Sme-financing-causes-and-solutions-中小企業(yè)融資難的原因及其解決途徑分析-外文翻譯

SmefinancingcausesandsolutionsAbstractAsanewfinancingleasefinancingtools,Inrecentyearsinourcountry'smoderneconomyisdevelopingrapidly.However,mostoftheleasefinancingcompaniesinactivelyexplorethemarketatthesametime.Theriskoffinancingleaseknowledgeandunderstandingbutwillstayonthesurface.Riskcontrolworkalsoatgropingstage.Constructionperfect,systemriskcontrolsystemnecessaryandurgent.Theauthorfinancingleaseinasystematic,onthebasisofrisk.Accordingtoitsownworkexperience,Thesystemispresentedcountermeasures.Tohelpenterprisestorenewtheidea.Doriskcontrolwork.Keywords:financingleaseriskriskcontrolSomefinancingcausesandsolutionsLynnM.FisherSincethereformandopeningup,theChinesesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesaretherapiddevelopmentofChina'snationaleconomy,improvethecontribution,smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesinpromotingeconomicgrowthandcreatejobs,increasefarmers'income,thetransferofruralsurpluslaborforceisplayingmoreandmoreimportant,etc.However,inrecentyears,thedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesfacinggreatdifficulties.Especiallytheinfluencetothefurtherdevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesinChinaisthemostimportantfactortosamefinancingchannelisnarrow,financing,financingnumberstructureunreasonable,financingcostishigh.Iflessthan30%oftheindustrialsectorcontributionofstate-ownedenterpriseoccupied70%ofbankloan,butcreates70percentoftheGDPofthenon-state-ownedenterprisesonly30%ofthebankloans.Ifthisphenomenonisnotsufficienttoimprove,smallandmedium-sizedenterpriseswillbedifficult,sustainedandrapiddevelopmentofthewholenationaleconomywilldirectlyinfluencethedevelopment.1.SomefinancingreasonanalysisFromtheabovewecanseethepresentfinancing,financingChinahasrestrictedthedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.Thereasonisthatbothsmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseitself,alsohavebankmanagementsystem,therearemorereasonsofnationalpolicy.1.1Enterpriseitself.(1)Thesmallscaleofcapital,smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesinformationideaindifference.Smallandmedium-sizedenterprisesoperatinginsmallscale,productiontechnology,productstructurebehindasinglelevelandlowtechnology,toresisttheriskabilityispoor,fluctuatingpricesofrawmaterialsorproducts,managementriskisbigger.Addsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisecreditisnothigh,credit,banklendingnon-americansoptions.Manysmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseinformationdisclosureawareness,financialmanagementlevelislow,thelackofobjectiveinformationandtransparent.Inaddition,individualsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisestillmalicioussmokeescapecapital,default,shell,suspendedcreditorbank,causingseriousharmtothelossofcreditfundsofthesmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,theoveralllevelofcredit.(2)Somefinancialsystemisnotperfect,theinternalcontrolsystemisnotperfect,theaccountinginformationdistortion,Banksandenterprisesinformationasymmetry,forsomefinancingdifficultyincreases.Assess,somefinancialsystemisnotperfect50%,manysmallandmedium-sizedenterprisequalitymanagement,lowlackoffinancialmanagementknowledge,majorfinancialdecision-makingbytheirheadstodecide,managementisverychaotic.Atthesametime,inordertocopewiththeinspectionandsupervisiondepartmentalsopreparetwosets,andevenmoreso,enterprise,toprovideaccurateaccountinginformation,thebankalsocannotfindtherealityoftheenterprisetoincreasetheriskofbankloanbusiness.1.2bankreasons(1)Thepolicysystemofbankloanandunbalanceddirectlyaffectthedirectfinancingchannels.Ourfinancialinstitutionswithfourcommercialbank,thebankingindustryandthehighaltitudemonopoly,consistentfourbanklendingtostate-ownedenterprisesonlywish.Thisismainlyintheownershipofstate-ownedBanksandenterprises,thedifferencesbetweenthebankandtheenterprisesystembarriers.Inaddition,theprovisionsofthestatebankisoverdue,baddebtsofnon-performingloans,sothebankimplementsprocessforfouryearsofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesofamorecautiouslendersnatureandcarefully.Thesecuritieslistedinthestrictrequest,"mainboardmarket"listedcompanyismainlyforlargestate-ownedenterprises,domesticenterprises,especiallythenon-statetechnologyenterprises","thesecond-boardmarket,fundandotherformsoffinancingisstillintheearlystageofbuilding,mediumandsmall-sizedenterprisesdirectfinancingchannelstoachieve.(2)InformationasymmetryaffecttherelationshipbetweenBanksandenterprises.Astheproviderofbankcapitalandcan'tattendthedailyoperationandmanagementoffunds,andtheuser(some)ofinformationasymmetrybetweenwillbringthecontradictionsandproblems.Usually,thesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesinthemanagementofstateownedmorethanbankinformation,therefore,hasadvantagesofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesintheprocessofcontractintheeventofusingthecapitalordamagetheinterestsofprocess,bankofbankriskofexcessive.Duetothesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesandlargeenterprisesinoperationability,mortgageguaranteetransparencyandthedifference,andthesizeoftheloantothemanagementcostdifferences,lackofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesfordomesticBanksprovidemorefinancingservices.(3)Lackofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesandthematchingofthesmallandmediumsizedfinancialinstitutions.Atpresent,thebankisstilllackoforganizationalsystemforsomefinancingservicepolicyBanks,whileChina'sexistinginthesmallandmedium-sizedcommercialBankssuchasurbanruralcreditcooperatives,share-holdingcommercialBanks,urbancommercialBanks,butbecausetheyarenotRongZiQuanpolicyanditsproblemshaven'tsolved,cannotsatisfysomeloans.Somesmallandmediumsizedfinancialinstitutionsfromthestart,notfromthestate-ownedenterprisesystem,managementlevelisnothigh,thedevelopmentabilityisinsufficient,thusreducedthefinancialsupporttosmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.Thefinancialsystemreformisrelativelybackward,fromtheplannedeconomycontinuedfinancialstructureunreasonableproblemsstillnotcompletelyeffectivelysolvethesmallandmedium-sizedBanks,andprivateBanks.(4)Ofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesthroughissuingstocksandbondsarenotunblockedfinancingchannels.OurcompanylawshallapplyforstockmarketconditionsoftheregisteredcapitalofajointstocklimitedcompanyshallnotbelessthanRMB5millionyuan,theshareholdersofalistedcompanyamountnotlessthanRMB3000yuan,publicissuanceofsharesreachedmorethan25%ofthetotalsharesofthecompany,thecompanyexceedsRMBtotalsharecapitalofthefourbillionyuan,theproportionofsharesfor10%above,etc,thesehardconditionsofsmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseswillberejected,hinderingsomefinancingthroughcapitalmarket.Thelawalsoprovidesalimitedliabilitycompanybondsshallbenotlessthan60millionyuannetworthit,ajointstocklimitedcompanyshallnotbelessthan3,000yuannet,andhavestrongenterpriseguarantee,arenotallowedtoissue,thisseriesofprivateenterpriseofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesalsolimitconditionsbyissuingbondsfinancingofspace.1.3GovernmentdepartmentsGovernmentsupporttosmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.Governmentretainsaplannedeconomy,long-termsince,thenationalpolicysupporttoenterprises,althoughtheseyearsnationalpolicychange,butdidnothappensubstantialchanges.Especiallythecountryexecuteslargestate-ownedenterprisesatpresenttothepreferentialpoliciesforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,andstillcan'tenjoythepreferentialpolicy.InChina,althoughthedifferenceofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisestoreducerates,twoorthreeyearfromshallbeexemptedfromincometaxpreferentialtaxpolicy,etc,butduetothesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesaresmall-scaletaxpayers,intheprocessofoperation,shallenjoythepreferentialpolicy.Finallyoftenactual2tosolveoursomefinancingwaysDuetothefinancing,enterprises,bankingandgovernmenttripartite,therefore,tosolvethedifficultyinfinancingsome,needsthejointeffortsofthethree.2.1Regulateinternalmanagementofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,improvethecomprehensivequalityofenterprises(1)Toclarifytherights,establishenterprisejoint-stocksystem.Activelypromoteenterprisepropertyrightssystemreform,theonlyenterpriseofpropertyrights,theoperatortoclarifytheirbehaviorandthefuturedevelopmentoftheenterprise,theenterpriseisresponsibleforthecreditcanbeestablished.Accordingtotherequirementsofthemodernenterprisesystemanditsowncharacteristics,thesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesenergeticallypromotingsome,joint-stocksystemreform.Throughthepropertyrightstransfer,lease,auctionshare-holdingsystem,etc,speedingupthereformofthesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesgoenlivenpace.Intheprocessofreform,strengthenthevoluntarycontributiontoencourageemployeestoenterprisestaffGuanQieDuassetsfortheenterprisedevelopment,openingupnewfinancingchannels.(2)Tostandardizeenterprisefinancialsystemandimprovefinancialmanagementlevel.Accordingtotherelevantprovisionsofthestate,establishingandperfectingtheenterprise'sfinancialandaccountingsystems,don'tdothebooks,establishandimprovethesystemoffinancialstatements,andimproveenterprisefinancialstatusoftransparencyandthecredibilityofthefinancialstatements.Paythedebtandbankactivelyestablishenterprise,paymentofthecreditsystem,improvetheleveloftrustcompanies.(3)Tostrengtheninternalmanagement,improveenterprise'screditrating.Normally,Alevelabovethelevelofcreditenterprise,financialinstitutionstoconsideritsfinancingapplication,soenterprisestoestablishAgoodcorporateimage,eliminatethebadcredithistories,enhancestheenterpriseprestigedegreeofreimbursement,vigorouslydevelopproductsmarket.Alsoestablishedacreditratingsystemofevaluationindexes,andactivelycooperatewiththegovernmentdepartmentsconcerned,constructingcreditsystemassoonaspossible.2.2Financialinstitutionsofself-improvement(1)Thefinancialdepartmentsshouldaccordingtotherequirementsofthedevelopmentofmarketeconomy,thereasonableallocationoffinancialcapital,shouldnotgotoguidethemarketwiththeownership.Infinancialregulations,fullyutilizerateofmarketofleverage,thefinancialmarketregulation.Accordingtotherequirementsofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisessuchascreditamountissmall,shorttime,highfrequencycharacteristics,canproperlyraisinginterestrates,boothlowcost,makeoneselfofthecreditofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesalsoforgaveunnecessarytravelandfolkusuryofborrowing.Inaddition,commercialBanksshoulddevelopmoreupdatesoffinancialservicesforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,improveserviceefficiency,thecreditforthesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisestoproviderelevantinformationandadvisoryservices,tohelpsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisefinancialmanagementsystemofhealth.(2)Variousfinancingforcommondevelopment.ContinuetoexpandthescaleofChina'sstockmarket,establishthegem,assoonaspossible,theenterprisepropertymarketdirectlyinstate-ownedenterpriseslistedatthesametime,allowedconditionsforlistingofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesintothecapitalmarket.Alsosolvealistedcompanyofitssharesinlistedstate-owned,canrealizethecirculationproblems,sharesofstock,promotingthecirculationofthegemmarketassoonaspossible.Gemmainlydependsonthedevelopmentoftheenterprise,suchaspotentialsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesintostate-ownedenterprisescreateconditionsassoonaspossible.(3)Cultivatinganddevelopingbondfinancingmarket,developChinainvestmentfundmarket,promotethedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesofscientificresearchinnovationability.Inordertosupportthedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesshouldstraightenouttheissuanceexaminationsystem,graduallyrelaxingrestrictions,expandthescaleofperfectbondissuedamountsecuredcreditratingsystem,supporttheoperationefficiencyandrepayabilityofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesthroughtheissuanceofbonds.Alsoshouldincludeconvertiblebondsissuanceofcorporatebonds,andactivelyexploretheassetsecuritization,realestatemortgagesecuritization,etc.Vigorouslypromotetheopen-endfundofthedevelopmentofsecuritiesinvestmentfunds,theabundantfundvariety,guidesavingstoinvestment.Whiledevelopingventureinvestmentfunds.(4)Establishingandperfectingthebankforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,specializedservicesystemforsmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseservice.Forsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisedevelopmentservicestothesmallandmediumsizedfinancialinstitutions,acceleratetheestablishmentofsmallandmediumsizedfinancialinstitutions.Thesmallandmediumsizedfinancialinstitutionsgeneralunderstandingoflocalbasic-level,canuselocalinformationabouttheproductionstatusofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,sothatsmallandmediumsizedfinancialinstitutionsinprovidingfinancialsupporttosmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,withinformationandtransactioncostslow.Thesmallandmediumsizedfinancialinstitutionsandthecommondevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisescanpromoteeachother,thetwocomplementeachother.2.3governmentshouldtakeeffectivemeasurestoincreasethefinancingforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises.(1)Thegovernmentdepartmentsforsolvingtheproblemofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesfinancingtakeaseriesofpolicymeasures,thepeople'sbankofChinaonMay6,1998byabouttheimprovementoffinancialservices,supportthedevelopmentofnationaleconomy,therequirementsoftheguidingopinionsofcommercialbankofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,establishcreditloanstosmallandmedium-sizedenterpriseservice,OnJune20,1998byaboutfurtherimprovefinancialservicesforsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,andputsforwardtheopinionofsupportingthedevelopmentofsmallandmiddle-sizedenterprises8measures,On19October1998,byaboutexpandinginsmallloaninterestratefluctuationrangeofnotice,decidedtoexpandinsmallloansfloatingrange,OnNovember17,1999,issuedonstrengtheningandimprovingthefinancialservicesforsmallbusinesses,putsforwardtheSuggestionstofurtherstrengthenandimprovethesmallfinancialservices10measures,Also,thesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesestablishedin2003,thepromotionofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesthroughitmarksandtopromotethedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesinChinaformallystandardizedandlegalizedtrack.Abovemeasuretohelpsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisestoobtainfundssourcesofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,supportplaysapositiveeffect.(2)Improveoursomefundingsupportpolicies.Thegovernmentdepartmentmainlypreferentialtaxandfinancialsubsidies,loanstoaidfinanciallysupport.Thepreferentialtaxisthecountrythroughlowerrates,taxbreaksandimprovethedepreciationoffixedassets,etc.Toreducethetaxburdenofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,Butsubsidiesareencouragedbythegovernmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,promotingtheemploymentofabsorbingscienceandtechnologyprogressandencouragesmallandmedium-sizedenterprisestoexport,thefinancialaid,Thegovernmenthelpsmallandmedium-sizedenterprisesobtainloanshaveloanguarantee,loans,thegovernmentdirectlyofpreferentialloans,etc.Anyhow,wanttoeffectivelysolvetheproblemofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,thefinancingneedsofgovernment,enterprisesandthejointeffortsofthetripartitebankfinancingchannels,creatingadiversified,socialcreditandperfectsocialeconomicenvironmentforthedevelopmentofsmallandmedium-sizedenterprises,andprovidearelaxedfinancingenvironment.中小企業(yè)融資難的原因及其解決途徑分析摘要融資租賃作為一種新型的融資工具，近年來(lái)在我國(guó)現(xiàn)代經(jīng)濟(jì)領(lǐng)域發(fā)展迅猛。然而，大多融資租賃公司在積極開(kāi)拓市場(chǎng)的同時(shí)，對(duì)融資租賃風(fēng)險(xiǎn)了解和認(rèn)識(shí)卻仍停留在表面上，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制工作也處于摸索階段。建設(shè)完善、系統(tǒng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制體系必要而緊迫，筆者在系統(tǒng)梳理融資租賃風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合自身工作經(jīng)驗(yàn)，提出系統(tǒng)的應(yīng)對(duì)對(duì)策，以幫助企業(yè)更新觀念，做好風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制工作。關(guān)鍵詞：融資租賃風(fēng)險(xiǎn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)控制中小企業(yè)融資難的原因及其解決途徑分析LynnM.Fisher改革開(kāi)放以來(lái)，我國(guó)中小企業(yè)得到了迅猛的發(fā)展，對(duì)我國(guó)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的貢獻(xiàn)率不斷提高，中小企業(yè)在促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)、創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)、增加農(nóng)民收入、轉(zhuǎn)移農(nóng)村富余勞動(dòng)力等方面發(fā)揮越來(lái)越重要的作用。但是，最近幾年，我國(guó)中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展面臨著很大的困難。尤其影響我國(guó)中小企業(yè)進(jìn)一步發(fā)展的最重要的因素是中小企業(yè)融資渠道狹窄、融資數(shù)量少、融資結(jié)構(gòu)不合理、融資成本高。如對(duì)工業(yè)增加值貢獻(xiàn)率不到30%的國(guó)有企業(yè)占用了70%以上的銀行貸款，但創(chuàng)造了70%的國(guó)民生產(chǎn)總值的非國(guó)有企業(yè)只獲得30%的銀行貸款。如果這種現(xiàn)象得不到充分改善，中小企業(yè)將難以持續(xù)快速發(fā)展從以上融資的現(xiàn)狀分析可以看出“融資難”已，會(huì)直接影響整個(gè)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。1．中小企業(yè)融資難的原因分析經(jīng)嚴(yán)重制約我國(guó)中小企業(yè)發(fā)展。究其根源，既有中小企業(yè)自身的原因，也有銀行管理制度方面的原因，更有國(guó)家政策方面的原因。1.1企業(yè)自身原因（1）中小企業(yè)資本規(guī)模小，信息觀念淡漠。中小企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)規(guī)模小，生產(chǎn)技術(shù)水平落后，產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)單一且科技含量低，抵御風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力差，經(jīng)不起原材料或產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的波動(dòng)，經(jīng)營(yíng)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大。加上中小企業(yè)信譽(yù)不高，信用觀念淡漠，導(dǎo)致銀行放貸慎之又慎。不少中小企業(yè)信息披露意識(shí)不強(qiáng)，財(cái)務(wù)管理水平低下，信息缺乏客觀和透明。此外，個(gè)別中小企業(yè)還惡意抽逃資金，拖欠帳款、空殼經(jīng)營(yíng)、懸空銀行債權(quán)，造成信貸資金流失，嚴(yán)重?fù)p害了中小企業(yè)的整體信用水平。（2）中小企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)制度不健全，內(nèi)部控制制度不完善，會(huì)計(jì)信息失真，造成銀行與企業(yè)信息不對(duì)稱，為中小企業(yè)融資增加了難度。椐調(diào)查，我國(guó)中小企業(yè)50%以上財(cái)務(wù)制度不健全，許多中小企業(yè)的經(jīng)營(yíng)管理者自身素質(zhì)較低，缺乏應(yīng)有的財(cái)務(wù)管理知識(shí)，對(duì)重大的財(cái)務(wù)決策全憑自己拍腦袋來(lái)決定，管理非常混亂。同時(shí)，企業(yè)為了應(yīng)付監(jiān)督部門(mén)的檢查，還要準(zhǔn)備兩套帳，甚至多套帳，這樣，企業(yè)很難提供準(zhǔn)確的會(huì)計(jì)信息資料，銀行也無(wú)法摸清企業(yè)的真實(shí)面目，增加銀行對(duì)企業(yè)貸款的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。1.2銀行方面的原因（1）體制政策上的失衡直接影響銀行貸款與直接融資的渠道。我國(guó)金融機(jī)構(gòu)仍以四大商業(yè)銀行為主，銀行業(yè)的高度壟斷與產(chǎn)業(yè)的高度壟斷相一致，導(dǎo)致四大銀行只愿給國(guó)有企業(yè)貸款。這主要是企業(yè)與國(guó)有銀行在所有制上的差異，造成銀行與企業(yè)之間制度障礙。此外，國(guó)家還規(guī)定對(duì)銀行的逾期、呆帳等不良貸款實(shí)行追究制，因此銀行方面對(duì)中小企業(yè)的放貸自然多一份謹(jǐn)慎和小心?，F(xiàn)行的《證券法》對(duì)上市公司的嚴(yán)格要求，“主板市場(chǎng)”的上市公司主要是國(guó)有大型企業(yè)，針對(duì)家庭式企業(yè)，尤其是非國(guó)有科技企業(yè)的“二板市場(chǎng)”的缺失，基金組織及其其他形式的融資尚處于初建階段，使得中小企業(yè)直接融資的渠道很難實(shí)現(xiàn)。（2）信息不對(duì)稱影響銀行與企業(yè)之間的關(guān)系。銀行作為資金的提供者并不能親自參加企業(yè)的日常經(jīng)營(yíng)管理，它與資金的使用者（中小企業(yè)）之間的信息不對(duì)稱就帶來(lái)了矛盾和問(wèn)題。通常，中小企業(yè)資金在經(jīng)營(yíng)管理狀況方面比銀行擁有更多信息，因此，中小企業(yè)就有優(yōu)勢(shì)在合同簽訂的過(guò)程中或事后的資金使用過(guò)程中損害銀行的利益，使銀行承擔(dān)過(guò)多的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。由于中小企業(yè)與大企業(yè)在經(jīng)營(yíng)透明度和保證、抵押能力上的差別，以及貸款規(guī)模導(dǎo)致管理成本上的差異，使銀行缺乏為家庭式中小企業(yè)提供更多融資服務(wù)的動(dòng)力。（3）缺乏與中小企業(yè)相匹配的中小金融機(jī)構(gòu)。在我國(guó)目前的銀行組織體系中，還缺乏專門(mén)為中小企業(yè)融資服務(wù)的政策性銀行，雖然我國(guó)已有遍及城鄉(xiāng)的中小商業(yè)銀行如農(nóng)村信用社、股份制商業(yè)銀行、城市商業(yè)銀行等，但由于他們沒(méi)有得到政策性融資權(quán)，自身問(wèn)題還沒(méi)有解決，無(wú)法滿足中小企業(yè)貸款需要。一些中小金融機(jī)構(gòu)從成立開(kāi)始，并未從國(guó)有企業(yè)的體制中解脫出來(lái)，經(jīng)營(yíng)管理水平不高，發(fā)展能力不足，從而減弱了對(duì)中小企業(yè)的金融支持。金融體制的改革是相對(duì)滯后的，從計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)延續(xù)下來(lái)的金融結(jié)構(gòu)不合理的問(wèn)題仍然沒(méi)有徹底有效地解決，抑制了中小銀行、民營(yíng)銀行發(fā)展。（4）中小企業(yè)通過(guò)發(fā)行股票和債券融資渠道也不暢通。我國(guó)《公司法》規(guī)定申請(qǐng)股票上市的條件：股份有限公司注冊(cè)資本不得少于人民幣500萬(wàn)元，上市公司股東總額不少于人民幣3000萬(wàn)元，公開(kāi)發(fā)行的股份達(dá)到公司股份總數(shù)的25%以上，公司股本總額超過(guò)人民幣4億元的，公開(kāi)發(fā)行股份的比例為10%以上等等，這些硬性條件將中小企業(yè)拒之門(mén)外，阻礙著中小企業(yè)通過(guò)資本市場(chǎng)進(jìn)行融資。我國(guó)《公司法》還規(guī)定有限責(zé)任公司發(fā)行債券其凈資產(chǎn)不得少于6000萬(wàn)元，股份有限公司凈資產(chǎn)不得少于3000萬(wàn)元，并且有實(shí)力雄厚的企業(yè)擔(dān)保，不允許企業(yè)私募發(fā)行，這一系列條件也限制中小企業(yè)通過(guò)發(fā)行債券融資的空間。1.3政府部門(mén)的原因政府部門(mén)對(duì)中小企業(yè)的扶持力度不夠。政府部門(mén)仍然保留著計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)的觀念，長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，國(guó)家扶持政策一直實(shí)行向大企業(yè)傾斜，盡管這些年來(lái)國(guó)家政策有所改變，但并沒(méi)有發(fā)生實(shí)質(zhì)性的變化。特別是國(guó)家現(xiàn)階段對(duì)國(guó)有企業(yè)實(shí)行大規(guī)模的優(yōu)惠政策，而對(duì)中小企業(yè)仍然不能享受這些優(yōu)惠政策。在我國(guó)，中小企業(yè)雖然采取了差別利率、兩免三減或第一年免征所得稅等稅收優(yōu)惠政策，但由于中小企業(yè)是小規(guī)模納稅人，在生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)過(guò)程中，本應(yīng)享受的優(yōu)惠政策往往實(shí)際最終無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)。2解決我國(guó)中小企業(yè)融資難的途徑由于融資難，涉及企業(yè)、銀行、政府三方，因此，解決中小企業(yè)融資難問(wèn)題，需要三方的共同努力。2.1規(guī)范中小企業(yè)內(nèi)部管理，全面提高企業(yè)的綜合素質(zhì)（1）要明晰企業(yè)的產(chǎn)權(quán)，建立股份合作制。積極穩(wěn)妥地推進(jìn)企業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革，只有企業(yè)的產(chǎn)權(quán)明晰，經(jīng)營(yíng)者才對(duì)自己的行為和企業(yè)未來(lái)的發(fā)展負(fù)責(zé)，企業(yè)的信用才有可能建立起來(lái)。根據(jù)現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度的要求和中小企業(yè)自身的特點(diǎn)，大力推進(jìn)股份合作制，促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)的改革。通過(guò)產(chǎn)權(quán)轉(zhuǎn)讓、股份制改造、租賃、拍賣等多種方式，加快放開(kāi)搞活中小企業(yè)的改革步伐。在改革中鼓勵(lì)員工自愿入股，增強(qiáng)員工對(duì)企業(yè)資產(chǎn)的關(guān)切度，為企業(yè)的發(fā)展開(kāi)辟新的融資渠道。（2）規(guī)范企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)制度，提高財(cái)務(wù)管理水平。根據(jù)國(guó)家的有關(guān)規(guī)定，建立健全企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)、會(huì)計(jì)制度，不做假帳，建立完善的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表體系，提高企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)狀況的透明度和財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的可信度。積極清償銀行的債務(wù)和應(yīng)付款項(xiàng)，建立企業(yè)的信用制度，提高企業(yè)的信任水平。（3）加強(qiáng)企業(yè)內(nèi)部管理，提高企業(yè)的信用等級(jí)。通常情況下，A級(jí)以上信用級(jí)別的企業(yè)，金融機(jī)構(gòu)才能考慮其融資申請(qǐng)，因此企業(yè)要樹(shù)立良好的企業(yè)法人形象，杜絕不良信用記錄，提高企業(yè)還款的信譽(yù)程度，大力開(kāi)拓產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng)。同時(shí)還要建立一整套信用等級(jí)評(píng)估制度和指標(biāo)，積極配合政府有關(guān)部門(mén)，盡快構(gòu)筑信用體系。2.2金融機(jī)構(gòu)的自我完善（1）金融部門(mén)應(yīng)根據(jù)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展要求，合理配置金融資本，不應(yīng)以所有制性質(zhì)去導(dǎo)向市場(chǎng)。在金融法規(guī)允許的范圍內(nèi)，充分利用利率的杠桿作用，對(duì)市場(chǎng)的金融貸款進(jìn)行市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)。如根據(jù)中小企業(yè)要求信貸時(shí)間短，數(shù)額小，頻率高的特點(diǎn)，就可以適當(dāng)提高利率，從而攤低自己的信貸成本，使中小企業(yè)也免去了不必要的奔波和民間高利貸的拆借。另外，商業(yè)銀行應(yīng)開(kāi)發(fā)更多更新的金融服務(wù)項(xiàng)目，提高為中小企業(yè)的信貸服務(wù)效率，為中小企業(yè)提供相關(guān)的信息咨詢服務(wù)，幫助中小企業(yè)健康財(cái)務(wù)管理制度。（2）多種融資方式共同發(fā)展。繼續(xù)擴(kuò)大我國(guó)股票市場(chǎng)的規(guī)模，盡快設(shè)立創(chuàng)業(yè)板市場(chǎng)，規(guī)范直接的企業(yè)產(chǎn)權(quán)市場(chǎng)，在促進(jìn)國(guó)有大企業(yè)上市的同時(shí)，允許符合上市條件的中小企業(yè)進(jìn)入資本市場(chǎng)。同時(shí)還要解決上市公司股份中尚不能上市流通的國(guó)有股、法人股的流通問(wèn)題，實(shí)現(xiàn)股權(quán)的全流通，盡快推進(jìn)我國(guó)創(chuàng)業(yè)板市場(chǎng)的建設(shè)。創(chuàng)業(yè)板主要要看企業(yè)發(fā)展的潛力，這樣為中小企業(yè)盡早進(jìn)入國(guó)有企業(yè)創(chuàng)造條件。（3）積極培育和發(fā)展債券融資市場(chǎng)，大力發(fā)展我國(guó)投資基金市場(chǎng)，促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)科研開(kāi)發(fā)的創(chuàng)新能力。為了支持中小企業(yè)發(fā)展應(yīng)理順債券發(fā)行審核體制，逐步放松規(guī)模的限制，擴(kuò)大發(fā)行額度完善債券擔(dān)保的信用評(píng)級(jí)制度，支持經(jīng)營(yíng)效益好、償還能力強(qiáng)的中小企業(yè)通過(guò)發(fā)行債券融資。此外還應(yīng)大力發(fā)行包括可轉(zhuǎn)換債券在內(nèi)的各類企業(yè)債券，積極探索資產(chǎn)證券化、房地產(chǎn)抵押貸款證券化等方式。大力推進(jìn)以開(kāi)放式基金為主的證券投資基金的發(fā)展，豐富基金品種，引導(dǎo)儲(chǔ)蓄流向投資。同時(shí)還要大力發(fā)展創(chuàng)業(yè)投資基金。（4）建立健全為中小企業(yè)服務(wù)的銀行體系，專門(mén)為中小企業(yè)服務(wù)。大力發(fā)展為中小企業(yè)服務(wù)的中小金融機(jī)構(gòu)，加快中小金融機(jī)構(gòu)的建立。中小金融機(jī)構(gòu)一般了解地方基層，能夠利用當(dāng)?shù)氐男畔⒘私獗镜刂行∑髽I(yè)的生產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況，這樣中小金融機(jī)構(gòu)在為中小企業(yè)提供金融支持時(shí)，具有信息和交易成本低的優(yōu)勢(shì)。中小金融機(jī)構(gòu)與中小企業(yè)的共同發(fā)展兩者能夠相互促進(jìn)、相輔相成。2.3政府應(yīng)采取有效措施，加大對(duì)中小企業(yè)融資的支持力度。（1）政府部門(mén)為解決中小企業(yè)融資難的問(wèn)題采取一系列政策措施，中國(guó)人民銀行1998年5月6日下發(fā)了《關(guān)于改進(jìn)金融服務(wù)、支持國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》，要求各商業(yè)銀行設(shè)立中小企業(yè)信貸部，積極為中小企業(yè)提供貸款服務(wù)；1998年6月20日頒發(fā)了《關(guān)于進(jìn)一步改善對(duì)中小企業(yè)金融服務(wù)的意見(jiàn)》，提出了支持中小企業(yè)發(fā)展的8條措施；1998年10月19日下發(fā)了《關(guān)于擴(kuò)大對(duì)小企業(yè)貸款利率浮動(dòng)幅度的通知》，決定擴(kuò)大對(duì)小企業(yè)貸款利率的浮動(dòng)幅度；1999年11月17日，頒發(fā)了《關(guān)于加強(qiáng)和改進(jìn)對(duì)小企業(yè)金融服務(wù)的指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)》，提出了進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)化和完善小企業(yè)金融服務(wù)的10條措施；國(guó)家也成立了中小企業(yè)司，2003年《中小企業(yè)促進(jìn)法》通過(guò)并實(shí)施，它標(biāo)志著我國(guó)促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)發(fā)展正式走上規(guī)范化和法制化軌道。以上舉措對(duì)幫助我國(guó)中小企業(yè)獲得資金來(lái)源，扶持中小企業(yè)起著積極的效果。（2）完善我國(guó)對(duì)中小企業(yè)資金的扶持政策。政府部門(mén)主要以稅收優(yōu)惠、財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼、貸款援助等方式給予資金上的支持。稅收優(yōu)惠是國(guó)家通過(guò)降低稅率、稅收減免、提高固定資產(chǎn)折舊等優(yōu)惠條件，以減輕中小企業(yè)的稅收負(fù)擔(dān)；而財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼是政府通過(guò)鼓勵(lì)中小企業(yè)吸納就業(yè)、促進(jìn)中小企業(yè)科技進(jìn)步和鼓勵(lì)中小企業(yè)出口等方式給予的財(cái)政援助；政府幫助中小企業(yè)獲得貸款的方式有貸款擔(dān)保、貸款貼息、政府直接的優(yōu)惠貸款等等?？傊?，要真正有效地解決中小企業(yè)融資難的問(wèn)題，需要經(jīng)過(guò)政府、企業(yè)、銀行三方的共同努力，創(chuàng)建一個(gè)融資渠道多樣化、社會(huì)信用完善的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)環(huán)境，為中小企業(yè)的發(fā)展提供一個(gè)寬松的融資環(huán)境?；贑8051F單片機(jī)直流電動(dòng)機(jī)反饋控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與研究基于單片機(jī)的嵌入式Web服務(wù)器的研究MOTOROLA單片機(jī)MC68HC（8）05PV8/A內(nèi)嵌EEPROM的工藝和制程方法及對(duì)良率的影響研究基于模糊控制的電阻釬焊單片機(jī)溫度控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于MCS-51系列單片機(jī)的通用控制模塊的研究基于單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的供暖系統(tǒng)最佳啟停自校正（STR）調(diào)節(jié)器單片機(jī)控制的二級(jí)倒立擺系統(tǒng)的研究基于增強(qiáng)型51系列單片機(jī)的TCP/IP協(xié)議棧的實(shí)現(xiàn)基于單片機(jī)的蓄電池自動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)基于32位嵌入式單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的圖像采集與處理技術(shù)的研究基于單片機(jī)的作物營(yíng)養(yǎng)診斷專家系統(tǒng)的研究基于單片機(jī)的交流伺服電機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)研究與開(kāi)發(fā)基于單片機(jī)的泵管內(nèi)壁硬度測(cè)試儀的研制基于單片機(jī)的自動(dòng)找平控制系統(tǒng)研究基于C8051F040單片機(jī)的嵌入式系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)基于單片機(jī)的液壓動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)狀態(tài)監(jiān)測(cè)儀開(kāi)發(fā)模糊Smith智能控制方法的研究及其單片機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)一種基于單片機(jī)的軸快流CO〈,2〉激光器的手持控制面板的研制基于雙單片機(jī)沖床數(shù)控系統(tǒng)的研究基于CYGNAL單片機(jī)的在線間歇式濁度儀的研制基于單片機(jī)的噴油泵試驗(yàn)臺(tái)控制器的研制基于單片機(jī)的軟起動(dòng)器的研究和設(shè)計(jì)基于單片機(jī)控制的高速快走絲電火花線切割機(jī)床短循環(huán)走絲方式研究基于單片機(jī)的機(jī)電產(chǎn)品控制系統(tǒng)開(kāi)發(fā)基于PIC單片機(jī)的智能手機(jī)充電器基于單片機(jī)的實(shí)時(shí)內(nèi)核設(shè)計(jì)及其應(yīng)用研究基于單片機(jī)的遠(yuǎn)程抄表系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與研究基于單片機(jī)的煙氣二氧化硫濃度檢測(cè)儀的研制基于微型光譜儀的單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)軟件構(gòu)件開(kāi)發(fā)的技術(shù)研究基于單片機(jī)的液體點(diǎn)滴速度自動(dòng)檢測(cè)儀的研制基于單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的多功能溫度測(cè)量?jī)x的研制基于PIC單片機(jī)的電能采集終端的設(shè)計(jì)和應(yīng)用基于單片機(jī)的光纖光柵解調(diào)儀的研制氣壓式線性摩擦焊機(jī)單片機(jī)控制系統(tǒng)的研制基于單片機(jī)的數(shù)字磁通門(mén)傳感器基于單片機(jī)的旋轉(zhuǎn)變壓器-數(shù)字轉(zhuǎn)換器的研究基于單片機(jī)的光纖Bragg光柵解調(diào)系統(tǒng)的研究單片機(jī)控制的便攜式多功能乳腺治療儀的研制基于C8051F020單片機(jī)的多生理信號(hào)檢測(cè)儀基于單片機(jī)的電機(jī)運(yùn)動(dòng)控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)Pico專用單片機(jī)核的可測(cè)性設(shè)計(jì)研究基于MCS-51單片機(jī)的熱量計(jì)基于雙單片機(jī)的智能遙測(cè)微型氣象站MCS-51單片機(jī)構(gòu)建機(jī)器人的實(shí)踐研究基于單片機(jī)的輪軌力檢測(cè)基于單片機(jī)的GPS定位儀的研究與實(shí)現(xiàn)基于單片機(jī)的電液伺服控制系統(tǒng)用于單片機(jī)系統(tǒng)的MMC卡文件系統(tǒng)研制基于單片機(jī)的時(shí)控和計(jì)數(shù)系統(tǒng)性能優(yōu)化的研究基于單片機(jī)和CPLD的粗光柵位移測(cè)量系統(tǒng)研究單片機(jī)控制的后備式方波UPS提升高職學(xué)生單片機(jī)應(yīng)用能力的探究基于單片機(jī)控制的自動(dòng)低頻減載裝置研究基于單片機(jī)控制的水下焊接電源的研究基于單片機(jī)的多通道數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)基于uPSD3234單片機(jī)的氚表面污染測(cè)量?jī)x的研制基于單片機(jī)的紅外測(cè)油儀的研究96系列單片機(jī)仿真器研究與設(shè)計(jì)基于單片機(jī)的單晶金剛石刀具刃磨設(shè)備的數(shù)控改造基于單片機(jī)的溫度智能控制系統(tǒng)的設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn)基于MSP430單片機(jī)的電梯門(mén)機(jī)控制器的研制基于單片機(jī)的氣體測(cè)漏儀的研究基于三菱M16C/6N系列單片機(jī)的CAN/USB協(xié)議轉(zhuǎn)換器基于單片機(jī)和DSP的變壓器油色譜在線監(jiān)測(cè)技術(shù)研究基于單片機(jī)的膛壁溫度報(bào)警系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)基于AVR單片機(jī)的低壓無(wú)功補(bǔ)償控制器的設(shè)計(jì)基于單片機(jī)船舶電力推進(jìn)電機(jī)監(jiān)測(cè)系統(tǒng)基于單片機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的振動(dòng)信號(hào)的采集系統(tǒng)基于單片機(jī)的大容量數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)技術(shù)的應(yīng)用研究基于單片機(jī)的疊圖機(jī)研究與教學(xué)方法實(shí)踐基于單片機(jī)嵌入式Web服務(wù)器技術(shù)的研究及實(shí)現(xiàn)基于AT89S52單片機(jī)的通用數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)基于單片機(jī)的多道脈沖幅度分析儀研究HYPERLINK"/deta