考試段落總結(jié)(研究生英語多維教程熟諳)

Unit1從能力到責(zé)任Whentoday’shigh-schoolseniorsareaskedwhattheyplantodoaftergraduates,mostsaythattheyintendtogetabachelor’sdegree.Theyhavebeentoldthattheirgenerationhasonly“onewaytowin”-bygettingatleastatleastabachelor’sdegree,inthehopethatitwilleventuallyleadtoaprofessionaljob.Inarecentsurveyofhigh-schoolseniorsconductedbytheNationCenterforEducationStatistics,85percentoftherespondentssaidtheyplannedtogetabachelor’sdegree.And,although20yearsagoonly45percentofhigh-schoolgraduateswentontocollege,today68percentactuallymatriculate(注冊),withthemajorityenrollinginfour-yearortwo-yearprogramsdesignedtoallowthemtransfertofour-yearinstitutions.Accordingtoconventionalwisdom,therapidriseinthenumberofstudentsattendingcollegeiscausefornationalcelebration.Butourresearchsuggeststhat,intenditmaybecausefornationalconcern.Why?Becauseformanyyoungpeople,the“onewaytowin”paradigm(例子)isnotrealistic,giventheiracademictalentsandthelabor-marketprojections.Studentsrankingbelowthetopthirdoftheirhigh-schoolgraduatingclasstoooftenfailtoearnasbachelor’sdegreeiftheyenrollincollege.Thecostofsuchfailure–inbothdollarsandunmetexpectations-isrisingandbeginningtoerodepublicconfidenceinoursystemofhigheducation.A1.（ArnodToynbeehassaidthatallprogress…）德.湯說過，一切進步，一切發(fā)展均來自挑戰(zhàn)及由此引起的反應(yīng)。沒有挑戰(zhàn)就沒有反應(yīng)，沒有發(fā)展，沒有自由。所以，我們首先應(yīng)該在我們孩子的能力允許的范圍內(nèi)為他們開設(shè)最嚴格最富有挑戰(zhàn)性的課程。2.(Thesecondopportunitywecangiveourboys…)我們可以向我們的孩子提供第二個機會是允許他們有失敗的權(quán)力。德.紐伊寫道：“不僅是一種特權(quán)，也是一種考驗。”如果沒有人可以失敗，那它算什么考驗，算什么自由呢？美國可以向所有在高中讀者完四年課程而不管其是否取得任何明顯收獲的學(xué)生發(fā)放畢業(yè)文憑的日子已經(jīng)一去不復(fù)返了。我們現(xiàn)在生活在一個外變得很狹隘的世界里，們必須同對現(xiàn)實保持警覺，有所認識；而現(xiàn)實主義要求樹立一個要么成功要么失敗的標準。這些話聽起來很刺耳，但都是殘酷的事實。如果我們剝奪了孩子的失敗權(quán)力，實際上我們就剝奪了他們?nèi)鐚嵉卣J識世界的機會。B1.（如今的大學(xué)生，盡管他們努力的想使自己成才，但對未來還是很模糊的）Today'suniversitystudentsarestrugglingtoestablishthemselves,buttheystillhaveambiguousfeelingsabouttheirfuture.2.（一個人如果不能找到自我以外的中心，就不能實現(xiàn)它的自我價值。所以，理想的本科教育必須使學(xué)生超越自我）Amancannotfindhimselfwithoutfindingacenterbeyondhi.Sotheidealismoftheundergraduateexperiencemusthelpthestudenttranscendhimself.3.（我們強烈的希望在大學(xué)所學(xué)到的知識在今后的工作與學(xué)習(xí)中能起到重要的作用）Weeagerlyhopethatthelessonsleanedintheuniversitywillrevealthemselvesinourperformanceintheworkplaceandfurthereducation.4.（四年的本科學(xué)習(xí)是走向成功生活的唯一道路，這種說法是無法接受的）Itcannotgounchallengedtosaythatthe4-yearundergraduateexperienceistheonlypathtosuccessinlife.5.（在對一個關(guān)鍵的問題做結(jié)論時，如果只相信所謂的專家而不相信自己，不根據(jù)調(diào)查的結(jié)果，不根據(jù)實驗的數(shù)據(jù)，那是在冒險）Weruntheriskofmakingcriticaldecisions,notonthebasisofwhatweknow,thefindingsofinvestigations,andthedataofexperiments,butonthebasisofblindfaithinprofessedexperts.6.（我們的事業(yè)需要一批受過良好教育又能關(guān)心他人的年輕人，他們能團結(jié)一致，相互學(xué)習(xí)，積極參加四化建設(shè)）Ourtaskneedsalargegroupofwell-informed,caringyoungpeoplewhocanbandtogether,learnfromeachother,andactivelyparticipateinthefourmodernizations.7.（如果這所新學(xué)校要有生命力的話，它培養(yǎng)的學(xué)生不僅要有扎實的基礎(chǔ)和熟練的專業(yè)技能，還要有奉獻精神）Ifitistoendure,thenewschoolshouldhelpthestudentsnotonlyacquireasoldbasiceducationandbecomecompetentinaspecificfield,butalsobereadytocommitthemselvestoothers.8.（如果大學(xué)生對考試過于投入，就有可能把能力與奉獻放到次要的地位，這樣說一點也不過分）Itisnottoomuchtosaythatifundergraduatesexcessivelydevotethemselvestoexaminations,thewillpushcompetenceandcommitmenttothefringes.9.（我甚至沒有跟他說話，當然更不用說與他討論有關(guān)你們學(xué)校的改建問題）Ididn'tevenspeaktohim;muchlessdiscussthereconstructionofyourschoolwithhim.10.（有人認為考試是很重要的，但也有人認為考試有不少弊端。所以考試留下了一個未能解決的問題---考試對教育有什么影響？）Somepeoplethinkexaminationsaresecondtonone,butsomethinkexaminationshavealotofdisadvantages.Examinationsleaveusanopenessentialquestion---whatinfluencedoexaminationsexertoneducation?Unit2家庭企業(yè)：下一代的前景E.Asmallfamily-ownedcompany,Eisai,wasoneoftheoriginalmanufacturersofvitaminE,anditmaintainedastrongresearchcommitmenttonaturalpharmaceuticals.Overtheyears,itdevelopeddrugsforthetreatmentofcardiovascular,respiratory,andneurologicaldiseases.Thecompanyexperiencedsteady.Modestgrowth,andin1992salesreached197billionyenandprofitsapproached13billionyen.Althoughitwasthesixth-largestJapanesepharmaceuticalcompany,Eisaiwasarelativelysmallplayerinanindustryinwhichglobalcompetitionwasincreasingwhilegrowthinthedomesticmarketwasslowingdown.In1993,HaruoNaitotookoveraspresidentfromhisfather.Beforethat,hehadchairedEisai’sfive-yearstrategicplanningcommittee.Duringthattime,hehadbecomeconvincedthatthecompany’sfocusonthediscoveryandmanufactureofpharmaceuticalswasnotsustainableforlong-termgrowthagainstlarge,globalcompetitors.Twoyearsafterbecomingpresident,NaitoformulatedaradicalnewvisionforEisaithathecalledHumanHealthCare.Itextendedthecompany’sfocusfrommanufacturingdrugtreatmentsforspecificillnesstoimprovingtheoverallqualityoflife.Toaccomplishthatmission,Eisaidevelopedawidearrayofnewproducts.Andthat,inturn,wouldrequirebroadinvolvementandcommitment.Heencouragedinnovativeactivityandcreatedanenvironmentinwhichemployees’effortswouldbeacceptedandrewarded.Soontherewereproposalsfor130additionalHHCprojectsandbytheendof1996,intheJapanesedomesticpharmaceuticalindustry,andEisai’scustomersandcompetitorsviewthecompanyasaleaderinhealthcare.A1.(Owners/foundersareextremelydrivenanddynamic.Oftenthey…)業(yè)主/企業(yè)創(chuàng)建者不僅進取advancesinfuelqualityandefficiencyandintechnologywouldradicallyreducetheemissionsfromautomobiles.6.(在美國，高度發(fā)達的公路網(wǎng)使在各地之間來來往往成為可能)AhighlydevelopedhighwaynetworkhasmadepossibletheeasymovementfromcoasttocoastintheUnitedStates.7.(一想到這條林蔭大道的建設(shè)速度，參觀者都感到很吃驚：這條路不久前還在開挖及鋪設(shè)排水管)Theverythoughtofthespeedatwhichthebeautifulavenuewasconstructedelectrifiedeveryvisitor;theroadhadonlyrecentlybeentornuptolaydrain-pipesnotlongago.8.(環(huán)境保護主義者嚴厲譴責(zé)了汽車，認為汽車是產(chǎn)生空氣污染的主要因素)Environmentalistshavedenouncedautomobiles,believingtheyareamajorfactorintheproductionofdirtyair.9.(由于有便利的公共交通，在大都市的市郊，許多新建的住宅群拔地而起)Manynewresidentialcomplexeshaverisenupinthesuburbsofmetropolitancitiesbecauseoftheavailabilityofconvenientpublictransportation.10.(盡管非常喜歡汽車，許多人還是相信廣泛的使用公共交通系統(tǒng)能緩解交通擁擠)Despitetheirloveforcars,manypeoplelendcredencetotheextensiveuseofthepublictransportsystem,whichcancutdownontrafficcongestion.Unit4無子女家庭：亙古生息的反叛D.Childrenarenowleavinghomeinlateadolescence-anearlieragethaninthepast.Adolescentarenolongerinvolvedinmakinganeconomiccontributiontothefamily.Infact,theirmajoreconomicimpactedisasconsumers.Therefore,thefamilyhaslittlereasontokeepthechildhomeasaneconomiccontribution.Itisbecomingincreasinglycommonforyoungpeopletoleavehomeforcollegeortolivewithsomeoneelsewhentheybecomeemployed.Notonlydofamilieshavefewerchildrenbuttheyhavetheminschoolandoutofthehomeatyoungeragesthaninthepast.Themostsurprisingfindingswithregardtochildrenshowanegativeimpactonmarriageduetochildren.Therehasbeenmuchevidencethatchildrencontributetogreaterconflictanduncertaintyinamarriage.Studiesshowthatgeneralifesatisfactionishighestforpeoplewhentheyareyoung,married,andchildless.OtherstudiesshowthatAmericancoupleswithchildrenathomelendtohavelowermaritalsatisfactionthanthosewithoutchildren.Forbothmenandwomen,reportsofhappinessandsatisfactiondrop-anddon’triseagainuntilthechildrenaregrownandabouttoleavethenest.A（Someobserverssuggestthatperhapswhatweareseeing…）1.一些觀察家提出，我們正在看到的這種現(xiàn)象根本就不是什么重大變化，或許它和性革命一樣，不是人們行為上的而是表達方式上的一種劇變。一位住在康涅狄格州的精神分析學(xué)家說，“也許，一直就有那么一群與眾不同的人存著。只不過他們現(xiàn)在從隱蔽外走了出來，公開表明了他們的觀點，就像同性戀者那樣。我們這一時代的潮流就是干你想干的事而不是加以掩飾。這些人身上所反映的不是什么變革而是人們現(xiàn)在越來越坦率直言的這樣一個現(xiàn)象。2.在最近幾十年的時間里，人們漸漸地明白了一個事實，那就是：為數(shù)不多的婦女已不再接受并愿意扮演深居簡出的傳統(tǒng)母親角色。許多人認為家庭的重要性正日益消失。婦女受教育程度的提高是造成這一文化的重要因素。如今，百分之八十的婦女完成了四年制的高中學(xué)習(xí)。而在1940年，完成這一階段學(xué)習(xí)的婦女僅占百分之三十。這與現(xiàn)在美國婦女平均晚一年結(jié)婚有關(guān)。二十歲至二十四歲未婚者從1960年的28%上升到20世紀70年代的40%。人們推遲了生兒育女的時間，只有不到10%的婦女是在結(jié)婚后兩年內(nèi)生孩子。除此之外，越來越多的婦女不想要孩子。工作、晚婚、不要孩子是近年來婦女作用發(fā)生變化的主要表現(xiàn)。B1.(一些職業(yè)觀察家認為，現(xiàn)在的年輕人不再對政治和事業(yè)感興趣；他們越來越關(guān)注與他們自身關(guān)系更為密切的問題)Someprofessionalobserversbelievethatyoungpeopletodayarenolongerinterestedinpoliticsandcauses,butrather,havebecomeincreasinglypreoccupiedwithissuesclosertothemselves.2.(一個婦女所獲得的教育程度越高，就越有可能走出小家庭這個環(huán)境，到社會上去實現(xiàn)自我)Thehigherawoman’seducationalattainment,themorelikelysheistogooutoftheprivatesettingofthenuclearfamilyandtorealizeherselfinthecommunity.3.(就我而言，一些已婚夫婦做出選擇不要小孩的真正原因是他們非常自戀，以至于他們沒有多余的愛給別人)AsfarasIamconcerned,whatreallyliesbehindthedecisionofsomemarriedcouplesnottostartafamilyisthattheyaresonarcissisticandhavenomarginoflovetospareothers.4.(這家公司甚至在未征求發(fā)明人同意的情況下，就將其一項注冊過的新發(fā)明投放市場)Thecompanyputonthemarketaregisteredinventionevenwithoutaskingtheinventor’spermission,whichgoesagainstthepatentlaw.5.(在一些國家的敦促下，聯(lián)合國對該國施加壓力，迫使其放棄研制和使用核武器)Urgedbysomeothercountries,theUnitedNationshaspressuredthecountrytogiveupdevelopingandusingnuclearweapons.6.(按照每個會員必須是無子女這一規(guī)定，懷特先生及其太太只好退出Non-Parent協(xié)會，因為他們很快就要當父母了)Accordingtotherulethateverymembershouldremainchildless,Mr.AndMswhitehavenoalternativebuttowithdrawfromtheNon-ParentAssociation,fortheywillattainparenthoodsoon.7.(他期望通過上演一部肥皂劇來揭示現(xiàn)實生活所固有的復(fù)雜性)Heexpectstoreveal,bypresentingasoapopera,thecomplexityimplicitinreallife.8.(幾乎在每個國家，嗜用麻醉品、酗酒和摧殘兒童都有變?yōu)樽盍钊松钏嫉纳鐣栴}的趨勢)Invirtuallyeverycountry,drugabuse,alcoholabuseandchildabuseloonasmostchallengingsocialproblems.9.(在接受采訪時，這些老年人合理的解釋了誒什么會對當今青年人產(chǎn)生矛盾心理的原因)Wheninterviewed,theseelderlypeoplerationalizedwhytheywereambivalentabouttoday’syoungpeople.10.(不少大學(xué)生更關(guān)心怎樣在畢業(yè)后謀得一份報酬優(yōu)厚的工作，怎樣在這個充滿競爭的社會里迅速得到提升)Manycollegestudentsarefarmoreconcernedwithhowtogetahighly-paidjobongraduationandhowtoreceiveaquickpromotioninthecompetitivesociety.Unit5三明治人－－生存在夾縫中的一代人D.Intheworld’srichcountries,whenyouretireat65youcanexpecttolive,onaverage,foranother15or20years.Ahundredyearsagoyouwould,onaverage,havebeenalreadydead.Thelate20thcenturyhasbroughttomanytheultimategift:theluxuryofaging.Butlikeanyluxury,agingisexpensive.Governmentsarefrettingabout(苦惱)thecostalready;Buttheyalsoknowthatfarworseistocome:Overthenext30or40years,thedemographicchangesoflongerlivesandfewerbirthswillforcemostcountriestorethinkinfundamentalwaystheirarrangementsforpayingforandlookingafterolderpeople.In199018%ofpeopleinOECDcountrieswereagedover60.By2030thatfigurewillhaverisentoover30%.Theshareofthe“Oldestold”(thoseover80),nowaround3%,issettodouble.Thevastmajorityoftheseolderpeoplewillbeconsumers,notproducers.Thankstostatetransfers,beingoldindevelopedcountriesmostlynolongermeansbeingpoor.Theoldpeoplewillexpectdecentpensionstoliveon;theywillmakeheavydemandsonmedicalservices;andsomewillneedexpensivenursingcare.Yetwhiletheirnumbersareexpandingfast,numbersofpeopleatwork-whowillhavetofootthebill-willstaymuchthesame,soeachworkerwillhavetocarryamuchheavierburden.Masssurvivaltoaripeoldagewillnotbeconfinedtorichcountries.Mostdevelopingcountries,whosepopulationsarenowmuchyoungerthanthedevelopedworld’s,arestartingtoagefast.A（Thenewcombinationofageandpovertyinseveralcountries…）在不少拉丁美洲和亞洲的國家,老年化和貧困將引起許多新問題,而這些問題對于工業(yè)化國家來說并不陌生,但是這些國家擁有資源少得多。在使用有限資源時所遇到倫理道德問題將更為突出,為醫(yī)療保健和養(yǎng)老金提供資金可能成為這些國家面臨的一件棘手的事。在許多國家,老年人的人數(shù)太少,政治上多半相當被動,以致無法成為一個能對長期政策施加有效壓力來促進自身利益的團體。但隨著其數(shù)量增多,這種狀況正在改變，他們知道需要集結(jié)政治力量。到2030年將沒有一個政治家大膽到敢于忽略三分之一這部份老年選民——特別老年選民一般參加投票的人數(shù)要比其他選民多。B1.(總的來說，人變得越來越有同情心；不少家庭收養(yǎng)了來自市孤兒院的孤兒)Generally,peoplehavebecomemorecompassionateandquiteafewfamilieshavetakeninanorphanfromthemunicipalorphanage.2.(一個有工作的婦女既要照顧她的孩子和老人，又要設(shè)法保有這份工作，是一件非常困難的事情)Itisademandingtaskforaworkingwomantolookafterherparentsandherchildrenwhileholdingdownajob.3.(起先，我們對他們初次在異國他鄉(xiāng)生活感到擔(dān)憂，但是結(jié)果他們在那個