2021屆高考英語(yǔ)詞義猜測(cè)題題型分類與練習(xí)

2021屆高考英語(yǔ)詞義猜測(cè)題題型分類與練習(xí)1．詞義猜測(cè)題——多措并舉猜詞義此類試題主要考查在特定語(yǔ)境中對(duì)生詞或熟詞生義的猜測(cè)能力。做此類試題通常采用同義解釋法，因果推斷法、前后對(duì)比法、定義釋例法、基本構(gòu)詞法和語(yǔ)境理解法?？傊瑢?duì)于任何詞匯的猜測(cè)都要基于對(duì)特定的語(yǔ)境理解和對(duì)主題的恰當(dāng)把握。(1)利用構(gòu)詞法猜詞閱讀中常常會(huì)遇到一些由熟悉的單詞派生或合成的新詞，考生可以根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法猜測(cè)詞義。例題：Inrecentcenturies，trade，industrialisation，thedevelopmentofthenation－stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation，especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法知識(shí)可知，－zation為動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成名詞的后綴，意為“……化”，因此，可猜測(cè)industrialization為“工業(yè)化”之意，而globalization的含義為_(kāi)全球化__。(2)利用同義近義詞猜詞在生詞所出現(xiàn)的上下文中，有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語(yǔ)或結(jié)構(gòu)，這時(shí)可從熟悉的詞語(yǔ)中推知生詞的含義。表示同義近義的信號(hào)詞/詞組常見(jiàn)的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。例題：BytranslatingtherichandhumoroustextofLove'sLabour'sLostintothephysicallanguageofBSL,DeafinitelyTheatrecreatesanewinterpretationofShakespeare'scomedyandaimstobuildabridgebetweendeafandhearingworldsbyperformingtobothgroupsasoneaudience.根據(jù)上文“BytranslatingtherichandhumouroustextofLove'sLabour'sLostintothephysicallanguageofBSL”中的translating可知，interpretation與translating同義，意為：_翻譯__。(3)利用反義詞猜詞有時(shí)作者會(huì)用表示對(duì)比或轉(zhuǎn)折的信號(hào)詞連接意思相反的兩個(gè)詞或句子，這時(shí)就可根據(jù)反義詞線索猜測(cè)詞義。表示對(duì)比或反義的信號(hào)詞/詞組常見(jiàn)的有：(whether)．..or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，ratherthan，incontrast，onthecontrary，ontheotherhand等。例題Ifyou'retiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored，youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthat'llkeepyourworkoutontrack.根據(jù)上文語(yǔ)境，upbeat應(yīng)與上文中的“tiredof”意義相反，可猜測(cè)為_(kāi)快樂(lè)的；樂(lè)觀的__。(4)利用邏輯關(guān)系猜詞任何一篇文章中的句子在內(nèi)容上都不是絕對(duì)孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有關(guān)。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和線索，進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義。常見(jiàn)的上下文之間的關(guān)系有：因果關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、并列關(guān)系、遞進(jìn)關(guān)系、解釋關(guān)系等。典例：Lightingmatters，too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad：thosegivenextra－largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenone_the_wiser—theydidn'tfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere_________.A．notawareofeatingmorethanusualB．notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC．notconsciousofthefoodqualityD．notfondofthefoodprovided根據(jù)畫線部分的前句theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad：thosegivenextra－largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，可知，在黑暗中，他們說(shuō)不清自己吃了多少，再根據(jù)畫線后的句子theydidn'tfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.可知，他們雖然吃得很多，但并沒(méi)有感覺(jué)更飽，仍然在等著吃甜點(diǎn)，所以他們沒(méi)有意識(shí)到自己吃多了，前后句之間是解釋關(guān)系，故選_A__。(5)利用定義和解釋猜詞有些文章，特別是科技文章，通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞給予定義，考生可以利用定義來(lái)猜測(cè)這些詞的意思。釋義法就是根據(jù)文章中的字里行間，對(duì)生詞以定語(yǔ)(從句)、表語(yǔ)甚至用逗號(hào)、破折號(hào)等標(biāo)點(diǎn)符號(hào)引出并加以解釋說(shuō)明的方式。下定義時(shí)，作者通常使用信號(hào)詞，如i.e.，is，are，is/are，called，mean，referto，knownas，thatis，namely等等。典例1Wrestlingisthegamewhichisplayedbytwostrongpeople；oneplayertriedtogettheotherdownonthefloor.通過(guò)后面的定義解釋：Wrestling是“兩人進(jìn)行的，彼此盡力把對(duì)方弄倒在地的比賽”，可以猜出wrestling的含義是_摔跤__。典例2：ForCanaanElementary'ssecondgradeinPatchogue，N.Y.，todayisspeechday，andrightnowit'sChrisPalaez'sturn.The8－year－oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes，heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe'snervous.“I'mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should...”Christripsonthe“－ld，”apronunciationdifficultyformanynon－nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher，ThomasWhaley，isnexttohim，whisperingsupport.“...Votefor...me...”Exceptforsomestumbles，Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion，Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stumbles”inparagraph2referto?A．Improperpauses. B．Badmanners.C．Spellingmistakes. D．Sillyjokes.根據(jù)第二段中的“youshould...should...”以及“...Votefor...me...”這樣的語(yǔ)句特點(diǎn)可知，Chris的演講不流暢，也就是說(shuō)有不適當(dāng)?shù)耐ｎD。這是他表現(xiàn)不好的地方，與畫線詞后的句意“他完成得非常好”構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，與短語(yǔ)exceptfor的語(yǔ)意相呼應(yīng)。注意：高考閱讀中的熟詞生義現(xiàn)象非常關(guān)鍵，例如，如果能夠注意到第二段第三句中trips一詞在此語(yǔ)境中的特殊意義(意為“絆倒”)則有助于快速解答此題。故選_A__。(6)利用例證猜詞為了說(shuō)明或證實(shí)，文章中經(jīng)常會(huì)舉例，往往用來(lái)列舉說(shuō)明前面較難理解的詞，這些例子可幫助考生猜測(cè)生詞。舉例時(shí)，常常會(huì)用一些連接性的詞，如suchas，like，forexample，forinstance等。典例：Inrecentcenturies，trade，industrialisation，thedevelopmentofthenation－stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation，especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.根據(jù)dominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.可知，英語(yǔ)、西班牙語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)正在替代其他語(yǔ)言。由此推知dominantlanguages意為強(qiáng)有力的語(yǔ)言。故選_C__。(7)利用同等關(guān)系詞同等關(guān)系是指一個(gè)詞、一個(gè)詞組或短語(yǔ)在句中作同一成分，而且他們的詞義屬于同一范疇。只要認(rèn)出其中一個(gè)或幾個(gè)詞或短語(yǔ)，即可以確定同等關(guān)系中生詞的詞性、作用和大概的意思。常見(jiàn)的表示同等關(guān)系的信號(hào)詞有：or，namely，thatis，inotherwords，thatistosay，tobemoreexact，toputinanotherway等。例題：Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收銀臺(tái))．Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia，includingLosAngeles.Eyeingthese_headwinds，plastic－bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inParagraph2referto？_A__A．Bansonplasticbags.B．Effectsofcitydevelopment.C．Headachescausedbygarbage.D．Plasticbagshungintrees.上文介紹在許多美國(guó)大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到這種現(xiàn)狀，塑料袋生產(chǎn)商雇用Stein等科學(xué)家是為了證明他們的產(chǎn)品并不像大多數(shù)人想象的那樣對(duì)地球有害。根據(jù)畫線詞下文的內(nèi)容可知theseheadwinds就是指代上文提到的禁止使用塑料袋。故選_A__。(8)利用經(jīng)驗(yàn)和常識(shí)猜詞典例：Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoftenassumethatmore_is_morewhenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings？ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.Whatdothewords“moreismore”inParagraph1probablymean？A．Themore，thebetter.B．Enoughisenough.C．Moremoney，moreworries.D．Earnmoreandspendmore.本題考查對(duì)短句moreismore的意思猜測(cè)。根據(jù)生活常識(shí)可知，父母對(duì)孩子總是傾注所有，所以可以猜測(cè)這個(gè)短句應(yīng)該是“多多益善”的意思。此外，第一個(gè)句子表明成年人明白到處堆滿物品是什么感覺(jué)，后面用why提出反問(wèn)可知moreismore應(yīng)該和前句中的befloodedwith所表達(dá)的意思相似，表示很多。同時(shí)，第三句又從反面呼應(yīng)了第二句話，表示好消息是我早早教會(huì)自己的孩子從較少的東西中獲得較多的樂(lè)趣。結(jié)合生活常識(shí)，再加上三句話在意思上相互印證，就可以選出答案。Enoughisenough意為“夠了，適可而止”。Moremoney，moreworries意為“錢多煩惱多”。Earnmoreandspendmore意為“掙得多花得多”。故選_A__。(9)利用上下文語(yǔ)境猜詞義在一篇文章中，任何一個(gè)單詞都不是孤立存在的，它總要通過(guò)上下文和其他單詞產(chǎn)生著不同的聯(lián)系，考生可以通過(guò)這些聯(lián)系猜測(cè)出單詞的意思。典例1：Ifyouhavea_juicer，youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft－serve”creamydessert，tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty；theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.◆Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastParagraph?A．Adessert. B．Adrink.C．Acontainer. D．Amachine.本題考查ajuicer的類別，屬于判斷詞義范圍而不需要猜出確切意義的詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)上下文可知，ajuicer是這樣的一個(gè)東西，你把水果等東西放進(jìn)去，出來(lái)的就是奶油狀甜點(diǎn)，可以馬上吃。因此，我們可以猜測(cè)出來(lái)，這是一個(gè)改變水果形狀的機(jī)械。當(dāng)然，我們根據(jù)構(gòu)詞法也可以看出這個(gè)單詞的構(gòu)成：juice(果汁)＋er(人或物)。據(jù)此可以推出juicer是制造果汁的器械。故選_D__。2．上下求索尋指代代詞指代此類題目要求考生根據(jù)語(yǔ)境判斷代詞(this,that,it,they,them,one,which等)或助動(dòng)詞(do,does,did等)究竟指代什么。具體方法：(1)返回原文，找出指代詞(it,they,them,this...)。(2)向上(有時(shí)向下)搜索，找最近的名詞、代詞、短語(yǔ)或句子(就近原則)。(3)將找到的詞、詞組或句子代入替換該指代詞，看其意思、邏輯關(guān)系是否通順，并最終確定最佳答案。典例Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter'sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph3referto?A．Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.B．Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.C．Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.D．Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.根據(jù)語(yǔ)境可知，畫線詞that指代第二段“Despitethecelebrations，though，intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder，andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.”的內(nèi)容，即爵士樂(lè)聽(tīng)眾的數(shù)量減少并且趨于老齡化，不受年輕人喜歡的現(xiàn)狀。故選_C__。3．句意猜測(cè)題——意義吻合定句意句意猜測(cè)題要求考生通過(guò)閱讀文章。用合適的語(yǔ)句對(duì)其進(jìn)行解釋性的描述。(1)返回原文，找到該句，對(duì)原句進(jìn)行語(yǔ)法和邏輯關(guān)系的準(zhǔn)確分析。對(duì)于需要推理的句意理解，首先要理解句子前后的語(yǔ)境，其次對(duì)此句在文章中的意思進(jìn)行合理的推斷，最后再歸納總結(jié)。(2)一般來(lái)說(shuō)，正確選項(xiàng)的意思與原句的意思完全相同，只是用其他的英語(yǔ)詞匯和句式來(lái)表達(dá)相同的意思。典例：ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It'saplant'swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighborsreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,the_tables_are_turned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned”inParagraph3?A．Theattackersgetattacked.B．Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.C．Theplantsgetreadytofightback.D．Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.由畫線詞前一句可知，有些植物散發(fā)出氣味意在吸引不同的昆蟲，這些昆蟲是襲擊者的天敵；再由畫線部分后可知，正在吃午餐的襲擊者受到了它的天敵的襲擊。故畫線部分的意思是襲擊者受到了它的天敵的襲擊。故選_A__。課后練習(xí)（一）WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman？Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning，andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven－knows－whatmotives，hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes，andthebookwasDonQuixote(《堂吉訶德》)．Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion：whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothersgotoseedlongbefore?We'veallknownpeoplewhorun_out_of_steambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus，infact，progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But，ifwearewillingtolearn，theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself－pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease，somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm，wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However，wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos(自我)，whethertolovedones，tofellowhumans，towork，ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequate(視……等同于)“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellence—whethertheyaredrivingatruck，orrunningastore—maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They'velearnedlife'smostvaluablelesson.1．ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthatA．lossoffreedomstimulatesone'screativityB．a(chǎn)geisnotabarriertoachievingone'sgoalC．miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfateD．disabilitycannotstopaman'spursuitofsuccess2．WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean？A．Endone'sstruggleforliberty.B．Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C．Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D．Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.3．WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4？A．Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B．Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.C．Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind.D．Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.4．WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5？A．Atoughmancantoleratesuffering.B．Awisemancanlivewithoutself－pity.C．Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.D．Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife.5．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage？A．Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B．Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.C．Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D．Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.參考答案：BDCDA課后練習(xí)（二）ForestsarealwayslosersattheOlympics,andthat'sunlikelytochangeanytimesoon.ForthewintergamesinPyeongchang,ROK,virginforestwasdestroyedonMountGariwangtoaccommodateskiruns.Forthe2022WinterOlympicsinBeijing,askirunissettowipeoutpartoftheSongshanNationalNatureReserve.Andlet'snotforgetthe240acresofAtlanticForestthatwereleveledforthe2016gamesinRiodeJaneirotomakewayforagolfcourse.FortheupcomingTokyogames,environmentalandhumanrightsadvocateshavebeenraisingalarmsabouttheuseoftropicalwoodtobuildtheNewNationalStadium.Activistshavefoughtagainstsuchenvironmentaldestruction.Thedamageisoftenpermanent，threatensendangeredplantsandanimalsand,insomecases,causesconflictswithnativepeople.Butfrequentlythecountry'sorganizingcommittee,andtheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)havefoundwaystomakeitreasonable—despiteaparagraphintheOlympicCharterthatstatesthattheIOC'sroleisto“encourageandsupportaresponsibleconcernforenvironmentalissues.”“Asitstandsnow,theIOChaslittleauthorityoveracity'slocalorganizingcommittee，whichfinallyplansth