翻譯講義深探考研英語(yǔ)強(qiáng)化課程

講（所附參考譯文，僅做全文理解參考所用。具體劃線句子的準(zhǔn)確譯文，請(qǐng)認(rèn)真聽(tīng)講、記好筆記。1998體物理學(xué)（典型理科類Theywerebyfar,thelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientisthadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudssome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71)Butevenmoreimportant,itwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepast,forwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration?sCosmicBackgroundExplorersa lite-CobehaddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasdiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathaseknownastheBigBang(thetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy).72)TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBang,firstputforwardinthe1920s,tomaintainitsreignasthedominant nationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheory,theuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopic,unimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirections,emittingradiationasitwent,condensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyears,thegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxies, ntsandeventually,evenhumans.Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructures,butastronomersworldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswell,theseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn'thavelongtowait.73)AstrophysicistsworkingSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingsIfthesmallhotspotslookasexpected,thatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificidea,arefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatveryearlyon,theuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrilliontrilliontrilliontrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecond,propelledbyasortofantigravity.75)Oddthoughitsounds,cosmicinflationisascientificallyusibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysics,andmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitis參考譯迄今為止，科學(xué)家所發(fā)現(xiàn)的最大、最遙遠(yuǎn)的物體是：離地球大約150億光年的一塊狹長(zhǎng)的巨大宇宙云系。（71）更為重要的是，這是科學(xué)家令人驚訝，又在人們的意料之中：國(guó)家航空航天Cobe號(hào)（宇宙背景探測(cè)器）已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)了劃時(shí)代的，表明宇宙確實(shí)于最早的一次爆炸，人們稱之為"大"（此理論認(rèn)為宇宙于一大塊能量的。設(shè)計(jì) 就是要觀察這些最大的物體結(jié)構(gòu)，但宇航員還想看到更小的熱點(diǎn)，即，像星系中的星團(tuán)和超星團(tuán)這樣一些局部物體的粒子?？此麄儾槐氐却荛L(zhǎng)時(shí)間7天體物理學(xué)家使用南極陸基探測(cè)器和球載儀器正在越來(lái)越近地觀測(cè)這些不久會(huì)報(bào)告他們的觀測(cè)結(jié) 75）2000年與經(jīng)濟(jì)（文理科搭配ernmentsthroughouttheworldactontheassumptionthatthewelfareoftheirpeopledependslargelyoneconomicstrengthandwealthofthecommunity.71)Undermodernconditions,thisrequiresvaryingmeasuresofcentralizedcontrolandhencethehelpofspecializedscientistssuchaseconomistsandoperationalresearchexperts.Furthermoreitisobviousthatthestrengthofacountry'seconomyisdirectlyboundupwiththeefficiencyofitsagricultureandindustry,andthatthisinturnrestsupontheeffortsofscientistsandtechnologistsofallkinds.Italsomeansthaternmentsareincreasinglycompelledtointerfereinthesesectorsinordertostepupproductionandensurethatitisutilizedtothebestadvantage.Forexample,theymayencourageresearchinvariousways,includingthesettingupoftheirownresearchcenters;theymayalterthestructureofeducation,orinterfereinordertoreducethewastageofnaturalresourcesortapresourceshithertounexploited;ortheymayco-operatedirectlyinthegrowingnumberofinternationalprojectsrelatedtoscience,economicsandindustry.Inanycase,allsuchinterventionsareheavilydependentofscientificadviceandalsoscientificandtechnologicalmanpowerofallkinds.Owingtotheremarkabledevelopmentinmunications,peopleeverywherearefeelingnewwantsandarebeingexposedtonewcustomsandideas,whileernmentsareoften dtointroducestillfurtherinnovationsforthereasonsgivenabove.Atthesametime,thenormalrateofsocialchangethroughouttheworldistakingceatavastlyacceleratedspeedcomparedwiththepast.Forexample,74)intheearlyindustrializedcountriesofEuropetheprocessofindustrialization-withallthefar-reachingchangesinsocialpatternsthatfollowedwasspreadovernearlyacentury,whereasnowadaysadevelonationmayundergothesameprocessinadecadeorso.AllthishastheeffectofbuildingupunusualpressuresandtensionswithinthecommunityandconsequentlypresentsseriousproblemsfortheernmentsAdditionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements---themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.Asaresultofallthesefactors, ernmentsareingincreasinglydependentonbiologistsandsocialscientistsfor nningtheappropriateprogramsandputtingthemintoeffect.世界各國(guó)的行為都基于一個(gè)假設(shè)，即，本國(guó)人民的福利主要依賴于該國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力和社會(huì)。（71）在現(xiàn)代條件下，這需要程度其工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)效率密切相關(guān)，而效率的提高則又有賴于各種科技人員的努力。這也就意味著被迫越來(lái)越多地干預(yù)這些門，以便提高生產(chǎn)率，確保產(chǎn)品的消費(fèi)發(fā)揮最佳效益。例如，可能利用各種方法鼓勵(lì)研究工作，包括建立自己的；可以改變教育結(jié)構(gòu)，或進(jìn)行干預(yù)，以便減少自然資源的浪費(fèi)，開發(fā)尚未利用的資源；或者在日益增多的科學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)和工業(yè)項(xiàng)目中直接（73）大眾通訊的顯著發(fā)展使各地的人們不斷感到有新的需求，不斷接觸到新的習(xí)俗和思想。由于上述原因，常常得推出的程以及隨之而來(lái)的各種深刻的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)，持續(xù)了大約一個(gè)世紀(jì)之久，而如今一個(gè)發(fā)展中國(guó)家在十年左右就可能完成這個(gè)過(guò)程。這一切帶來(lái)的就是，在社會(huì)內(nèi)部營(yíng)造了異乎尋常的壓力和緊張氣氛，從而給有關(guān)帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)重問(wèn)題需要處理。（75）由于人口的猛增或人口的大量流動(dòng)(現(xiàn)代交通工具使這種流動(dòng)相對(duì)容易)造成的種種問(wèn)題也會(huì)對(duì)社會(huì)造成新的壓力。目前，以上所有這些因素產(chǎn)生的就是，各國(guó)為了制2001年未來(lái)學(xué)（文理科搭配）（評(píng)分細(xì)則解釋Inlessthan30years?timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain?snervoussystemacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironments,allowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotal71）Therewillbeevisionchatshowshostedbyrobots,andcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72）Childrenwillywithdollsequippedwith alitychips,computerswithin-built willberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmellevision,anddigitalagewillhaveAccordingtoBT?sfuturologist,IanPearson,theseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillennium（aperiodof1,000years）,whenputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasof73）Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsofkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakece.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicine,includinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040.Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.“Bylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystem,computerscouldpickupwhatwefeeland,hopefully,simulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironments,ratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeck,”hesays.74）Butthat,Pearsonpointsout,isonlythestartofman-machineintegration:“ItwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimayleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendthenextThroughhisresearch,Pearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.However,therearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-than-lighttravelwillbeavailable,orwhenhumancloningwillbeperfected,orwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswill,forexample,causeproblems2010,whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75）Andhomeapplianceswillalsoesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.擬環(huán)境，使《全部回憶》中展示的虛擬假期成為可能。（71）屆時(shí)，將會(huì)出現(xiàn)由機(jī)器人主持的電視談話和裝有污染器的汽車。一旦這些汽車排污（），器就會(huì)使其停駛。（72）兒童將與裝有個(gè)性化的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有個(gè)性內(nèi)置的計(jì)算機(jī)將被視為工作伙伴而不是工具，人們將在氣味電視機(jī)前BT的未來(lái)學(xué)家亞恩做出的預(yù)見(jiàn)，這些都屬于新世紀(jì)頭幾十年發(fā)展計(jì)劃之列，屆時(shí)，超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)將急劇加速各個(gè)生活領(lǐng)域的（73）匯集世界各地?cái)?shù)百位研究人員的成果，編制了一個(gè)獨(dú)特的新技術(shù)千年歷，它列出了人們有望看到數(shù)百項(xiàng)重大突破和發(fā)現(xiàn)2024年之間陸續(xù)實(shí)現(xiàn)。還，在計(jì)算機(jī)與人的連接上會(huì)有一個(gè)重大突破。他說(shuō)：“們希望，它可以模仿感覺(jué)，這樣，我們就能夠發(fā)展全方位感知環(huán)境，就像 《全部回憶》中的虛擬假期或特列克星號(hào)上的全息艙面。”（74）但 ，這個(gè)突破僅僅是人機(jī) 的開始：“它是人機(jī) 漫長(zhǎng) 的第一步，最終會(huì)使人們?cè)谙率兰o(jì)末之就研制出完全電子化的仿 ?！? 以進(jìn)行時(shí)間旅行，卻依然沒(méi)有預(yù)見(jiàn)。但他的確預(yù)見(jiàn)技術(shù)進(jìn)步引起的社會(huì)問(wèn)題。比如，到2010年，住宅區(qū)附近監(jiān)視器數(shù)量的劇增將 2003年人類學(xué)（典型文科類Humanbeingsinalltimesandcesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirceinit.Humansarethoughtfulcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)Furthermore,humanshavetheabilitytomodifytheenvironmentinwhichtheylive,thussubjectingallotherlifeformstotheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheirrichnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledgeresultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselvesandwithallotherlifeformsonthisnetEarth.“Anthropology”derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos“human”andlogos“thestudyof.”Byitsveryname,anthropologypassesthestudyofallhumankind.Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,andsociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularlyclosetoanthropology.Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-studyorienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinysis.(63)Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwitha broughttotheysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.Anthropologicalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor?sformulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatinlectualachievementsof19thcenturyscience.(64)Tylordefinedcultureas“…thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberofsociety.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupentirelynewwayofperceivingandunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylor?sdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureislearned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.(65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”,liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isan conceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.參考譯 “Anthropology”一 人類學(xué)屬于社會(huì)科學(xué)。(62)社會(huì)科學(xué)是知識(shí)探索的一個(gè)分支，它試圖像自然科學(xué)家研究自然現(xiàn)象那樣，用理性的、有序的、系統(tǒng)的和冷靜的方去研究人類及其行為社會(huì)科學(xué)包括地理學(xué)、經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、政治學(xué)、心理學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)等學(xué)科。社會(huì)學(xué)的每一學(xué)科都包含一門與人類學(xué)密切相關(guān)的副學(xué)科或?qū)I(yè) 爵士對(duì)文化理念的表述是19世紀(jì)科學(xué)所取得的重大知識(shí)成就之一。(64) (65)因此，人類學(xué)中的“文化模擬題（請(qǐng)認(rèn)真聽(tīng)講，做好筆記。無(wú)配送的參考譯文，請(qǐng)以老師課程講解為準(zhǔn)Istheworldheadedforafoodcrisis?,MexicoandYemenhaveseenfoodriotsthisyear.What'sthecausefortheseshortagesandpricehikes?Expensiveoil,forthemostpart.TheUnitedNationsFoodandAgriculturalOrganization(FAO)reportedlastweekthat,atnearly$100abarrel,thepriceofoilhassentthecostoffoodimportsskyingthisyear.Addinescalatingcr