeclineinnutrientinputisdisruptingtheirsymbioticrelationshipwithzooxanthellae.C.Thedegradedwatersoftheirmarinehabitatshavereducedtheirabilitytocarryoutphotosynthesis.D.Wasteby-productsresultinanincreaseinnutrientinputtoreefcommunities.問題5選項A.Theyarethrivingeventhoughhumanactivitieshavedepletedthenutrientsintheirenvironment.B.Theyareabletosurviveinspiteofanover-abundanceofalgaeinhabitingtheirwaters.C.Theyareabletosurviveinanenvironmentwithlimitedfoodresources.D.Theyaredecliningevenwhenthewatersurroundingthemremainsclear.7.翻譯題作為中國歷史上一個文化與智慧迅速擴張的時代，諸子百家始于公元前770年，終于公元前222年。這個時代被譽為中國思想的黃金時期和百家爭鳴的時期，它見證了不同思想學(xué)派的興起。不少起源于這個時代的中國古典著作直到今日對中國人的生活方式和社會意識還有著深遠的影響。這個時代的知識型社會以流動的智者為特征，這些智者被不同國家的君主任用為顧問，針對治國之道、治軍之道和外交手段提出建議。儒家思想可能是對國人生活最具有長遠影響的本體思想。它還被稱為學(xué)者學(xué)派，其文學(xué)遺產(chǎn)存在于儒家典籍中，這些典籍為傳統(tǒng)社會奠定了基礎(chǔ)，這種思想的代表人物是孔子，他主張君主以仁治國。孟子是孔子的弟子，他為儒家思想中人道的傳播做出了主要貢獻，宣揚“人性本善”。中國同樣見證了國學(xué)思想中第二主要的流派——道家思想的發(fā)展。它由傳說中的圣人老子和莊子所構(gòu)建。道家思想的核心在于自然境界中的個人而不是社會中的個人。根據(jù)道家思想，每個人的生活目標應(yīng)該是調(diào)整自我來適應(yīng)自然世界的節(jié)奏，順應(yīng)宇宙的模式，和諧生活?？偠灾?，“百家爭鳴”的景象出現(xiàn)在2500年前的春秋時期和2200年前的戰(zhàn)國時期，2400年前，諸子百家的出現(xiàn)以及他們的倡導(dǎo)者老子和孔子都在世界哲學(xué)史的發(fā)展過程中占據(jù)了重要地位。8.翻譯題與群眾不同，知識分子喜歡推理，對事實感興趣。他們思想上批判的習(xí)性，使他們成為那種很能蠱惑大多數(shù)人的宣傳的抵制者。知識分子是那種重證據(jù)，厭惡不合乎邏輯和謬論的人。他們把過于簡單化看作是思想上犯錯誤的根源，他們不喜歡口號、絕對肯定和總的概括，而這些恰恰是宣傳家慣用的手法。在這個人口加速過度增長，組織加速過度膨脹，以及出現(xiàn)了更為有效的廣泛宣傳工具的時代里，我們?nèi)绾文鼙４鎮(zhèn)€性的完整，又如何能再堅持個人的價值呢？這是一個至今可提出并可能得到較好的回答的問題。再過一代，尋找答案可能為時已晚，而在那個未來的令人窒息的集體風(fēng)氣中，可能壓根就想不起提出這樣的問題了。9.翻譯題我們的大多數(shù)感覺都是被動式的。以聽覺和視覺為例，我們只是簡單地接受和分析聲音或光線。然而，觸覺則有所不同：我們用雙手主動地去探索和改變現(xiàn)實，因此我們在采集信息時的活動同樣也可以改變世界…例如用一塊粘土塑?；虬磩幽硞€按鈕。在提供人與人之間的直接接觸中，觸覺傳遞情感沖擊；在提供人與世界的直接接觸中，觸覺成為現(xiàn)實的確切標志，正如：“掐我一下我是在做夢嗎？”10.單選題Abouttwiceeverycentury,oneofthemassivestarsinourgalaxyblowsitselfapartinasupernovaexplosionthatsendsmassivequantitiesofradiationandmatterintospaceandgeneratesshockwavesthatsweepthroughthearmsofthegalaxy.Theshockwavesheattheinterstellargas,evaporatesmallclouds,andcompresslargeronestothepointatwhichtheycollapseundertheirowngravitytoformnewstars.Thegeneralpicturethathasbeendevelopedforthesupernovaexplosionanditsaftermathgoessomethinglikethis.Throughoutitsevolution,astarismuchlikealeakyballoon.Itkeepsitsequilibriumfigurethroughabalanceofinternalpressureagainstthetendencytocollapseunderitsownweight.Thepressureisgeneratedbynuclearreactionsinthecoreofthestarwhichmustcontinuallysupplyenergytobalancetheenergythatleaksoutintheformofradiation.Eventuallythenuclearfuelisexhausted,andthepressuredropsinthecore.Withnothingtoholditup,thematterinthecenterofthestarcollapsesinward,creatinghigherandhigherdensitiesandtemperatures,untilthenucleiandelectronsarefusedintoasuper-denselumpofmatterknownasaneutronstar.Astheoverlyinglayersraindownonthesurfaceoftheneutronstar,thetemperaturerises,untilwithablindingflashofradiation,thecollapseisreversed.Athermonuclearshockwaverunsthroughthenowexpandingstellarenvelope,fusinglighterelementsintoheavieronesandproducingabrilliantvisualoutburstthatcanbeasintenseasthelightof10billionsuns.Theshellofmatterthrownoffbytheexplosionplowsthroughthesurroundinggas,producinganexpandingbubbleofhotgas,withgastemperaturesinthemillionsofdegrees.ThisgaswillemitmostofitsenergyatX-raywavelengths,soitisnotsurprisingthatX-rayobservatorieshaveprovidedsomeofthemostusefulinsightsintothenatureofthesupernovaphenomenon.MorethantwentysupernovaremnantshavenowbeendetectedinX-raystudies.Recentdiscoveriesofmeteoriteswithanomalousconcentrationsofcertainisotopesindicatethatasupernovamighthaveprecipitatedthebirthofoursolarsystemmorethanfourandahalfbillionyearsago.AlthoughthecloudthatcollapsedtoformtheSunandtheplanetswascomposedprimarilyofhydrogenandhelium,italsocontainedcarbon,nitrogen,andoxygen,elementsessentialforlifeasweknowit.Elementsheavierthanheliumaremanufactureddeepintheinteriorofstarsandwould,forthemostpart,remainthereifitwerenotforthecataclysmicsupernovaexplosionsthatblowgiantstarsapart.Additionally,supernovasproducecloudsofhigh-energyparticlescalledcosmicrays.Thesehigh-energyparticlescontinuallybombardtheEarthandareresponsibleformanyofthegeneticmutationsthatarethedrivingforceoftheevolutionofspecies.1.Whichofthefollowingtitlesbestdescribesthecontentofthepassage?2.Accordingtothepassageaneutronstaris（

）.3.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatthemeteoritesmentionedbytheauthorinPara.3（

）.4.Accordingtothepassagewhatisthefirsteventinthesequencethatleadstotheoccurrenceofasupernova?5.Theauthorimpliesthat（

）.問題1選項A.TheOriginsandEffectsofSupernovasB.ViolentChangeintheUniverseC.TheAftermathofaSupernovaD.TheOriginsandEvolutionofLifeonEarth問題2選項A.agaseouscloudcontainingheavyelementsB.anintermediatestagebetweenanordinarystarandasupernovaC.thecoreofanordinarystarthathousesthethermonuclearreactionsD.oneofbillionsofmeteorsthatarescatteredacrossthegalaxybyasupernova問題3選項A.containdangerousconcentrationsofradioactivematerialsB.arelargerthanthemeteorsnormallyfoundinasolarsystemlikeoursC.containpiecesofasupernovathatoccurredseveralbillionyearsagoD.includematerialnotcreatedinthenormaldevelopmentofoursolarsystem問題4選項A.AnordinarystarbeginstoemittremendousquantitiesofX-rays.B.Animbalancebetweenlightandheavyelementscausesanordinarystartocollapse.C.Acloudofinterstellargasrichincarbon,nitrogen,andoxygen,collapsestoformaneutronsstar.D.Anordinarystarexhaustsitssupplyofnuclearfuelandbeginstocollapse.問題5選項A.lifeonEarthisendangeredbyitsconstantexposuretoradiationforcesthatarereleasedbyasupernovaB.lighterelementsareformedfromheavierelementsduringasupernovaastheheavierelementsaretomapartC.itissometimeseasiertodetectsupernovasbyobservationoftheX-rayspectrumthanbyobservationofvisiblewavelengthsoflightD.recentlydiscoveredmeteoritesindicatethatEarthandotherplanetsofoursolarsystemsurvivedtheexplosionofasupernovaseveralbillionyearsago11.翻譯題TherisingpopularityoftextmessagingonmobilephonesposesathreattowritingstandardsamongIrishschoolchildren,anIrisheducationcommissionsays.Thefrequencyoferrorsingrammarandpunctuationhasbecomeaseriousconcern,theStateExaminationCommissionsaidinareportafterreviewinglastyear’sexamperformanceby15-year-olds."Theemergenceofthemobilephoneandtheriseoftextmessagingasapopularmeansofcommunicationwouldappeartohaveimpactedonstandardsofwritingasevidencedintheresponsesofcandidates,"thereportsaid,accordingtoWednesday'sIrishTimes."Textmessaging,withitsuseofphoneticspellingandlittleornopunctuation,seemstoposeathreattotraditionalconventionsinwriting."Thereportlamentsthat,inmanycases,candidatesseemed"undulyreliantonshortsentences,simpletenseandalimitedvocabulary."In2003,Irish15-year-oldswereamongthetop10performersinaninternationalleaguetableofliteracystandardscompiledbytheOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.12.翻譯題當中國成為世界上最大的經(jīng)濟體時，我們會有什么感受？答案不用多久就會揭曉。幾周前國際貨幣基金組織發(fā)布一項報告指出，中國將會在五年內(nèi)成為世界第一大經(jīng)濟體。隨著中國日益崛起成為超級經(jīng)濟大國，一國的財富與個人財富的聯(lián)系正在被打破。中國既比西方國家富有，也比西方國家貧窮，它坐擁3萬億美元的外匯儲備，然而如果按當前匯率來計算，美國的人均財力是中國的十倍。美國社會的相對富裕正是中國成為世界最大經(jīng)濟體之時卻不能成為世界最強國的原因之一。人們習(xí)慣性地把美國當成是世界唯一超級大國，這也讓美國的世界政治主導(dǎo)地位比其經(jīng)濟地位更加長久。美國在世界各大機構(gòu)中都有根深蒂固的地位。有一個很重要的事實是，聯(lián)合國，國際貨幣基金組織以及世界銀行均坐落于美國。中國由于經(jīng)濟實力的崛起而引發(fā)的政治問題，其鄰國的感受最為強烈。日本、南韓和澳大利亞發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的經(jīng)濟和戰(zhàn)略利益正在日益分歧，這三個國家都與中國有非常重要的經(jīng)濟聯(lián)系，同時它們與美國也有相當重要的軍事聯(lián)系。但是隨著時間的推移，中國的不斷增長的經(jīng)濟力量將會變得越來越舉足輕重。13.翻譯題Contemporarypublicexpendituremanagement(PEM)isinterestedintheprocessofbudgetingprimarilybecauseproceduralrulesstronglyinfluenceexpenditureoutcomes.PEMtakesthepositionthattheserulesaffectthreeimportantoutcomes:thetotalamountspent,thecompositionofexpenditure,andtheefficiencyofgovernmentoperations.PEMseeksproceduresthatincreasetheprobabilityofachievingpreferredoutcomes.Thekeyaspectsofbudgetingaffectingexpenditureoutcomesareinstitutionalarrangements,thetypesofinformationavailableformakingandenforcingexpendituredecisions,theincentivesprovidedforspendersandcontrollerstobehaveinwaysthatpromotedesiredoutcomes,theissuanceandimplementationofsubstantivebudgerules.TheseelementsofPEMareappliedtothethreebasicobjectivesofmodempublicexpendituremanagement:tostrengthenaggregatefiscaldiscipline,toallocatepublicresourcesinaccordwithstrategicpriorities,andtopromotetheefficientprovisionofservices.Fiscaldisciplinerequireseffectivecontrolofbudgetaggregates:totalrevenueandspendingandthebalancebetweenthesetotals.Whenaggregatecontroliseffective,theseoutcomesaredisciplined;theyresultfromexplicit,enforceddecisionsontheaggregatesbygovernment.Theyarenotmerelythesumofpowerfuldemandsonthebudget.PEMalsoseeksallocativeefficiency.Allocativeefficiencydependsonthecapacitytoshiftresourcesfromoldprogramstonewonesandfromlesstomoreproductiveuses,incorrespondencewithchangingpublicpolicyobjectives.Finally,PEMseeksefficiencyinadministrativeoperations,theprogressivereduction,throughproductivitygains,intherunningcostofgovernmentagenciesandintheunitcostofservices.14.單選題Humanrelationshavecommandedpeople’sattentionfromearlytimes.Thewaysofpeoplehavebeenrecordedininnumerablemyths,folktales,novels,poems,plays,andpopularorphilosophicalessays.Althoughthefullsignificanceofahumanrelationshipmaynotbedirectlyevident;thecomplexityoffeelingsandactionsthatcanbeunderstoodataglanceissurprisinglygreat.Forthisreasonpsychologyholdsauniquepositionamongthesciences.“Intuitive”knowledgemayberemarkablypenetratingandcansignificantlyhelpusunderstandhumanbehavior:whereasinthephysicalsciencessuchcommonsenseknowledgeisrelativelyprimitive.Ifweerasedallknowledgeofscientificphysicsfromourmodemworld,notonlywouldwenothavecarsandtelevisionsets,wemightevenfindthattheordinarypersonwasunabletocopewiththefundamentalmechanicalproblemofpulleysandlevers.Ontheotherhand,ifweremovedallknowledgeofscientificpsychologyfromourworld,problemsininterpersonalrelationmighteasilybecopedwithandsolvedmuchasbefore.Wewouldstill“know”howtoavoiddoingsomethingaskedofusandhowtogetsomeonetoagreewithus;wewouldstill“know”whensomeonewasangryandwhensomeonewaspleased.Onecouldevenoffersensibleexplanationsforthe“whys”ofmuchoftheself’sbehaviorandfeelings.Inotherwords,theordinarypersonhasagreatandprofoundunderstandingoftheselfandofotherpeoplewhich,thoughunformulatedoronlyvaguelyconceived,enablesonetointeractwithothersinmoreorlessadaptiveways.Kohlerinreferringtothelackofgreatdiscoveriesinpsychologyascomparedwithphysics,accountsforthisbysayingthat“people”wereacquaintedwithpracticallyallterritoriesofmentallifealongtimebeforethefoundingofscientificpsychology.Paradoxically,withallthisnatural,intuitive,commonsensecapacitytograsphumanrelation,thescienceofhumanrelationshasbeenoneofthelasttodevelop.Differentexplanationsofthisparadoxhavebeensuggested.Oneisthatsciencewoulddestroythevainandpleasingillusionspeoplehaveaboutthemselves,butwemightaskwhypeoplehavealwayslovedtoreadpessimistic,debunkingwritings.FromEcclesiastestoFreud,ithasalsobeenproposedthatjustbecauseweknowsomuchaboutpeopleintuitively,therehasbeenlessincentiveforstudyingthemscientifically,whyshouldonedevelopatheorycarryoutsystematicobservations,ormakepredictionsabouttheobvious?Inanycase,thefieldofhumanrelations,withitsvastliterarydocumentationbutmeagerscientifictreatmentisingreatcontrasttothefieldofphysicsinwhichtherearerelativelyfewnonscientificbooks.1.Accordingtothepassage,ithasbeensuggestedthatthescienceofhumanrelationswasslowtodevelopbecause（

）.2.Theauthor’statementthat“psychologyholdsauniquepositionamongthesciences”issupportedbywhichofthefollowingclaimsinthepassage?3.Accordingtothepassage,anunderstandingoftheselfcanbe（

）.4.Theauthorreferstopeoplewhoareattractedto“pessimisticdebunkingwritings”inordertosupportwhichofthefollowingideas?5.Itcanbeinferredthattheauthorassumesthatcommonsenseknowledgeofhumrelationsis（

）問題1選項A.intuitiveknowledgeofhumanrelationsisderivedfromphilosophyB.earlyscientistweremoreinterestedinthephysicalworldC.scientificstudiesofhumanrelationsappeartoinvestigatebeobviousD.thescientificmethodisdifficulttoapplytothestudyofhumanrelations問題2選項A.ThefullmeaningofahumanrelationshipmaynotbeobviousB.CommonsenseunderstandingofhumanrelationscanbeincisiveC.Intuitiveknowledgeinthephysicalsciencesisrelativelyadvanced.D.Subjectivebiasisdifficulttocontrolinpsychologicalresearch.問題3選項A.highlybiasedduetounconsciousfactorsB.profoundevenwhenvaguelyconceivedC.improvedbyspecializedtrainingD.irrelevantforunderstandinghumanrelations問題4選項A.Interestingbooksabouthumanrelationsaretypicallypessimistic.B.Peopletendtoignorescientificexplanationsofhumanrelations.C.Peoplerarelyholdpleasingillusionsaboutthemselves.D.Ascientificapproachtohumanrelationswouldunderminet