初中英語精講精練-語法學(xué)習(xí)之主謂一致用法解析與練習(xí)

初中英語語法學(xué)習(xí)之主謂一致用法解析與練習(xí)“一致”就是指前后照應(yīng)，英語中的一致包括主語部分和謂語部分的一致以及代詞和被指代名詞短語的一致。1.主謂一致的概念：就是指謂語動詞在人稱和數(shù)方面要和主語部分對應(yīng)。2.主謂一致的原則：1)語法一致：即主語和謂語在語法上保持一致。就是說如果主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語就用單數(shù)形式;若主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。(1)單數(shù)名詞、不可數(shù)名詞、不定式短語、動詞-ing形式、或主語從句作主語，謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式;復(fù)數(shù)主語則用動詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Tosayisonething,todoisanother.Whowilldothejobhasn'tbeendecidedyet.(2)A+with,together/alongwith,aswellas,besides,but,except,including,inadditionto,like,nolessthan,ratherthan,insteadofB應(yīng)根據(jù)A確定。例如：Thefatherwithhistwosonshasgonetothecinema.Nooneexceptthetwoboyswaslateforclass.LiMing,ratherthanhisclassmates,hasletoutthesecret.(3)and連接兩個名詞作復(fù)合主語時，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Myfatherandmotherareawayonbusiness.但是，當(dāng)兩個名詞表示同一個人、同一事物、同一概念或一套完整的東西時(其特征是and后的名詞前無任何冠詞)，謂語動詞應(yīng)用單數(shù)形式。例如：ThewriterandpoethasdecidedtobeonholidayinYunnan.(對比：ThewriterandthepoethavedecidedtobeonholidayinYunnan.)Acartandhorseisrunninguptheroad.注：當(dāng)and連接的并列單數(shù)主語前分別有no,each,every,manya,morethanone等修飾時，謂語要用單數(shù)形式。例如：InChinaeverymanandeverywomanwhohasacitizenshiphastherighttovoteandtobevoted.Manyateacherandmanyastudenthasseenthefilm.(4)不定代詞one,noone,theother,another,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody,everyone,everybody,nobody,anything,something,everything,nothing,each,either以及被each,every修飾的名詞作主語，盡管有些表示復(fù)數(shù)意義，但是它們的謂語應(yīng)該用單數(shù)形式。例如：Iseverybodyheretoday?Everythingaroundusismatter.注：none作主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)、復(fù)數(shù)均可。例如：Noneofthemhas(have)beentotheGreatWall.不過，當(dāng)none作主語，其表語是單數(shù)時，謂語用單數(shù);若其表語是復(fù)數(shù)，則謂語也應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)。(5)在定語從句中，從句中的謂語動詞應(yīng)該與先行詞保持一致。例如：TheteacherwhoteachesusEnglishisfromInnerMongolia.Whoisthegirlthatisinredshirt?2)意義一致：即謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式不是根據(jù)語法形式，而是根據(jù)主語的內(nèi)在涵義(即有時主語的單數(shù)形式表達(dá)的是復(fù)數(shù)涵義，反之亦然)確定的。(1)有些集體名詞，如：主語family,group,army,government,audience等表示整體概念時，應(yīng)看作單數(shù)，謂語也用單數(shù)形式;但若表示組成整體的各個成員時，其謂語則應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Myfamilyisquitebig.(整體)MyfamilylikewatchingTV.(整體的組成部分)(2)有些集體名詞，如：people(人們)，police,cattle,personnel(全體人員)，militia(民兵)，謂語應(yīng)該用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Thepoliceareafteramurderer.注：people作“民族”解時，其單數(shù)形式為people，復(fù)數(shù)形式為peoples。當(dāng)它作主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式應(yīng)視情況而定。例如：Agreatpeoplealwayslearnsfromdisasters.TheChineseandtheJapanesearetwopeace-lovingpeoples.(3)表示物品的名詞用量詞表示具體數(shù)量時，其謂語形式應(yīng)與量詞的數(shù)保持一致。例如：Thatpairoftrouserswassoldout,butthesepairsoftrousersarestillonthecounter.Abasketofpeachesisonthetable.(4)復(fù)數(shù)名詞短語表示度量、距離、金額、時間或?qū)Ｓ忻~，要看做一個整體，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式。例如：Tenyearsisamomentinhistory.TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstory-book.TheUnitedStatesistheonlysuperpowerintheworldnow.(5)“分?jǐn)?shù)/百分?jǐn)?shù)+of+名詞”以及“all(most,some,any,half,alot,therest)+of+名詞”作主語時，根據(jù)of后的名詞確定。例如：Three-fourthsofthesurfaceoftheearthiswater.Tenpercentoftheapplesarebad.Alloftheworkhasbeendone.Twothirdoftheforesthasbeencutdown.(6)the與某些形容詞搭配表示一類人時，如thedead,theblind,theBritish等，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)形式。例如：Theoldaretakengoodcareof.Thericharegettingricherandthepooraregettingpoorerinsomecountries.(7)“…kind(s)/sort(s)/type(s)of/style(s)of+名詞”作主語，根據(jù)kind/sort/type/style的單復(fù)數(shù)確定。例如：Thiskindofbookissoldinthatshop.Manykindsofshoesaresoldinthatshop.注：“名詞+of+a(the,this,that,these,those,all,some,many等)+kind(s)”結(jié)構(gòu)作主語，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式則與名詞的數(shù)一致。例如：Abookofthiskindissoldinthatshop.Applesofthesekindsaresour.3)就近一致：這一原則是指如果句子中有兩個或兩個以上的主語時，謂語動詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式要根據(jù)靠近它的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)來確定。主要有以下兩種情況：(1)or,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…,not…but…等連接并列主語時。例如：Nothisparentsbuthedoesn'twanttogo.NeitheryounorIamastrangerhere.但是：Dohisparentsorhewanttogo?因為hisparens離do近。Doesneitherhenorhisclassmatesknowthesecret?因為he離does近。(2)Therebe+多個名詞作主語，謂語動詞常與最靠近be的名詞的單復(fù)數(shù)一致。例如：Thereisanapple,twopearsandsomeorangesontheplate.Therearethreestudents,twostrangersandourheadmastertalkingtogether.3.練習(xí)1)更正下列句中的主謂一致錯誤：(1)Bothpaperandinkisusedup(areused)(2)Doingtwothingsatatimearenotgood.(isnotgood)(3)Thispairofshoesaremybrother’s.(ismy)(4)TheteamwashavingacelebrationwhenIcamein.(werehaving)(8)Physicsareoneofmyfavouritesubjects.(isone)(5)Eachoftheboyshaveadictionary.(hasa)(6)TheChinesepeoplespeaksChinese.(speak)(7)Areallreadyforthesportsmeeting?(Isall)(9)Thenumberoftreeswasplantedyesterday.(Anumber...wereplanted)(10)Tenminutesareenoughforyoutodothisexercise.(isenough)(11)Twohundreddollarsareabigamountofmoneyforakid.(isabig)(12)Whoyourparentsaredon’tmatteratall.(doesn’tmatter)(13)Thetrafficpoliceissearchingforahit-and-rundriver.(aresearching)(14)TheonlyoneofthekidswhohavebeentotheGreatWallisLiLei.