英語(yǔ)一真題講義1014年

課名：2016課名：2016考研英語(yǔ)一五年（2010—全精講班課程配套課件（講義） 咋學(xué)是一個(gè)互聯(lián)網(wǎng)高效平臺(tái)，專注于為學(xué)生提供最優(yōu)質(zhì)的學(xué)習(xí)內(nèi)容和個(gè)性化的學(xué)習(xí)服務(wù)。我們以廣大考生最剛性政治：、、、、 [名師風(fēng)采]—[名師風(fēng)采]—心 下頁(yè)查看心 Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofexperimentsataephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornentnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowshop-floorlighting1workers’productivity.Instead,thestudiesended2givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery3tobeingexperimenteduponchangessubjects’behavior.Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomeninthent.Accordingto5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe9toalterworkers’behavior10itself.Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometricysis.TheHawthorneexperimentshadanothersurpriseinstore.12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.Itturnsoutthatthepeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto14interpretationsofwhathappened.15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMondays.Workers19tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20ateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect”ishardtopindown.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A]asfar[B]forfear[C]incase[D]solong8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A]Contrary[B]Consistent[C]Parallel[D]Peculiar13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A]In[B]For[C]In[D]As16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A][B][C][D]Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)AncientGreekphilosopherAristotleviewedlaughteras"abodilyexerciseprecioustohealth."But1someclaimstothecontrary,laughingprobablyhaslittleinfluenceonphysicalfitness.Laughterdoes2short-termchangesinthefunctionoftheheartanditsblood3heartrateandoxygenconsumption.Butbecausehardlaughterisdifficultto4,agoodlaughisunlikelytohave5benefitstheway,say,walkingorjoggingdoes.6,insteadofstrainingmusclestobuildthem,asexercisedoes,laughterapparentlyplishesthe7.Studiesdatingbacktothe1930’sindicatethatlaughter8decreasingmuscletoneforupto45minutesafterthelaughdiesSuchbodilyreactionmightconceivablyhelp9theeffectsofpsychologicalstress.Anyway,theactoflaughingprobablydoesproduceothertypesof10feedback,thatimproveanindividual'semotionalstate.11oneclassicaltheoryofemotion,ourfeelingsarepartiallyrooted12physicalreactions.Itwasarguedattheendofthe19thcenturythathumansdonotcry13theyaresadbutthey esadwhenthetearsbegintoflow.Althoughsadnessalso14tears,evidencesuggeststhatemotionscanflow15muscularresponses.Inanexperimentpublishedin1988,socialpsychologistFritzStrackoftheUniversityofWürzburginGermanyaskedvolunteersto16apeneitherwiththeirteeth—therebycreatinganartificials—orwiththeirlips,whichwouldproducea(n)17expression.Thosedtoexercisetheirsmilingmuscles18moreenthusiasticallytofunnycartoonsthandidthosewhosemouthswerecontractedinafrown,19thatexpressionsmayinfluenceemotionsratherthanjusttheotherwayaround.20,thephysicalactoflaughtercouldimprovemood.[289words]1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A]In[B]In[C]In[D]In7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A]Except[C]Due[D]As12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A][B][C][D]Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)TheethicaljudgmentsoftheSupremeCourtjusticeshave eanimportantissuerecently.Thecourtcannot1itslegitimacyasguardianoftheruleoflaw2justicesbehavelikepoliticians.Yet,inseveralinstances,justicesactedinwaysthat3thecourt’sreputationforbeingindependentandimpartial.JusticeAntoninScalia,forexample,appearedatpoliticalevents.Thatkindofactivitymakesitlesslikelythatthecourt’sdecisionswillbe4asimpartialjudgments.Partoftheproblemisthatthejusticesarenot5byanethicscode.Attheveryleast,thecourtshouldmake6tothecodeofconductthat7totherestofthefederalThisandothersimilarcases8thequestionofwhetherthereisstilla9betweenthecourtandpolitics.TheframersoftheConstitutionenvisionedlaw10havingauthorityapartfrompolitics.Theygavejusticespermanentpositions11theywouldbeto12thoseinpowerandhavenoneedto13politicalsupport.Ourlegalsystemwasdesignedtosetlawapartfrompoliticspreciselybecausetheyaresoclosely14.Constitutionallawispoliticalbecauseitresultsfromchoicesrootedinfundamentalsocial15likelibertyandproperty.Whenthecourtdealswithsocialdecisions,thelawit16isinescapablypolitical—whichiswhydecisionssplitalongideologicallinesaresoeasily17asunjust.Thejusticesmust18doubtsaboutthecourt’slegitimacybymakingthemselves19tothecodeofconduct.Thatwouldmakerulingmorelikelytobeseenasseparatefrompoliticsand,20,convincingaslaw.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A][B][C][D]re13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A]byall[B]atall[C]ina[D]asaReadthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)Peopleare,onthewhole,pooratconsideringbackgroundinformationwhenmakingindividualdecisions.Atfirstglancethismightseemlikeastrengththat1theabilitytomakejudgmentswhichareunbiasedby2factors.ButDrUriSimonsohnspeculatedthataninabilitytoconsiderthebig3wasleadingdecision-makerstobebiasedbythedailysamplesofinformationtheywereworkingwith.4,hetheorisedthatajudge5ofappearingtoo6crimemightbemorelikelytosendsomeonetoprison7hehadalreadysentencedfiveorsixotherdefendantsonlytodcommunityserviceonthatday.To8thisidea,heturnedtotheuniversity-admissionsprocess.Intheory,the9ofanapplicantshouldnotdependonthefewothers10randomlyforinterviewduringthesameday,butDrSimonsohn edthetruthwas11.Hestudiedtheresultsof9,323MBAinterviews12by13admissionsofficers.Theinterviewershad13applicantsonascaleofonetofive.Thisscale14numerousfactorsintoconsideration.Thescoreswere15usedinconjunctionwithanapplicant'sscoreontheGraduateManagementAdmissionTest,orGMAT,astandardisedexamwhichis16outof800points,tomakeadecisiononwhethertoaccepthimorher.DrSimonsohnfoundifthescoreofthepreviouscandidateinadailyseriesofintervieweeswas0.75pointsormorehigherthanthatoftheone17that,thenthescoreforthenextapplicantwould18byanaverageof0.075points.Thismightsoundsmall,butto19theeffectsofsuchadecreaseacandidatewouldneed30moreGMATpointsthanwouldotherwisehavebeen20.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A]For[B]On[C]In[D]Above5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C]re[D]12.[A][B][C][D]13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A][B][C][D]Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Asmanypeoplehitmiddleage,theyoftenstarttonoticethattheirmemoryandmentalclarityarenotwhattheyusedtobe.Wesuddenlycan’tremember1weputthekeysjustamomentago,oranoldacquaintance’sname,orthenameofanoldbandweusedtolove.Asthebrain2,werefertotheseoccurrencesas“seniormoments.”3seeminglyinnocent,thislossofmentalfocuscanpotentiallyhavea(n)4impactonourprofessional,social,and 5Neuroscientists,expertswhostudythenervoussystem,areincreasinglyshowingthatthere’sactuallyalotthatcanbedone.It6outthatthebrainneedsexerciseinmuchthesamewayourmusclesdo,andtherightmental7cansignificantlyimproveourbasiccognitive8.Thinkingisessentiallya9ofmakingconnectionsinthebrain.Toacertainextent,ourabilityto10inmakingtheconnectionsthatdriveinligenceisinherited.11,becausetheseconnectionsaremadethrougheffortandpractice,scientistsbelievethatinligencecanexpandandfluctuate12mentaleffort.Now,anewWeb-based hastakenitastep13anddevelopedthefirst“braintrainingprogram”designedtoactuallyhelppeopleimproveandregaintheirmental14.TheWeb-basedprogram15youtosystematicallyimproveyourmemoryandattentionskills.Theprogramkeeps16ofyourprogressandprovidesdetailedfeedback17yourperformanceandimprovement.Mostimportantly,it18modifiesandenhancesthegamesyouyto19onthestrengthsyouaredevelo—muchlikea(n)20exerciseroutinerequiresyoutoincrease andvaryyourmuscleuse.1.[A][B][C][D]2.[A][B][C][D]3.[A][B][C][D]4.[A][B][C][D]5.[A][B][C][D]6.[A][B][C][D]7.[A][B][C][D]8.[A][B][C][D]9.[A][B][C][D]10.[A][B][C][D]11.[A][B][C][D]12.[A]according[B]regardless[C]apart[D]instead13.[A][B][C][D]14.[A][B][C][D]15.[A][B][C][D]16.[A][B][C][D]17.[A][B][C][D]18.[A][B][C][D]19.[A][B][C][D]20.[A][B][C][D]PartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1．(40points)OfallthechangesthathavetakenceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepastquarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeandseriousnessoftheirartscoverage.Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageoffortytoimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20thcenturyconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelatthefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationingeneral-circulationdailies.WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetweentheturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheapandstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwriteindetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeventhosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnest couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress.“Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughorlirygiftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,” wrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine‘journalism’as‘a(chǎn)termofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.’” y,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowrotefortheManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyasawriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneofEngland’sforemostclassical-musiccritics,andastylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknownsavetospecialists.IsthereanychancethatCardus’scriticismwillenjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleusefortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateurtraditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2 artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-cityEnglish-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartshigh-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofyoungreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismon [A] [B]casual[C]elaborate [D]radicalWhichofthefollowingwouldshawandmostprobablyagreeItiswriters’dutytofulfilljournalisticItiscontemptibleforwriterstobeWritersarelikelytobetemptedintoNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticWhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoHismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreadersHisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeeninHisstylecaterslargelytomodernHiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurWhatwouldbethebesttitlefortheNewspapersoftheGoodOldTheLostHorizoninMournfulDeclineofProminentCriticsinOverthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusiness receivedoneforits“one-click”onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.OneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingaNowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompleyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasinlectual-propertylawyersabuzz,theU.S.CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal”,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchoolofLaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwastheFederalCircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithits1998decisionintheso-calledStateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemergingInternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatents,despitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfirmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalCircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt'sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateiswhetheritshould“reconsider”itsStateStreetBankruling.TheFederalCircuit'sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbytheSupremeCourtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexample,thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions”thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalCircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt,”saysHaroleC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecause theirlimitedvaluetotheirconnectionwithassetthepossiblerestrictionontheirthecontroversyoverWhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskiItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtItinvolvesaverybigbusinessIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheTheword“about-face”(Line1,Para3）mostprobably lossofgood [B]increaseof[C]changeof [D]enhancementofWelearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-method areimmunetolegal [B]areoftenunnecessarily[C]lowertheesteemforpatent [D]increasetheincidenceofWhichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectoftheAloomingthreattobusiness-methodAlegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodAprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodInhisbookTheTipPoint,MalcolmGladwellarguesthat“socialepidemics”aredriveninlargepartbytheactionsofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwellconnected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn'texinhowideasactuallyspread.Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromausible-soundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“two-stepflowofcommunication”:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexinthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchforcausesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelowhateveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon'tseemtoberequiredatall.Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobservationaboutsocialinfluence:WiththeexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinter al,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon'tinctwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenoncelebrityinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemics,byinfluencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,each soaffectedmusttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexample,thecascadeofchangewon'tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.Buildingonthisbasictruthaboutinter alinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluencebyconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople'sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced.Theyfoundthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatiscalled“globalcascades”—thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks—isthepresencenotofafewinfluentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasilyinfluencedpeople.BycitingthebookTheTipPoint,theauthorintends yzetheconsequencesofsocialdiscussinfluentials’functioninspreadingexemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofTheauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flow servesasasolutiontomarketinghashelpedexincertainprevalenthaswonsupportfromrequiressolidevidenceforitsWhattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshows thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocial allinkscanbeenhancedthroughtheinfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthemostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaTheunderlinedphrase“thesepeople”inparagraph4referstotheones stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofareinfluencedandtheninfluenceareinfluencedbytheinitialWhatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialTheeagernesstobe [B]Theimpulsetoinfluence[C]Thereadinesstobe [D]TheinclinationtorelyonBankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,havedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.Unfortunay,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America'sFinancialAccountingStandards（FASB）rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmoredomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheir statements.BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives.”Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppoliycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.”EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandards（IASB）dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallnning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitsreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum”but“intherealworld”andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongnet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank'ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snewntobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.ButbygivingintocriticsnowtheyarepressuretomakemoreBankerscominedthatthey d followunfavorableassetevaluationcollectpaymentsfromthirdcooperatewiththepricereevaluatesomeoftheirAccordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresult thediminishingroleoftherevivalofthebankingthebanks’long-termassettheweakeningofitsAccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattempt keepawayfrompoliticalevadethepressurefromtheiractontheirowninrule-takegradualmeasuresinTheauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongnet”inthat misinterpretedmarketpriceexaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirneglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddeniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofTheauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisone [B][C] [D]Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1．(40points)ThedecisionoftheNewYorkPhilharmonictohireAlanGilbertasitsnextmusicdirectorhasbeenthetalkoftheclassical-musicworldeversincethesuddenannouncementofhisappointmentin2009．Forthemostpart,theresponsehasbeenfavorable,tosaytheleast."Hooray!Atlast!"wroteAnthonyTommasini,asober-sidedclassical-musiccritic.Oneofthereasonswhytheappointmentcameassuchasurprise,however,isthatGilbertiscomparativelylittleknown.EvenTommasini,whohadadvocatedGilbert'sappointmentintheTimes,callshim"anunpretentiousmusicianwithnoairoftheformidableconductorabouthim."AsadescriptionofthenextmusicdirectorofanorchestrathathashithertobeenledbymusicianslikeGustavMahlerandPierreBoulez,thatseemslikelytohavestruckatleastsomeTimesreadersasfaintpraise.Formypart,IhavenoideawhetherGilbertisagreatconductororevenagoodone.Tobesure,heperformsanimpressivevarietyofinterestingcompositions,butitisnotnecessaryformetovisitAveryFisherHall,oranywhereelse,tohearinterestingorchestralmusic.AllIhavetodoistogotomyCDshelf,orbootupmycomputeranddownloadstillmorerecordedmusicfromDevotedconcertgoerswhoreplythatrecordingsarenosubstituteforliveperformancearemissingthepoint.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.Theserecordingsarecheap,availableeverywhere,andveryoftenmuchhigherinicqualitythantoday'sliveperformances;moreover,theycanbe"consumed"atatimeandceofthelistener'schoosing.Thewidespreadavailabilityofsuchrecordingshasthusbroughtaboutacrisisintheinstitutionofthetraditionalclassicalconcert.Onepossibleresponseisforclassicalperformerstoprogramattractivenewmusicthatisnotyetavailableonrecord.Gilbert'sowninterestinnewmusichasbeenwidelynoted:AlexRoss,aclassical-musiccritic,hasdescribedhimasamanwhoiscapableofturningthePhilharmonicinto"amarkedlydifferent,morevibrantorganization."Butwhatwillbethenatureofthatdifference?Merelyexpandingtheorchestra'srepertoirewillnotbeenough.IfGilbertandthePhilharmonicaretosucceed,theymustfirstchangetherelationshipbetweenAmerica'soldestorchestraandthenewaudienceithopestoattract.WelearnfromPara.1thatGilbert’sappointment incurred [B]raised[C]received [D]arousedTommasiniregardsGilbertasanwho [B][C] [D]Theauthorbelievesthatthedevoted ignoretheexpensesofliverejectmostkindsofrecordedexaggeratethevarietyofliveoverestimatethevalueofliveAccordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingistrueofTheyareofteninferiortoliveconcertsinTheyareeasilyaccessibletothegeneralTheyhelpimprovethequalityofTheyhaveonlycoveredRegardingGilbert’sroleinrevitalizingth