2023年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學考試歷年高頻考點真題薈萃帶答案

2023年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學考試歷年高頻考點真題薈萃帶答案第1卷一.綜合題(共25題)1.翻譯題TWOnuclearbombsareamongmanycuriousmachineswhichtheScienceMuseumstoresatanoldairfieldinWiltshire.AnearlyhovercraftstandswithafleetofsubmersiblesandatruckthatonceroamedtheAntarctic.Nowanewacquisitionisontheway.Aroundtherunwayworkersarepreparingtolayout155,000solarpanels—atabout170acres,oneofthebiggestsolarfarmsinBritain.ThoughBritain’shillsidesarepepperedwithwindturbines,solarpanelsproducelessthanhalfofonepercentofitspower.RacingtohitaEuropeantargetthatrequiresittogenerate30%ofitselectricityfromrenewablesourcesby2020,thegovernmentwantsalotmore.GregoryBarker,anenergyminister,saysthesolarindustrycouldexpandsixfoldwithinadecade.Laidontheground,thatmanypanelswouldfillanareaofabout150squaremiles.Fieldsfullofsolarpanelsarelessobtrusivethanhillsideturbines,andsimplertoinstall.Whereasoppositiontowindpowerismounting,about85%ofBritonsbacknewsolarprojects.Bigarraysmayevenencouragesomekindsofwildlife,forexamplebyshelteringground-nestingbirds.Itisalsogettingcheaper.Thecostofinstallingsolarpanelshasfallenbyhalfsince2010duetoheavydeploymentinGermanyandelsewhere.WeakBritishsunlightmakesenergyfromsolarfarmsabout25%moreexpensivethanfromonshorewindturbines—andmorethantwicethewholesalepriceofpower—butthegovernmentexpectsa20%reductionby2020.Solarcompaniessayministersmustdomore.Planners,fearingeyesores,aregrowinglessco-operative(complaintsfromruralcampaignersareholdinguptheScienceMuseum’sarray).Gridconnectionsaregettingmoreexpensiveasdeveloperschoosesiteseverfartherfrombigtowns.Yetcautioniswise,fortworeasons.First,heftyinvestmentinsunniercountriesmeansthepriceofpanelswillkeepfallingwithoutmuchhelpfromBritishtaxpayers;governmentcashmightgomuchfurtherinayearortwo.Second,thepriceofsolarpanelsreflectsonlypartofthetechnology’scosts.Panelsproduceverylittlepowerduringwinter;insummertheycangeneratetoomuch.TheNationalGrid,whichmanagesBritain’spower-transmissionnetwork,saysthatabigsolarprogrammewouldmeanfindingextracashtomitigatetheseswingsinsupply.Apreponderanceofpanelsisalreadymakingitdifficulttobuildmorefarmsinthesunnysouth-west.IfBritainisseriousabouthittingitslegally-bindingtargetforrenewablegeneration,moresolarseemsinevitable.Buttheroofsofoffices,factoriesandwarehousesarethebestplacesforit.Puttingpanelstherelowersenergybillsforbusinesseswhileplacinglessstrainonlocalgrids.Thatseemsabrighteridea.2.翻譯題Ithinkthat,fromabiologicalstandpoint,humanlifealmostreadslikeapoem.Ithasitsownrhythmandbeat,itsinternalcyclesofgrowthanddecay.Itbeginswithinnocentchildhood,followedbyawkwardadolescencetryingawkwardlytoadaptitselftomaturesociety,withitsyoungpassionsandfollies,itsidealsandambitions;thenitreachesamanhoodofintenseactivities,profitingfromexperienceandlearningmoreaboutsocietyandhumannature;atmiddleage,thereisaslighteasingoftension,amellowingofcharacterliketheripeningoffruitorthemellowingofgoodwine,andthegradualacquiringofamoretolerant,morecynicalandatthesametimeakindlierviewoflife;theninthesunsetofourlife,theendocrineglandsdecreasetheiractivity,andifwehaveatruephilosophyofoldageandhaveorderedourlifepatternaccordingtoit,itisforustheageofpeaceandsecurityandleisureandcontentment;finally,lifeflickersoutandonegoesintoeternalsleepnevertowakeupagain.Oneshouldbeabletosetthebeautyofthisrhythmoflife,toappreciate,aswedoingrandsymphonies,itsmaintheme,itsstrainsofconflictandthefinalresolution.Themovementsofthesecyclesareverymuchthesameinanormallife,buttherelicmustbeprovidedbytheindividualhimself.3.翻譯題Whatisthebestexercisetocontrolhighbloodpressure?Takeyourpick,asthebestexercisetocontrolhighbloodpressureseemstobevirtuallyanyexercise,likewalkingorcyclingorlightweighttraining,especiallyifyourworkoutsarespreadthroughouttheday.“Evenstandingmightwork,”saysGlennGaesser,thedirectoroftheHealthyLifestylesResearchCenteratArizonaStateUniversityandanexpertonexerciseandhypertension.Exerciselowersbloodpressureinlargepartbyalteringbloodvesselstiffnesssobloodflowsmorefreely.Thiseffectoccursduringandimmediatelyafteraworkout,sotheblood-pressurebenefitsfromexercisearemostpronouncedrightafter,youworkout.Asaresult,thebestwaytofighthypertensionmaybetodivvyupyourworkoutintobite-sizepieces.Ina2012studybyDr.Gaesser,three10-minutewalksspreadthroughoutthedaywerebetteratpreventingsubsequentspikesinbloodpressure—whichcanindicateworseningbloodpressurecontrol—thanone30-minutewalk.Andifevena10-minutewalksoundsdaunting,trystandingmoreoften.InanotherstudyledbyDr.GaesserandpublishedinAugust,overweightvolunteerswithbloodpressureproblemswereaskedtositcontinuouslyduringaneight-hourworkdaywhiletheirbloodpressurewasmonitored.Thereadingswere,asexpected,unhealthy.Butwhen,duringanotherworkday,thosevolunteersstoodupeveryhourforatleast10minutes,theirbloodpressurereadingsimprovedsubstantially.Thereadingswereevenbetterwhen,onadditionalworkdays,thevolunteersstrolledatapokey1-mile-per-hourpaceattreadmilldesksforatleast10minuteseveryhourorpedaledunder-deskexercisebikesforthesamenumberofminuteseveryhour.“Exerciseintensitydoesnotappeartoplayanysignificantrole”inhelpingpeoplecontrolbloodpressure,Dr.Gaessersays.Movementiswhatmatters.Sogoforastrollafewtimesduringthedayorsimplystandupmoreoftentodevelophealthierbloodpressure.4.翻譯題無比強大的科技很快就將完全改變我們的生活。這可能會產(chǎn)生危險的后果，尤其是因為我們可能不懂背后的基礎科學。我們的科技能力和對科學的基本理解之間的差距愈發(fā)加大。我們借助于未來科技可以從事非常巧妙的事情，而不必理解基本的科學，這是很危險的。未來的一百年中特別危險的技術是納米技術、人工智能和生物技術。它們帶來的好處不容置疑，但它們潛在的危險很大。在人工智能領域，到2010年比人腦聰明500億倍的東西原型設計已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)。電影《終結者》（Terminator）中唯一不可能實現(xiàn)的事是人類獲勝。假如你在和比自己聰明得多的技術對抗，你可能不會取勝。我們都聽說過灰色粘質（greygoo）問題，能自我復制的納米技術裝置不停地復制，直到世界淪為黏糊糊的質體（stickygoo）。無疑在生物技術方面，我們真的有個大問題，因為它在與納米技術合流。一旦把納米技術和有機體相結合，就有了納米技術制造的細菌，我們能夠比《星際迷航》中的博格飛船（theBorginStarTrek）旅行得更遠，但那些超人生物體可能對我們并不太友好。我們所處的世界科學與商業(yè)日益結盟。在全球自由貿易體制的環(huán)境中，技術正在發(fā)展，這種體制認為技術的傳播與商業(yè)結合實質上是件好事。我們應該做好準備，迎接圍繞新興技術而展開的前所未有的爭論。5.單選題Australianresearchershavediscoveredelectroreceptors(sensoryorgansdesignedtorespondtoelectricalfields)clusteredatthetipofthespinyanteater’ssnout.Theresearchersmadethisdiscoverybyexposingsmallareasofthesnouttoextremelyweakelectricalfieldsandrecordingthetransmissionofresultingnervousactivitytothebrain.Whileitistruethattactilereceptors,anotherkindofsensoryorganontheanteater’ssnout,canalsorespondtoelectricalstimuli,suchreceptorsdosoonlyinresponsetoelectricalfieldstrengthsabout1,000timesgreaterthanthoseknowntoexciteelectroreceptors.Havingdiscoveredtheelectroreceptor,researchersarenowinvestigatinghowanteatersutilizesuchasophisticatedsensorysystem.Inonebehavioralexperiment,researcherssuccessfullytrainedananteatertodistinguishbetweentwotroughsofwater,onewithaweakelectricalfieldandtheotherwithnone.Suchevidenceisconsistentwithresearcher’shypothesisthatanteatersuseelectroreceptortodetectelectricalsignalsgivenoffbyprey;however,researchersasyethavebeenunabletodetectelectricalsignalsemanatingfromtermitemounds,wherethefavoritefoodofanteaterslive.Still,researchershaveobservedanteatersbreakingintoanestofantsatanobliqueangleandquicklylocatingnestingchambers.Thisabilityquicklytolocateunseenpreysuggests,accordingtotheresearchers,thattheanteaterswereusingtheirelectroreceptortolocatethenestingchambers.1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisacharacteristicthatdistinguisheselectroreceptorsfromtactilereceptors?2.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheexperimentdescribedinthefirstparagraph?3.Theauthorofthepassagemostprobablydiscussesthefunctionoftatilereceptors(lines6—9)inorderto（

）.4.Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutanteatersfromthebehavioralexperimentmentionedinthesecondparagraph?5.Thepassagesuggeststhattheresearchersmentionedinthesecondparagraphwhoobservedanteatersbreakintoanestofantswouldmostlikelyagreewithwhichofthefollowingstatements?6.Whichofthefollowing,iftrue,wouldmoststrengthenthehypothesismentionedinlines15—16?問題1選項A.Themannerinwhichelectroreceptorsrespondtoelectricalstimuli.B.Thetendencyofelectroreceptorstobefoundinclusters.C.Theunusuallocationsinwhichelectroreceptorsarefoundinmostspecies.D.Theamountofelectricalstimulationrequiredtoexciteelectroreceptors.問題2選項A.Researchershaddifficultyverifyingtheexistenceofelectroreceptorsintheanteaterbecauseelectroreceptorsrespondtosuchanarrowrangeofelectricalfieldstrengths.B.Researchersfoundthatthelevelofnervousactivityintheanteater9sbrainincreaseddramaticallyasthestrengthoftheelectricalstimuluswasincreased.C.Researchersfoundthatsomeareasoftheanteater’ssnoutwerenotsensitivetoaweakelectricalstimulus.D.Researchersfoundthattheanteater’stactilereceptorsweremoreeasilyexcitedbyastrongelectricalstimulusthanweretheelectroreceptors.問題3選項A.eliminateandalternativeexplanationofanteaters’responsetoelectricalstimuliB.highlightatypeofsensoryorganthathasafunctionidenticaltothatofelectroreceptorsC.pointoutaseriouscomplicationittheresearchonelectroreceptorsinanteatersD.suggestthattactilereceptorsassistelectroreceptorsinthedetectionofelectricalsignals問題4選項A.Theyareunabletodistinguishbetweenstimulidetectedbytheirelectroreceptorsandstimulidetectedbytheirtactilereceptors.B.Theyareunabletodistinguishbetweentheelectricalsignalsemanatingfromtermitemoundsandthoseemanatingfromantnests.C.Theycanbetrainedtorecognizeconsistentlythepresenceofaparticularstimulus.D.Theyreactmorereadilytostrongthantoweakstimuli.問題5選項A.Theeventtheyobservedwasatypicalandmaynotreflecttheusualhuntingpracticesofanteaters.B.Itislikelythattheanteaterslocatedtheants’nestingchamberswithouttheassistanceofelectroreceptors.C.Anteaterspossessaverysimplesensorysystemforusinlocatingprey.D.Thespeedwithwhichtheanteaterslocatedtheirpreyisgreaterthanwhatmightbeexpectedonthebasisofchancealone.問題6選項A.Researchersareabletotrainanteaterstobreakintoanundergroundchamberthatisemittingastrongelectricalsignal.B.Researchersareabletodetectaweakelectricalsignalemanatingfromthenestingchamberofanantcolony.C.Anteatersareobservedtakingincreasinglylongeramountsoftimetolocatethenestingchambersofants.D.Anteatersareobservedusingvariousanglestobreakintonestsofants.6.翻譯題Inordertomeettheglobalchallengesintoday’shighlycompetitiveenvironment,afirm’sstrategiccostmanagementprogramsshouldnotrestricttheirattentiontothecoststructureofthefirmorthefirm’scostperformancerelativetothatofotherfirmsand,inparticular,competitors.Therearetwobenefitsthatcanbederivedfromsuchextra-organizationalcostanalysis.Thefirstbenefitisasteadystreamofideasthatcanbeusedtomakeafirmmoreefficientanditsproductsmorecompetitive.Thesebenefitsarederivedfromallaspectsofextra-organizationalcostanalysis,butespeciallyfromproductteardownandparticipationinroundtables.Thesecondbenefitisacomparisonofafirm’sownprogressatbecomingefficientwiththeprogressofotherfirms.7.單選題StudiesoftheWeddellsealinthelaboratoryhavedescribedthephysiologicalmechanismsthatallowthesealtocopewiththeextremeoxygendeprivationthatoccursduringitslongestdives,whichcanextend500metersbelowtheocean’ssurfaceandlastforover70minutes.Recentfieldstudies,however,suggestthatduringmoretypicaldivesinthewild,thisseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorisdifferent.Inthelaboratory,whenthesealdivesbelowthesurfaceofthewaterandstopsbreathing,itsheartbeatsmoreslowly,requiringlessoxygenanditsarteriesbecomeconstricted,ensuringthattheseal’sbloodremainsconcentratednearthoseorgansmostcrucialtoitsabilitytonavigateunderwater.Thesealessentiallyshutsofftheflowofbloodtootherorgans,whicheitherstopfunctioninguntilthesealsurfacesorswitchtoananaerobic(oxygen-independent)metabolism.ThelatterresultsintheproductionoflargeamountsoflacticacidwhichcanadverselyaffectthePHoftheseal’sbloodbutsincetheanaerobicmetabolismoccursonlyinthosetissueswhichhavebeenisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodsupply,thelacticacidisreleasedintotheseal’sbloodonlyafterthesealsurfaces,whenthelungs,liver,andotherorgansquicklycleartheacidfromtheseal’sbloodstream.Recentfieldstudies,however,revealthatondivesinthewild,thesealusuallyheadsdirectlyforitspreyandreturnstothesurfaceinlessthantwentyminutes.Theabsenceofhighlevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sbloodaftersuchdivessuggeststhatduringthen,theseal’sorgansdonotresorttotheanaerobicmetabolismobservedinthelaboratory,butaresuppliedwithoxygenfromtheblood.Theseal’slongerexcursionsunderwater,duringwhichitappearstobeeitherexploringdistantroutesorevadingapredator,doevokethedivingresponseseeninthelaboratory.Butwhydotheseal’slaboratorydivesalwaysevokethisresponse,regardlessoftheirlengthordepth?Somebiologistsspeculatethatbecauseinlaboratorydivesthesealisforciblysubmerged,itdoesnotknowhowlongitwillremainunderwaterandsopreparesfortheworst.1.Thepassageprovidesinformationtosupportwhichofthefollowinggeneralizations?2.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatbydescribingtheWeddellsealaspreparing“fortheworst”lines31—32,biologistsmeanthatit（

）.3.Thepassagesuggeststhatduringlaboratorydives.ThePHoftheWeddellseal’sbloodis（

）4.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainpointofthepassage?notadverselyaffectedbyproductionoflacticacidbecause.5.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingistrueofthelaboratorystudiesmentionedinline1?6.TheauthorciteswhichofthefollowingascharacteristicoftheWeddellseal’sphysiologicalbehaviorduringdivesobservedinthelaboratory?I.Adecreaseintherateatwhichtheseal’sheartbeats.II.Aconstrictionoftheseal’sarteries.III.Adecreaseinthelevelsoflacticacidintheseal’sblood.IV.Atemporaryhaltinthefunctioningofcertainorgans.7.ThepassagesuggeststhatbecauseWeddellsealsareforciblysubmergedduringlaboratorydives,theydowhichofthefollowing?問題1選項A.Observationsofanimals’physiologicalbehaviorinthewildarenotreliableunlessverifiedbylaboratorystudies.B.Itisgenerallylessdifficulttoobservethephysiologicalbehaviorofananimalinthewildthaninthelaboratory.C.Theleveloflacticacidinananimal’sbloodislikelytobehigherwhenitissearchingforpreythanwhenit’sevadingpredators.D.Thephysiologicalbehaviorofanimalsinalaboratorysettingisnotalwaysconsistentwiththeirphysiologicalbehaviorinthewild.問題2選項A.preparestoremainunderwaterfornolongerthantwentyminutesB.exhibitsphysiologicalbehaviorsimilartothatwhichcharacterizesdivesinwhichitheadsdirectlyforitspreyC.exhibitsphysiologicalbehaviorsimilartothatwhichcharacterizesitslongestdivesinthewildD.beginstoexhibitpredatorybehavior問題3選項A.onlythoseorgansthatareessentialtotheseal’sabilitytonavigateunder-waterreverttoananaerobicmechanism.B.thesealtypicallyrevertstoananaerobicmetabolismonlyattheveryendofthediveC.organsthatreverttoananaerobicmetabolismaretemporarilyisolatedfromtheseal’sbloodstreamD.thesealremainssubmergedforonlyshortperiodsoftime問題4選項A.RecentfieldstudieshaveindicatedthatdescriptionsofthephysiologicalbehavioroftheWeddellsealduringlaboratorydivesarenotapplicabletoitsmosttypicaldivesinthewild.B.TheWeddellsealhasdevelopedanumberofuniquemechanismsthatenableittoremainsubmergedatdepthsofupto500metersforupto70minutes.C.TheresultsofrecentfieldstudieshavemadeitnecessaryforbiologiststorevisepreviousperceptionsofhowtheWeddellsealbehavesphysiologicallyduringitslongestdivesinthewild.D.HowtheWeddellsealrespondstooxygendeprivationduringitslongestdivesappearstodependonwhetherthesealissearchingforpreyoravoidingpredatorsduringsuchdives.問題5選項A.TheypresentanoversimplifiedaccountofmechanismsthattheWeddellsealreliesonduringitslongestdivesinthewild.B.TheyprovideevidencethatunderminestheviewthattheWeddellsealreliesonananaerobicmetabolismduringit’sinthewild.C.TheyarebasedontheassumptionthatWeddellsealsrarelyspendmorethantwentyminutesunderwateronatypicaldiveinthewild.D.TheyprovideanaccurateaccountofthephysiologicalbehaviorofWeddellsealsduringthosedivesinthewildinwhichtheyareeitherevadingpredatorsorexploringdistantroutes.問題6選項A.IandIIIonlyB.IandIVonlyC.IIandIIIonlyD.I，II，andIVonly問題7選項A.Exhibitthephysiologicalresponsesthatarecharacteristicofthelongerdivestheyundertakeinthewild.B.Copewithoxygendeprivationlesseffectivelythandoontypicaldivesinthewild.C.Producesmalleramountsoflacticacidthantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.D.Navigatelesseffectivelythantheydoontypicaldivesinthewild.8.翻譯題Whydidhumansevolvetowalkupright?Perhapsbecauseit’sjustplaineasier.Makethat’’energeticallylesscostly,"inscience-speakBipedalism-walkingontwofeet-isoneofthedefiningcharacteristicsofbeinghuman,andscientistshavedebatedforyearshowitcameabout.Inthelatestattempttofindanexplanation,researcherstrainedfivechimpanzeestowalkonatreadmillwhilewearingmasksthatallowedmeasurementoftheiroxygenconsumption.Thechimpsweremeasuredbothwhilewalkinguprightandwhilemovingontheirlegsandknuckles.Thatmeasurementoftheenergyneededtomovearoundwascomparedwithsimilartestsonhumansandtheresultsarepublishedinthisweek’sonlineeditionofProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.Itturnsoutthathumanswalkingontwolegsusesonlyone-quarteroftheenergythatchimpanzeesusewhileknuckle-walkingonfourlimbs.Andthechimps,onaverage,useasmuchenergyusingtwolegsastheydidwhentheyusedallfourlimbs.However,therewasvariabilityamongchimpanzeesinhowmuchenergytheyused,andthisdifferencecorrespondedtotheirdifferencegaitsandanatomy.Wethinkabouttheevolutionofbipedalismasoneoffirsteventsthatledhominids（原始人）downthepathtobeinghuman.9.單選題Competitionforadmissiontothecountry’stopprivateschoolshasalwaysbeentough,butthisyearElisabethrealizedithadreachedanewlevel.Herwake-upcallcamewhenamancalledtheDaltonSchoolinManhattan,whereElisabethisadmissionsdirector,andinquiredabouttheagecutofffortheirkindergartenprogram.Afterprovidingtheinformation,sheaskedabouttheageofhischild.Themanpausedforanuncomfortablylongtimebeforeanswering.“Well,wedon’thaveachildyet.We’retryingtofigureoutwhentoconceiveachildsothebirthdayisnotaproblem.”WorriesarespreadingfromManhattantotherestofthecountry.Precisecurrentdataonprivateschoolsareunavailable,butinterviewswithrepresentativesofindependentschoolsalltoldthesamestory:anoversupplyofapplicants,higherrejectionrates.“Wehavepeoplecallingusforspotstwoyearsdowntheroad,”saidMarilynoftheSevenHillsSchoolinCincinnati.Wehavegrandparentscallingforpregnantdaughters.PublicopinionpollsindicatethatAmericans’No.1concerniseducation.Nowthatthelongeconomicboomhasgivenparentsmoredisposableincome,manyareturningtoprivateschools,evenatpricetagsofwellover$10000ayear.“We’regettingapplicantsfromabroaderareageographicallythanweeverhaveinthepast,”saidBetsyoftheLatinSchoolofChicago,whichexperienceda20percentincreaseinapplicationsthisyear.“Theproblemfortheapplicantsisthatwhiledemandhasincreased,supplyhasnot.”Everyyear,thereareafewchildrenwhodonotfindplaces,butthisyear,forthefirsttimethatIknowof,thereareasignificantnumberwithoutplaces,”saidElisabeth.Sowhatcanparentsdotogivetheir4-year-oldanedge?Schoolsknowthereisnoeasywaytopickaclasswhenchildrenaresoyoung.Manyschoolsgivepreferencetochildrenoftheirgraduates.Somemakethechoicebydrawinglots.Butmostrelyonamixofsubjectiveandobjectivemeasures:teststhatatbestidentifydevelopmentalmaturityandcognitivepotential,interviewswithparentsandobservationofapplicantsinclassroomsettings.Theyalsowantadiversemix.Childrenmayenduponawaitinglistsimplybecausetheirbirthdaysfallatthewrongtimeofyear,orbecausetoomanyapplicantswereboys.Theworstthingaparentcandoistopressurepreschoolerstoperform—forexample,bypushingthemtoreadordomathexercisesbeforethey’reready.Instead,theexpertssay,parentsshouldtakeabreathandlookforalternatives.Anotheryearinpreschoolmaybeallthat’sneeded.16.Fromthistextwelearnthatitis______.17.Thesentence“Wehavepeople....downtheroad”(Paragraph2)probablymeans______.18.Thetextindicatesthatprivateschoolsareveryselectivebecausethey______.19.Fromthetext,wecaninferthatauthor______.20.WhichofthefollowingcanserveasaTitleofthistext?問題1選項A.hardertomakeachoicebetweenpublicandprivateschoolsB.hardertogotoprivateschoolsthisyearthanbeforeC.moredifficulttogotopublicschoolsthantoprivateschoolsD.asdifficulttogotoprivateschoolsthisyearsbefore問題2選項A.wehavepeoplecallingusforparkingspacetwoyearsaheadoftimeB.peoplecalledusforpermissiontousetheplacestwoyearsagoC.wereceivedcallsfrompeopledowntheroadtwoyearsagoD.peoplecalledusforschoolvacanciestwoyearsinadvance問題3選項A.havenoreliablemethodstopickstudentsforaclassB.wantagoodmixtureofboysandgirlsforclassesC.encountermoredemandthantheycancopewithD.prefertoenrollchildrenoftheirrelatives問題4選項A.favorstheideaofputtingchildrenonawaitinglistB.agreestotextpreschooler’scognitivepotentialsC.thinkschildrenshouldbebetterpreparedacademicallyD.disapprovesoftheunduepressureonpreschoolers問題5選項A.HardTimeforthePreschoolersB.ProsperityofPrivate-schoolsC.TheProblemforPublicSchoolsD.AmericansNo.1Concern10.單選題NomanhasbeenmoreharshlyjudgedthanMachiavelli,especiallyinthetwocenturiesfollowinghisdeath.Buthehassincefoundmanyablechampionsandthetidehasturned.Theprincehasbeentermedamanualfortyrants,theeffectofwhichhasbeenmostharmful.ButwereMachiavelli’sdoctrinesreallynew?Didhediscoverthem?Hemerelyhadthefranknessandcouragetowritedownwhateverybodywasthinkingandwhateverybodyknew.Hemerelygivesustheimpressionshehadreceivedfromalongandintimateintercoursewithprincesandtheaffairsofstate.ItwasLordBaconwhosaidthatMachiavellitellsuswhatprincesdo,notwhattheyoughttodo.WhenMachiavellitakesCaesarBorgiaasamodel,hedoesnotpraisehimasaheroatall,butmerelyasaprincewhowascapableofattainingtheendinview.Thelifeofthestatewastheprimaryobject.Itmustbemaintained.AndMachiavellihaslaiddowntheprinciples,baseduponhisstudyandwideexperience,bywhichthismaybeaccomplished.Hewrotefromtheviewpointofthepolitician—notofthemoralist.Whatisgoodpoliticsmaybebadmorals,andinfact,byastrangefatality,wheremoralsandpoliticsclash,thelattergenerallygetstheupperhand.AndwillanyonecontendthattheprinciplessetforthbyMachiavelliinhisPrinceorhisDiscourseshaveentirelyperishedfromtheearth?Hasdiplomacybeenentirelystrippedoffraudandduplicity?LetanyonereadthefamouseighteenthchapterofThePrince:“InwhatMannerPrincesshouldKeeptheirFaith.”andhewillbeconvincedthatwhatwastruenearlyfourhundredyearsago,isquiteastruetoday.OftheremainingworksofMachiavellithemostimportantistheHistoryofFlorencewrittenbetween1521and1525,anddedicatedtoClementVII.ThisbookismerelyarapidreviewoftheMiddleAges,andaspartofitthehistoryofFlorence.Machiavelli’smethodhasbeencriticizedforadheringattimestoocloselytothechroniclersofhistime,andatothersrejectingtheirtestimonywithoutapparentreason,whileinitsdetailstheauthorityofhisHistoryisoftenquestionable.Itisthestraightforward,logicalnarrative,whichalwaysholdstheinterestofthereader,thatisthegreatestcharmoftheHistory.36.Itcanbeinferredfromthebeginningofthetextthat______.37.LordBacon’sremarksonMachiavelliisquotedas______.38.InthecaseofCaesarBorgiatheauthorholdsthat______.39.Accordingtotheauthor,apolitician’smorality______.40.Theauthor’sopiniononMachiavelli’sHistoryofFlorenceisthat______.問題1選項A.manypeopleusedtothinkhighlyofMachiavelliB.MachiavellihadbeenveryinfluentialamongtherulersC.MachiavelliwaswidelyreadamonghiscontemporariesD.Machiavellihasbeenatargetofcriticismthroughouthistory問題2選項A.asupportfortheauthor’sviewpointB.oneofthemainstreamviewonhimC.ajudgmentinsupportofmostcriticsD.amodificationoftheauthor’spreviousstarts問題3選項A.MachiavellihasbeenobjectiveB.MachiavellirevealedhispersonalityC.CaesarBorgiawasadeservedmodelD.MachiavelliovervaluedCaesarBorgia問題4選項A.isnomatchforhispoliticalambitionB.hasbeenundervaluedbyMachiavelliandhislikesC.isusuallyofsecondaryimportanceD.shouldbetakenasayardstickofhisinability問題5選項A.historyhasmuchtodowiththe