2023年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案篇

長(zhǎng)風(fēng)破浪會(huì)有時(shí)，直掛云帆濟(jì)滄海。住在富人區(qū)的她2023年考研考博-考博英語-哈爾濱工業(yè)大學(xué)考試歷年高頻考點(diǎn)真題薈萃帶答案第1卷一.綜合題(共10題)1.翻譯題在20世紀(jì)50年代早期到60年代中期，營養(yǎng)學(xué)歷史的第三個(gè)時(shí)期種，維生素療法開始變得聲名狼藉。隨之而來的是在醫(yī)科學(xué)校中營養(yǎng)學(xué)教育也變得不那么熱門了。就在這種情況發(fā)生的十年前，許多醫(yī)藥公司發(fā)現(xiàn)他們的維生素銷量猛增，并迅速把大量維生素樣品和宣傳材料提供給開業(yè)醫(yī)師，這些材料大肆喧揚(yáng)補(bǔ)充各種與健康相關(guān)狀況的維生素的好處。對(duì)維生素在疾病控制方面成功的期望被夸大了。正如在回顧這種狀況時(shí)大家都知道的，維生素和礦物療法在用于治療嚴(yán)重的健康狀況時(shí)比治療長(zhǎng)期因營養(yǎng)不良而導(dǎo)致的慢性健康問題時(shí)效果要小的多。2.翻譯題Internationalmarketingisnotaluxurytobeconsideredasabonusontopofeverycompanyseekingtosustainitsowneconomicfuture.Itthereforerequirescommitmentandanequalshareoftheallocationofresourcesthatwouldnormallybecommittedtothedomesticmarket.Certainly,itlacksdefinitionandabodyofknowledgesufficienttoexcite,butitisbecausecompaniesdonotrecognizetheimportanceandneedforinternationalmarketingthatthereisthislackofsuitablepositionsforthosestudentsofinternationalmarketing.Notallcountries,however,holdinternationalmarketinginthesamelowesteem.WhilethismaybetrueoftheUnitedKingdomandNorthAmerica,itisnottrueofJapanwhereindustryandcommercehavemaintainedtraditionallystrongtieswithitsuniversitiesCoincidentally,Japanhasbeenforgingaheadininternationalmarketseveninthosecountriesinwhichitisnotatraditionalsupplier.3.單選題MaryBarton,particularlyinitsearlychapters,isamovingresponsetothesufferingoftheindustrialworkerintheEnglandofthe1840’s.Whatismostimpressiveaboutthebookistheintenseandpainstakingeffortmadebytheauthor,ElizabethGaskell,toconveytheexperienceofeverydaylifeinworking-classhomes.Hermethodispartlydocumentaryinnature:thenovelincludessuchfeaturesasacarefullyannotatedreproductionofdialect,theexactdetailsoffoodpricesinanaccountofateaparty,anitemizeddescriptionofthefurnitureoftheBartons’livingroom,andatranscription(againannotatedoftheballad“TheOldhamWeaver.”Theinterestofthisrecordisconsiderable,eventhoughthemethodhasaslightlydistancingeffect.Asamemberofthemiddleclass,Gaskellcouldhardlyhelpapproachingworking-classlifeasanoutsideobserverandareporter,andthereaderofthenovelisalwaysconsciousofthisfact.Butthereisgenuineimaginativere-creationinheraccountsofthewalkinGreenHeysFields,ofteaattheBartons’house,andofJohnBartonandhisfriend’sdiscoveryofthestarvingfamilyinthecellarinthechapter“PovertyandDeath.”Indeed,forasimilarlyconvincingre-creationofsuchfamiliesemotionsandresponses(whicharemorecrucialthanthematerialdetailsonwhichthemerereporterisapttoconcentrate),theEnglishnovelhadtowait60yearsfortheearlywritingofD.H.Lawrence.IfGaskellneverquiteconveysthesenseoffullparticipationthatwouldcompletelyauthenticatethisaspectofMaryBarton,shestillbringstothesescenesanintuitiverecognitionoffeelingsthathasitsownsufficientconviction.Thechapter“OldAlice’sHistory”brilliantlydramatizesthesituationofthatearlygenerationofworkersbroughtfromthevillagesandthecountrysidetotheurbanindustrialcenters.TheaccountofJobLegh,theweaverandnaturalistwhoisdevotedtothestudyofbiology,vividlyembodiesonekindofresponsetoanurbanindustrialenvironment:anaffinityforlivingthingsthathardens,byitsverycontrastwithitsenvironment,intoakindofcrankiness.Theearlychapters-aboutfactoryworkerswalkingoutinspringintoGreenHeysFields;aboutAliceWilson,rememberinginhercellarthetwig-gatheringforbroomsinthenativevillagethatshewillneveragainsee;aboutJobLgh,intentonhisimpaledinsects-capturethecharacteristicresponsesofagenerationtothenewandcrushingexperienceofindustrialism.Theotherearlychapterseloquentlyportraythedevelopmentoftheinstinctivecooperationwitheachotherthatwasalreadybecominganimportanttraditionamongworkers.1.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardGaskell’suseofthemethodofdocumentaryrecordinMaryBarton?Accordingtothepassage,MaryBartonandtheearlynovelsofD.HLawrencesharewhichofthefollowing?2.WhichofthefollowingismostcloselyanalogoustoJobLeghinMaryBarton,asthatcharacterisdescribedinthepassage?3.Itcanbeinferredfromexamplesgiveninthelastparagraphofthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingwaspartof“thenewandcrushingexperienceofindusfrialism”(lines33-34)formany4.membersoftheEnglishworkingclassinthenineteenthcentury?5.ItcanbeinferredthattheauthorofthepassagebelievesthatMaryBartonmighthavebeenanevenbetternovelifGaskellhad（

）.6.Whichofthefollowingphrasescouldbestbesubstitutedforthephrase‘"thisaspectofMaryBarton"inline20-21withoutchangingthemeaningofthepassageasawhole?7.TheauthorofthepassagedescribesMaryBartonaseachofthefollowingEXCEPT問題1選項(xiàng)A.UncriticalenthusiasmB.UnresolvedambivalenceC.QualifiedapprovalD.Resignedacceptance問題2選項(xiàng)A.Depictionofthefeelingsofworking-classfamilies.B.Documentaryobjectivityaboutworking-classcircumstances.C.Richlydetaileddescriptionofworking-classadjustmenttourbanlife.D.Imaginativelystructuredplotsaboutworking-classcharacters.問題3選項(xiàng)A.AnentomologistwhocollectedbutterfliesasachildB.Asmall-townattorneywhosehobbyisnaturephotography.C.Ayoungmanwholeavershisfamily’sdairyfarmtostarthisownbusiness.D.Acitydwellerwhoraisesexoticplantsontheroofofhisapartmentbuilding.問題4選項(xiàng)A.ExtortionatefoodpricesB.GeographicaldisplacementC.HazardousworkingconditionsD.Alienationfromfellowworkers問題5選項(xiàng)A.concentratedontheemotionsofasinglecharacterB.madenoattempttore-createexperiencesofwhichshehadnofirsthandknowledge.C.madenoattempttoreproduceworking-classdialects.D.managedtotranscendherpositionasanoutsider.問題6選項(xiàng)A.theportrayaloftheparticularfeelingsandresponsesofworking-classcharactersB.theinfluenceofMaryBartononLawrence’searlyworkC.theplaceofMatyBartoninthedevelopmentoftheEnglishnovelD.theextentofthepovertyandphysicalsufferingamongEngland’sindustrialworkersinthel840’s問題7選項(xiàng)A.insightfulB.lyricalC.vividD.poignant4.單選題IdeasabouteducationarechangingintheUnitedStates.Educationtodayisnotjustahighschooldiplomaoracollegedegree.Manyadultsarenotinterestedingoingtocollege.Theyareinterestedinotherkindsoflearning.Forthem,learningdoesnotendwithadiploma.Continuingeducationgivestheseadultstheopportunitytoincreasetheirknowledgeabouttheirownfieldortolearnaboutanewfield.Italsogivesthemachancetoimprovetheiroldskillsortolearnnewones.Secretaries,mechanics,andbarberscantakeclassestoimprovetheirworkskills.Nursescantakeclassestoincreasetheirknowledgeofnursing.Iftheyknowmoreorlearnmore,thentheycangetabetterjoborearnmoremoney.Continuingeducationclassesgivesomeadultsthechancetolearnnewskills.Thereisusuallyalargevarietyofclassestochoosefrom,typing,foreigncooking,photography,autorepair,furniturerepair,orswimming.Theseareonlysomeoftheclassesavailable.Someadultstakeclassesforfunorbecausetheclasswillbeusefulforthem.Forexample,theycanchooseaclassinalmostanylanguage,Chinese,SpanishorEnglishasasecondlanguage.Thereareclassesinfirstaidorclassesinsewing.Therearealsomanyothertypesofclassestochoosefrom.Otheradultstakecontinuingeducationclassestoimprovetheirownlivesbecausetheywanttofeelbetteraboutthemselves.Overweightpeoplecanfindexerciseclassesorclassesinnutrition.Otherscanlearnhowtobegoodparents,orhowtogetalongwithotherpeople.Therearemanyopportunitiesforadultstocontinuetheirlearning.Almostanycommunitycollegeorpublicschoolsystemhasacontinuingeducationprogram.Thereareclassesinschools,communitybuildings,orchurches.Mostclassesareintheevening,soworkingpeoplecanattend.Theclassesareusuallysmall,andtheyareinexpensive.Thousandsofpeopleregisterforcontinuingeducationclasseseachyear.Theyreceivenodiplomaorcertificate,andnogradeformostoftheclassestheyattend.Forthem,learningissomethingtheydobecausetheywantto.1.Lotsofpeopleattendcontinuingeducationclassesbecause（

）.2.Someadultstakelessonsoftypingorautorepairto（

）.3.What’sthemainideaofPara.7?4.Attendingcontinuingeducationclasses（

）.5.Wecanlearnfromthepassagethat（

）.問題1選項(xiàng)A.theycanalsogotochurchatthesametimeB.therearemanycoursestheycanchoosefromC.learningissomethingtheyareinterestedinD.theclasseswillhelpthembecomemoreconfident問題2選項(xiàng)A.getacollegeeducationB.learnnewskillsC.getacertificateD.earngrades問題3選項(xiàng)A.Adultscancontinuetheirlearning.B.Classesareheldforworkingpeople.C.Mostcontinuingeducationclassesareintheevening.D.Adultshavemanyopportunitiestocontinuetheirlearning.問題4選項(xiàng)A.isexpensiveB.requiresaloanC.isfreeofchargeD.doesnotcostmuchmoney問題5選項(xiàng)A.adulteducationisverypopularB.collegeeducationisnotimportantC.otherskindsoflearningaremoreimportantthanschoollearningD.continuingeducationclassesteachthesamecoursesthataretaughtincolleges5.單選題Banksarenotordinarilypreparedtopayoutallaccounts;theyrelyondepositorsnottodemandpaymentallatthesametime.Ifdepositorsshouldcometofearthatabankcouldn’tpayoffallitsdepositors,thenthatfearmightcauseallthedepositorstoappearonthesameday.Iftheydid,thebankcouldnotpayallaccounts.However,iftheydidnotallappearatonce,thentherewouldalwaysbefundstopaythosewhowantedtheirmoneywhentheywantedit.Mrs.ElsieVaughthastoldusofaterrifyingbankrun(擠兌)thatsheexperienced.Oneday,inDecemberof1925severalbanksfailedtoopeninacitywhereshelived.Theotherbanksanticipatedarunthenextday,andsotheofficersofthebankinwhichMrs.Vaughtworkedasateller(出納員)hadenoughfundsonhandtopayoffasmanydepositorsasmightapply.Theofficerssimplyinstructedthetellerstopayondemand.Nextmorningacrowdgatheredinthebankandonthesidewalkoutside.Thelengthofthelineconvincedmanythatthebankcouldnotpossiblypayoffeveryone.Peoplebegantopushandthentofightforplacesneartheteller’swindows.Clothingwastornandlimbsbroken,butthejamcontinuedforhours.Thepowerofthepanicatmosphereisevidentinthefactthattwotellers,thoughtheyknewthatthebankwassoundandcouldpayoutalldepositors,neverthelesswithdrewthefundsintheirownaccounts.Mrs.Vaughtsaysthatshehaddifficultyrestrainingherselffromdoingthesame.11.Abankrunoccurswhen______.12.WhathappenedtosomeofthecustomersofthebankwhereMrs.Vaughtworked?13.Theessentialcauseofarunonabankis______.14.ThecrowdsgatheredinMrs.Vaught’sbankandonthesidewalkbecauseof______.15.Accordingtothepassage,theactionsofthecustomersofMrs.Vaught’sbankwereinfluencedchieflyby______.問題1選項(xiàng)A.abankisclosedforoneormoredayB.employeesofabanktaketheirownfundsoutofthebankC.toomanydepositorsattempttodrawouttheirmoneyatonetimeD.thereappearlonglinesinfrontofthetellers’windows問題2選項(xiàng)A.Theylosttheirmoney.B.Theygotinjured.C.Theyhadtoleavepartoftheirmoneyinthebank.D.Theywereforcedtoputtheirmoneyintootherbanks.問題3選項(xiàng)A.lackofsufficientfundsB.toomanydepositorsC.inefficienttellersD.lossofconfidence問題4選項(xiàng)A.doubtB.greedC.angerD.curiosity問題5選項(xiàng)A.thefailureofthebanktopayoffeveryoneB.thefailureofseveralbankstoopenC.theactionsofthetwotellersinthebankD.thedifficultywithwhichtheyobtaintheirmoney6.單選題TherehewasAmerica’sfirstPresidentwithaMBA,themanwholovestoboastabouthisbusinessbackground,whosepresidentialcampaignraisedunprecedentedsumsfromcorporateWalletsandwhosecabinetisstuffedwithchiefexecutives.FaithintheintegrityofAmericanbusinessleaderswasbeingundermined,GeorgeBushsaidfiercely,byexecutives“breachingtrustandabusingpower.”Itwastimefor“anewethicofpersonalresponsibilityinthebusinesscommunity”.Hewasgoingto“endthedaysofcookingthebooks,shadingthetruthandbreakingourlaws”.Onlymonthsago,theideathatGeorgeBushwouldpubliclylambasteAmerica’scooperatebosseswaslaughable.Asacandidate,bornonthewaveofadecade-longeconomicboomandanunprecedented18-yearbullmarket,hecashedinonAmerican’sloveaffairwithcorporatesuccess.Butthingsaredifferentnow.Thestockmarketbubblehasburstand,despitesignsofeconomicrecovery,WallStreetseemstobesunkingloom.AstringofscandalsatsomeofAmerica’smosthigh-flyingfirmsincludingEnron,Xerox.Tyco,GlobalCrossingandmostrecently,WorldComhasradicallychangedthepublicmood.Aspoliticalpressureforreformincreases,sotoodoestheheatonMr.Bush.Isthebusinessman’spresidentreallypreparedtotakebusinessonandpushhardforreform?DespitethesetjawandaggrievedtoneinNewYork.Probablynot,Mr.Bushthinksthecurrentcrisisstemsfromafewbad-applechiefexecutivesratherthanthesystemasawhole.Hencehefocusesontoughpenaltiesforcorruptbusinessmenandhispleaforhigherethicalstandards.Thepresidentannouncedthecreationofafinancial-crimesSWATteam,attheJusticeDepartmenttorootoutcorporatefraud,andwantstodoublethemaximumprisonsentenceforfinancialfraudfromfivetotenyears.Butheofferedfewconcretesuggestionsforsystemicreform:littlementionofchangestostrengthenshareholders’rights,notevenanendorsementoftheSenatecorporate-reformbill.TherearefewsignsyetthatcleaningupcorporateAmericaisanissuethatanimatesthevoters.PollsshowthatAmericanshavelittlefaithintheirbusinessleaders,butpoliticiansdonotseemtobesufferingasaresult.Mr.Bush’sapprovalratingshavefallenfromtheirsky-highs,buttheyarestillverystrong.Thepresident,therefore,needdonomorethantalktough.ThisalonewillconvinceordinaryAmericansthatheisontopoftheissue.Astheeconomyreboundsandpublicoutagesubsides,theClamorforchangewillbequieter.Democraticattackswillfizzle,andfar-reachingreformbillswillbewatereddownbeforetheybecomelaw.Politically,thegamblemakessense.UnfortunatelyforAmericancapitalism,agreatopportunitywillbemissed.1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?2.WecaninferfromthethirdparagraphthatMr.Bush3.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutMr.Bushismentionedinthispassage?4.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthereformis（

）.5.Thephrase“agreatopportunity"inthelastparagraphreferstoanopportunityto問題1選項(xiàng)A.Bushhadtoofferconcretesuggestionsforreformaspoliticalpressureincrease.B.Atpresent,themaximumprisonsentenceforfinancialfraudisfiveyears.C.ItislaughablethatMr.BushpubliclyattackedAmerica’scorporatebosses.D.Americanshavelittlefaithintheirbusinessaswellaspoliticalleaders.問題2選項(xiàng)A.didn'tintendtotakebusinessonandpushhardforreformB.didnotdoanythingatallforthepresenceofthecurrentsituationC.tookshareholders'rightintoaccount,buthedidn'tapprovereformbillD.tooksomemeasurestopavethewayforthereform問題3選項(xiàng)A.Mr.BushisthesecondPresidentwithanMBAinAmericanhistory.B.My.Bushcontributesalottodecade-longeconomicboom.C.Mr.Bush’sapprovalratingsarestillhigh.D.MyBushdidn'tgetsupportinhispresidentialcampaign.問題4選項(xiàng)A.indifferentB.optimisticC.skepticalD.favorable問題5選項(xiàng)A.carryoutreformB.boomeconomyC.animatethevotersD.attackchiefexecutive7.單選題MuchoftheresearchonhallucinogenicdrugssuchasLSDhasfocusedontheneurotransmitterserotonin,achemicalthatwhenreleasedfromaprescriptionserotonin-secretingneuroncausesthetransmissionofanerveimpulseacrossasynapsetoanadjacentpost-synaptic,ortargetneuron.Therearetwomajorreasonsforthisemphasis.First,itwasdiscoveredearlyonthatmanyofthemajorhallucinogenshaveamolecularstructuresimilartothatofserotonin.Inaddition,animalstudiesofbrainneurochemistryfollowingadministrationofhallucinogensinvariablyreportedchangesinserotoninlevels.EarlyinvestigatorscorrectlyreasonedthatthestructuralsimilaritytotheserotoninmoleculemightimplythatLSD’seffectsarebroughtaboutbyanactionontheneurotransmissionofserotonininthebrain.Unfortunately,theleveloftechnicalexpertiseinthefieldofbrainresearchwassuchthatthishypothesishadtobetestedonperipheraltissue(tissueoutsidethebrain).TwodifferentgroupsofscientistsreportedthatLSDpowerfullyblockadedserotonin’saction.Theirconclusionswerequicklychallenged,however.Wenowknowthattheactionofadrugatonesideinthebodydoesnotnecessarilycorrespondtothedrugactionatanotherside,especiallywhenonesiteisinthebrainandtheotherisnot.Bythe1960's,technicaladvancespermittedthedirecttestingofthehypothesisthatLSDandrelatedhallucinogensactbydirectlysuppressingtheactivityofserotonin-secretingneuronsthemselves-theso-calledprescriptionhypothesis.Researchersreasonedthatifthehallucinogenicdrugsactbysuppressingtheactivityofserotonin-secretingneurons,thendrugsadministeredaftertheseneuronshadbeendestroyedshouldhavenoeffectonbehavior,becausethesystemwouldalreadybemaximallysuppressed.Contrarytotheirexpectations,neurondestructionenhancedtheeffectofLSDandrelatedhallucinogensonbehavior.Thus,hallucinogenicdrugsapparentlydonotactdirectlyonserotonin-secretingneurons.However,theseandotheravailabledatedosupportanalternativehypothesis,thatLSDandrelateddrugsactdirectlyatreceptorsitesonserotonintargetneurons(thepost-synaptichypothesis).ThefactthatLSDelicits"serotoninsyndrome-thatiscausesthesamekindsofbehaviorsasdoestheadmissionofserotonin-inanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotoninindicatesthatLSDactsdirectlyonserotoninreceptors,ratherthanindirectlythroughthereleaseofstoresofserotonin.TheenhancedeffectofLSDreportedafterserotonindepletioncouldbeduetoaproliferationofserotoninreceptorsitesonserotonintargetneurons.Thisphenomenonoftenfollowsneurondestructionorneurotransmitterdepletion;theincreaseinthenumberofreceptorsitesappearstobeacompensatoryresponsetodecreasedinput.Significantly,thishypothesisissupportedbydatefromanumbersofdifferentlaboratories.1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingisoneoftheprimaryfactorsthatledresearchersstudyinghallucinogenicdrugstofocusonserotonin?2.Itcanbeinferredthatresearchersabandonedtheprescriptionhypothesisbecause（

）.3.Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?4.Theresearchdescribedinthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwithansweringwhichofthefollowingquestions?5.Whichofthefollowingbestdefines’'serotoninsyndrome"（underlined,asthetermisusedinthepassage?6.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationoftheargumentthattheauthorofthepassagepresentsinthelasttwoparagraphs?7.Theauthor'sattitudetowardearlyresearchers’reasoningconcerningtheimplicationofsimilaritiesinthestructuresofserotoninandLSDmoleculescanbestbedescribedasoneof（

）問題1選項(xiàng)A.Thesuppressionoftheactivit3rofserotoninsecretingneuronsbytheadministrationofhallucinogensB.TheobservedsimilaritiesinthechemicalstructuresofserotoninandhallucinogensC.TheeffectstheadministrationofhallucinogenshasonserotoninproductioninthehumanbrainD.Serotonin-inducedchangesintheeffectsofhallucinogensonbehavior問題2選項(xiàng)A.anewandmoreattractivehypothesiswassuggestedB.noresearchwasreportedthatsupportedthehypothesisC.researchresultsprovidedevidencetocounterthehypothesisD.thehypothesiswassupportedonlybystudiesofanimalsandnotbystudiesofhumanbeings問題3選項(xiàng)A.Researchhassuggestedthattheneurotransmitterserotoninisresponsiblefortheeffectsofhallucinogenicdrugsonthebrainandonbehavior.B.Researchershavespentaninadequateamountoftimedevelopingtheoriesconcerningthewayinwhichtheeffectsofhallucinogenicdrugsoccur.C.Researchresultsstronglysuggestthathallucinogenicdrugscreatetheireffectsbyactingontheserotoninreceptorsiteslocatedontargetneuronsinthebrain.D.Researchershaverecentlymadevaluablediscoveriesconcerningtheeffectsofdepletingtheamountofserotonininthebrain.問題4選項(xiàng)A.HowcanresearcherscontroltheeffectsthatLSDhasonbehavior?B.Howareanimals’reactionstoLSDdifferentfromthoseofhumanbeing?C.WhattriggerstheeffectsthatLSDhasonhumanbehavior?D.WhattechnicaladvanceswouldpermitresearcherstopredictmoreaccuratelytheeffectsofLSDonbehavior?問題5選項(xiàng)A.Theseriesofbehaviors,usuallyassociatedwiththeadministrationofserotonin,thatalsooccurswhenLSDisadministeredtoanimalswhosebrainsaredepletedofserotoninB.Theseriesofbehaviors,usuallyassociatedwiththeadministrationofLSD,thatalsooccurswhentheamountofserotonininthebrainisreduced.C.Themaximalsuppressionofneuronactivitythatresultsfromthedestructionofserotonin-secretingneuronsD.Thereleaseofstoresofserotoninfromserotonin-secretingneuronsinthebrain問題6選項(xiàng)A.Twoapproachestotestingahypothesisaredescribed,andthegreatermeritsofoneapproachareindicated.B.Theassumptionsunderlyingtwohypothesesareoutlined,andevidenceforandagainsteachhypothesisisdiscussed.C.Aphenomenonisdescribed,andhypothesesconcerningitsoccurrenceareconsideredandrejectedD.Thereasoningbehindahypothesisissummarized,evidencesupportingthehypothesisispresented,andresearchthatcountersthesupportingevidenceisdescribed.問題7選項(xiàng)A.completeagreementB.reluctantsupportC.subtlecondescensionD.irreverentdismissa8.單選題Tworelativelyrecentindependentdevelopmentstandbehindthecurrentmajorresearcheffortonnitrogenfixation,(固氮)theprocessbywhichbacteriasymbioticallyrenderleguminous(豆科的)plantsindependentofnitrogenfertilizer,onedevelopmenthasbeentherapid,sustainedincreaseinthepriceofnitrogenfertilizer.Theotherdevelopmenthasbeentherapidgrowthofknowledgeofandtechnicalsophisticationingeneticengineering.Fertilizerprices,largelytiedtothepriceofnaturalgas，hugeamountsofwhichgointothemanufactureoffertilizer,willcontinuetorepresentanenormousandescalating,economicburdenonmodemagriculture,spurringthesearchforalternativestosynthetic(合成的)fertilizers.Andgeneticengineeringisjustthesortoffundamentalbreakthroughthatopensupprospectsofwhollynovelalternatives.Onesuchnovelideaisthatofinsertingintothechromosomes(染色體)ofplantsdiscretegenesthatarenotapartoftheplants’naturalconstitution:specifically,theideaofinsertingintononleguminousplantsthegenes,iftheycanbeidentifiedandisolated,thatfittheleguminousplantstobehostsfornitrogen-fixingbacteria.Nitrogenfixationisaprocessinwhichcertainbacteriauseatmosphericnitrogengas,whichgreenplantcannotdirectlyutilize,toproduceammonia(氨)anitrogencompoundplantscanuse.Itisoneofnature’sgreatironiesthattheavailabilityofnitrogeninthesoilfrequentlysetsanupperlimitonplantgrowtheventhoughtheplants’sleavesarebathedinaseaofnitrogengas.Theleguminousplantsamongthemcropplantssuchassoybeans,peas,alfalfa,andclover-havesolvedthenitrogensupplyproblembyenteringintoasymbiotic(共生的)relationshipwiththebacterialgenusRhizobium(根瘤菌);asamatteroffact,thereisaspecificstrainofRhizobiumforeachspeciesoflegume.Thehostplantsuppliesthebacteriawithfoodandaprotectedhabitatandreceivessurplusammoniainexchange.Hence,legumescanthriveinnitrogendepletedsoil.Unfortunatelymostofthemajorfoodcropsincludingmaize,wheat,rice,andpotatoescannot.Onthecontrary,manyofthehigh-yieldinghybrid(雜種的)varietiesofthesefoodcropsbredduringtheGreenRevolutionofthe1960’swereselectedspecificallytogivehighyieldsinresponsetogenerousapplicationsofnitrogenfertilizer.Thisposesanadditionalformidablechallengetoplantgeneticists:theymustworkonenhancingfixationwithintheexistingsymbioses.Unlesstheysucceed,theyieldgainsoftheGreenRevolutionwillbelargelylostevenifthegenesinlegumesthatequipthoseplantstoenterintoasymbiosiswithnitrogenfixersareidentifiedandisolated,andevenifthetransferofthosegenecomplexes,oncetheyarefound,becomespossible.Theoveralltasklooksforbidding,butthestakesaretoohighnottoundertakeit.1.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto（

）.2.Accordingtothepassage,thereiscurrentlynostrainofRhizobiumthatcanenterintoasymbiosiswith（

）.3.ThepassageimplieswhichofthefollowingistrueofthebacterialgenusRhizobium?4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingwasthemostinfluentialfactorinbringingaboutintensifiedresearchonnitrogenfixation?5.Whichofthefollowingsituationsismostcloselyanalogoustothesituationdescribedbytheauthorasoneofnature’sgreatironies.(thesentenceinitalicsinparagraph2)6.Accordingtothepassage,theultimategoalofthecurrentresearchonnitrogenfixationistodevelop（

）.7.Theauthorregardstheresearchprogramunderdiscussionas（

）.8.Mostnearlyparallel,initsfundamentalapproach,totheresearchprogramdescribedinthepassagewouldbeaprogramdesignedto（

）

問題1選項(xiàng)A.exposethefragilenatureofthefoundationsonwhichthehighyieldofmodemagriculturerest.B.arguethatgeneticengineeringpromisestoleadtoevenhigheryieldsthanareachievablewithsyntheticfertilizers.C.arguethatthecapacityfornitrogen-fixingsymbiosesistransferabletononleguminousplants.D.explainthereasonsforandtheobjectivesofcurrentresearchonnitrogen—fixingsymbioses.問題2選項(xiàng)A.alfalfaB.cloverC.maizeD.peas問題3選項(xiàng)A.Rhizobiumbacteriaarefoundprimarilyinnitrogen-depleteds