中考英語-閱讀專題-主旨大意題(無答案)

主旨大意題

所謂主旨大意題，就是指那些針對文章的主要內(nèi)容、主題、標題或?qū)懽髂康乃O(shè)置的問

題。這類題主要考查同學(xué)們在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維方

法對文章進行高度概括或總結(jié)的能力。通過研究近兩年各地的中考題我們發(fā)現(xiàn)，現(xiàn)在的閱讀

題遠非停留在理解詞句和看懂內(nèi)容上。為了增加閱讀理解題的區(qū)分度，考查學(xué)生的綜合理解

能力，拉開差距，閱讀題中主旨大意題和推斷題明顯增加。這里，我們主要來探討主旨大意

題的解題方法。

一、主旨大意題的題干表現(xiàn)形式

1.主要內(nèi)容型：

Whatisthepassage/text/articlemainlyabout?Whatisthemain/general

ideaofthispassage?Thispassagemainlytellsusabout/that.

2.主題型：

Whatisthetopic/subjectofthearticle?Whichsubjectisdiscussedinthe

text?

3.最佳標題型：

Whatisthebesttitleforthistext/passage/article?Whichofthefollowing

wouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?

4.寫作目的型：

Thepurposeofthisarticle/passage/textisto.Theauthor?smain

purposeofwritingthepassageis.Whatisthewriter'spurposeofwriting

thispassage?Thearticlehasbeenwrittentoexplain.

二、主旨大意題的解答在做主旨大意題時,不管是哪一種題型,關(guān)鍵的一步是要找出主題

句或和主題有關(guān)的關(guān)鍵詞，從而把握文章的主旨(mainidea)。

1.議論、說明體裁的文章

在議論文和說明文中，文章的主題通常出現(xiàn)在首段或末段。第一段的作用通常是給出作

者的觀點或引出將要介紹的事物，而末段的作用通常是總結(jié)全文、重申論點。因此，在閱讀議

論文和說明文時,對于首段和末段一定要仔細閱讀，尋找對全文有提綱挈領(lǐng)或概括結(jié)論性的

語句，因為那通常就是文章的主題所在。

但有時文章中并不存在明確點明主題的句子,這時可以聯(lián)系每段的中心句來概括、總結(jié),然后

得出主題。因為作者對文章各個段落的安排都是緊緊圍繞主題展開的,或者說每段都對主題

的展開和深化起到了各自的作用。因此每個段落也是相對的一個小整體，有著各自的中心，

而這個中心通常由段落中的一句話表達出來，即段落的主題句(topicsentence)0由此,我們

可以看出，文章各段的主題句構(gòu)成了一篇文章的''骨架"?？辞辶诉@個''骨架"的輪廓,弄清了各

段與文章主題的關(guān)系，不但全文的主旨，即便是隱藏在文字深層的作者的寫作目的或意圖也

會躍然紙上。每段中的主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段首、段尾或是段中，但以出現(xiàn)在段首的情況居多。

盡管每段主題句的位置不固定，但尋找起來也并不難。記住主題句是能簡潔明了地概括全段

的主要內(nèi)容,具有高度的綜合性和概括性的一句話,段內(nèi)的其他句子都是對主題句的進一步

解釋、說明、論證或拓展。

例1:

Ourneighborhoodhasreallychanged.WhenIlastvisitedthere,abouthalfof

thehouseshadbeentorndown(拆除)tomakewayforahighway.Therestofthe

buildingswerecoveredwithbillboards(宣傳板)andsurroundedbytrafficsignsand

garbage.Nowthewholeneighborhoodhasbecomedirty,noisyandfullofcars.

【分析】

本段第一句話的概括性最強,指出環(huán)境發(fā)生了巨大變化。其他幾句話分別具體說明都發(fā)

生了哪些變化，以及現(xiàn)在的樣子。因此，第一句為本段的主題句。

2.記敘體裁的文章

記敘文通常按時間先后或事情發(fā)展的順序來敘述。尋找這類文章的主題時也要特別留意

首段和末段，因為作者有時會在敘述事件之前或之后流露出自己對它的看法和情感，而這正

是解題的關(guān)鍵。還有些情況下,文中沒有明確的主題句，即主題隱含在行文之中。必須根據(jù)文

章中所提供的事實細節(jié)進行全面考慮,綜合分析。這時要注意表示時間和順序的詞語，以把握

事情發(fā)展的脈絡(luò)。還要特別留意那些概括情節(jié)和中心的動詞，或者反映人物特點的形容詞等，

這樣才能猜測出作者在用詞、語氣之中流露出的隱含信息。

例2:

Everyyearonmybirthday,fromthetimeIturned12,awhitegardenia（桅子

花）wasdeliveredtomyhouse.Nocardevercamewithit.Callstotheflower-shop

werenothelpfulatall.AfterawhileIstoppedtryingtofindoutthesender's

nameandwasjustpleasedwiththebeautifulwhiteflower,insoftpinkpaper.

Ineverstoppedimagining（想像）whothegivermightbe,though.Someofmy

happiestmomentswerespentdaydreamingaboutthesender.Mymotherencouragedthese

daydreams.She'daskmeifIhadbeenespeciallykindtosomeone.Perhapsitwas

theoldmanacrossthestreet.I'ddeliveredhismailduringthewinter.Asagirl,

though,IhadmorefunimaginingthatitmightbeaboythatIhadmet.

Onemonthbeforemygraduation,myfatherdied.IwassosadthatIbecame

completelyuninterestedinmyupcominggraduationdance,andIdidn,tcarewhether

Ihadanewdressornot.Mymother,inherownsadness,however,wouldnotletme

missanyofthosethings.Shewantedherchildrentofeelloved.Infact,mymother

wantedherchildrentoseethemselvesmuchlikethegardenia:lovely,strongand

perfect,withperhapsabitofmystery（神秘）.

MymotherdiedtendaysafterIwasmarried.Iwas22.Thatwastheyearthe

gardeniasstoppedcoming.

Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.AChildhoodDream

B.AMother?sLove

C.AGraduationParty

D.ASpecialBirthday

【分析】

本文寫的是一位母親在自己女兒成長的過程中以一種獨特的方式一一每年在女兒生日

那天不署名送女兒桅子花來表達對女兒的愛。本篇文章圍繞愛展開,開頭寫暗送女兒桅子花,

并鼓勵女兒去想像美好。當(dāng)女兒遇到挫折時,母親鼓勵女兒要勇敢地面對困難。盡管文章中

并沒有出現(xiàn)主題句,但是以上這些關(guān)鍵信息充分說明了B項"AMother'sLove”是正確項。

3.新聞體裁的文章

值得一提的是新聞報道類文章在中考閱讀中逐漸增多。一般這類文章都有固定格式:城

市名稱（或通訊社）-----句話概括新聞的主要內(nèi)容,然后是具體的報道。通常第一句是一個

較長的句子，交待出主要事件、發(fā)生的時間、地點等。如果不是非常有必要交待時間和地點

的事情,也至少會在第一句中點出要報道的對象和側(cè)重點。例如：

例3:

JAKARTA(Xinhua)-TheIndonesiaHealthMinistrysaidthatathree-year-old

Indonesianboydiedofbirdflu(流感)onWednesday.Hebecamethe108thpeoplewho

diedofthisdiseaseinthecountry.NyomanKandun,theleaderoftheHealthMinistry,

toldXinhuaontelephonethattheboylovedtoplaywithbirds…

【分析】

這則新聞報道了一個3歲的男孩死于禽流感的事情。首句就交代清楚了事情發(fā)生的時間

(onWednesday)>地點(Indonesia)、人物(a3-year-oldboy)以及主要情節(jié)(diedofbird

flu)o

小試牛刀

1.Samantha,Ican'teatorsleepwhenyouaregone.Ineedtohearyoursoftvoice

andseeyourlovelytoothlesssmile.Imissthatspecialwayyoueatsoupwithyour

fingers.Pleasecomehomesoon!

Whatisthemainideaofthisparagraph?

A.Samantha,yoursmileisverylovely.

B.Samantha,Iwanttohearyoursoftvoice.

C.Samantha,Imissyouverymuch.

D.Samantha,Ican'teatandsleepwell.

2.Somedaywewillallhaverobotsthatwillbeourpersonalservants(仆人).They

willlookandbehavemuchlikerealhumans.Wewillbeabletotalktotheserobots

andtheywillbeabletoanswerus.Theywillbesmart,strong,andtire-lessworkers.

Theironlylifegoalwillbetomakeourliveseasier.

Whichsentenceexpressesthemainideaoftheparagraph?

A.Somedaywewillallhaverobotsasourpersonalservants.

B.Wecantalktotheserobotsandtheycananswerus.

C.Robotswilllookandbehavemuchlikerealhumans.

D.Therobotswil1besmart,strong,andtirelessworkers.

解答主旨大意題的小技巧：

1.快速有重點地瀏覽(skimming)全文。從整體上把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、邏輯關(guān)系、問題的指向

等。在快速瀏覽時，不糾纏文章中與主旨無關(guān)的細節(jié)(如某些數(shù)字或?qū)Ｓ忻~等)，以保持閱

讀的連貫性，把注意力集中于主題句的關(guān)鍵詞語上，必要時在重要詞句下面畫線標注。

2.選擇文章標題時，既要排除過于具體或斷章取義、以偏概全的標題，又要排除范圍太大、

空洞、不著邊際的標題，還要警惕以事實、細節(jié)替代抽象、概括的大意的情況。

3.推斷作者寫作目的時，要站在作者的立場想問題，切忌將自己的觀點強加于作者。當(dāng)文

中出現(xiàn)兩種或兩種以上的不同觀點時，務(wù)必牢記作者的觀點才是體現(xiàn)全文中心的。此時，要

注意一些轉(zhuǎn)折詞，如：but,yet,however,although等。當(dāng)文章中表示相反的觀點時，往

往用到這些詞。答題時要弄清哪個是作者的觀點，排除迷惑性信息。

4.必須看清題目，要求回答的是“全文主旨”還是“段落主旨”；推斷的是“作者的觀點、

意圖”還是“別人的觀點、意圖”。

訓(xùn)練A

Whyplaygames?Becausetheyarefun,andwecanlearnevenmorewhileplaying.

Followingtherules,planningyournextmove,actingasateammember-theseare

all"game"ideasthatyouwillcomeacrossallthroughyourlife.Theycanhelp

youindifferentways.

Thinkaboutsomeofthegamesyouplayedasayoungchild,suchasrope-jumping

andhide-and-seek.Suchgamesareveryinteresting.Butperhapsmoreimportantly,

theytranslatepartoflifeintoexcitinggamesthatteachchildrensomeofthebasic

rulestheywillbeexpectedtofollowtherestoftheirlives,suchastakingturns

andcooperating（合作）.

Manychildren,sgameshaveapracticalside.Childrenaroundtheworldplay

gamesthatpreparethemforworktheywilldoasgrown-ups.Forexample,someSaudi

Arabianchildrenplayagamecalledbones,whichimprovesthehand-eyecoordination

（協(xié)調(diào)）neededinfishing.

Themostfamousgamesofall,theOlympicGames,bringathletesfromaroundthe

worldtogethertotakepartinfriendlycompetitions.Peoplewhowatchtheevent

（比賽項目）knowthatagoldmedalisawinforthewholecountry,notjusttheathlete

whogotit.Forcountriesexperiencingnaturaldisasters（災(zāi)害）orwars,anOlympic

wincanmeansomuch.

Sportsgamesarealsoaneventthatunites（團結(jié)）people.Footballisthemost

popularsportintheworld.Peopleallovertheworldplayit-someforfunand

someforaliving.NicoletteIribarne,aCalifornianfootballplayer,hasdiscovered

awaytospreadhopethroughfootball.Hecreatedafoundation（基金會）toprovide

poorchildrenwithnotonlysoccerballsbutalsoabrightfuture.

Nexttimeyouplayyourfavoritegameorsport,thinkaboutwhyyouenjoyit,

whatskillsareneeded,andwhethertheseskillswil1helpyouinotherpartsof

yourlife.

55.WhatTsthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Gamescanhelppeopleindifferentways.

B.Peopleareadvisedtoplaygamesforfun.

C.AnOlympicwinmeansalottoeverycountry.

D.Sportscangetpeopleallovertheworldtogether.

訓(xùn)練B

Asksomeonewhattheyhavedonetohelptheenvironmentrecentlyandtheywill

almostmentionrecycling,whichistheprocess（過程）oftreatingusedthings,such

aspaperorsteelsothattheycanbeusedagain.Recyclinginthehomeisvery

importantofcourse.However,beingforcedtorecycleoftenmeanswealreadyhave

morethingsthanweneed.Wearenowdealingwiththeresultsofthatover-consumption

inthepossiblegreenestway,butitwouldbefarbetterifwedidnotbringsomany

thingshomeinthefirstplace.

Hereisanexample.IntheUK,thetotalofpackagingincreasedby12%between

1999and2005.Itnowmakesupathirdofahousehold,swaste.Inmanysupermarkets,

foodsarepackagedtwicewithplasticandcardboard.

Toomuchpackagingcausesseriousenvironmentalproblems.TheUKisrunning

outofdifferentkindsofwaysfordealingwiththisunnecessarywaste.Ifsuch

packagingisburnt,itgivesoffgreenhousegaseswhichgoontocausethegreenhouse

effect（效果）.Recyclinghelps,buttheprocessitselfusesenergy.Thebestway

ofavoidingthisproblemistostopproducingsuchunnecessarythingsinthefirst

place.Foodwasteisanotherseriousproblem,too.Toomanysupermarketsencourage

customers（消費者）tobuymorethantheyneed.Theyseldomencouragecustomersto

reusetheirplasticbags,forexample.However,afewofthemarecomingroundto

theideathatthiscannotcontinue.

Butthisisnotjustaboutsupermarkets.Itisaboutallofus.Wehavelearned

toconnectpackagingwithquality（質(zhì)量）.Wehave1earnedtothinkthatsomething

unpackagedisofpoorquality.Isittrueforalltheproducts?11nfact,moreand

morecompaniesrealizedtheimportanceofprotectingtheenvironment.Theytryto

packagewhatreallyshouldbepackaged,includingproductsingoodquality.

Asmoreofusrecycle,wearebeginningtorealizehowmanyunnecessarythings

arebeingcollected.Weneedtofacethewasteofourdailylife.Althoughmanypeople

havetakenactiontorecycle,wehaveahighmountaintoclimb.

57.Whatisthemainpurposeofthesecondparagraph?

A.Toshowthefactsofover-usedpackaging.

B.Totalkaboutthepossiblegreenestways.

C.Toteachpeoplehowtodorecyclingathome.

D.Toexpressworriesaboutenvironmentalproblems.

59.Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Supermarketsshouldrecyclefirst.

B.Packagingcausesseriousproblems.

C.Needlessthingsaremostlyrecycled.

D.Recyclingshouldbedoneinthefirstplace.

訓(xùn)練c

Thesecretinre-rememberingistoallowthefullpowerofyourmemorytoflow

freelywithout“trying“torememberanyonespecific（特定的）thing.

Irecentlysatdowntoarelaxedandenjoyabledinnerwithsomefriends.Atthe

beginningofthemeal,afriendtoldusthathiscarhadjustbeenbrokenintoand

hisbriefcase（公文包）hadbeenstolen.Hewasfrustrated（懊惱的）becausehisdiary

andanumberofotheritems（物品）importanttohimwereinthebriefcase.Hesaid

hecouldrememberonlyfouritemsthatwereinhisstolenbriefcase,thatheknew

thereweremanymore,thathehadtogiveafullreporttothepolicewithintwo

hours,andthatthemorehetriedtorememberthemoreblockedhebecame.

SeveralofusatthetablewhowerefamiliarwithMemoryPrinciples（規(guī)則）then

tookhimthroughthefollowingexercise:insteadofcontinuingtoallowhimtothink

ofwhathecouldnotremember,weaskedhimwhenhehadlasthadhisbriefcaseopen.

Itturnedoutthatitwasattheofficejustbeforeheleftwork,atwhichpoint

hesuddenlyrememberedthathehadputtwoimportantmagazinearticlesinthe

briefcase.Wethenaskedhimwhenhehadlasthadthebriefcaseopenbeforeleaving

homeforwork.Itturnedouttohavebeenthenightbefore,andherememberedhaving

putintwomorearticlesaswellasataperecorder,inpreparationforthefollowing

morning.Finallyweaskedhimtodescribetheinner（內(nèi)部的）designofhisbriefcase,

andashewentthroughadetaileddescription,herememberedpens,pencils,letters

andanumberofotheritemsthathehadcompletely“forgotten“before.

Within20minutes,heremembered18additionalitems.

Thesecretistouforgetabout“whateveryouaretryingtorememberand

“relive”al1experiencesthatconnectinanywaywiththeitemyouaretryingto

remember.Thismethodworksatoncealmostinallcases,andtakestheformofa

createdMindMaparoundthe“missing“center.

Thismemorymethod,liketheothers,improvesyourmemoryaswellasyour

creativity,andinadditiongivesyouconfidencewhenyourealizethat,nomatter

whatyouhaveforgotten,thereisstillachancetosolveanymemorymystery（謎

團）！

60.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthepassage?

A.Forgetting一Youcanneverreallyforgetc

B.Drawing-Thebetterwaytorememberthings

C.Re-remembering一Rememberwhatyouhaveforgotten

D.Replacing-Forgettingsomethinginsteadofremembering

訓(xùn)練D

JamesNaismith,aphysicaleducationteacherinMassachusetts,inventedbasketball

in1891.Naismith'sbossaskedhi