2021屆英語復(fù)習(xí)特訓(xùn)專題07閱讀理解說明、議論文-2020年真題和模擬題英語分項(xiàng)匯編含解析

學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學(xué)必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精2021屆高考英語通用版一輪復(fù)習(xí)特訓(xùn)：專題07閱讀理解說明、議論文-2020年高考真題和模擬題英語分項(xiàng)匯編含解析2020年高考英語真題和模擬題分項(xiàng)匯編專題07閱讀理解說明、議論文一、2020年高考真題說明文1?！?020·全國卷I，C】Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning,researchshows，whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries.Itdoes，however，haveitsownproblem.Racewalkersareconditionedathletes.ThelongesttrackandfieldeventattheSummerOlympicsisthe50—kilometerracewalk，whichisaboutfivemileslongerthanthemarathon.Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker'skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontact（接觸）withthegroundatalltimes。It’sthisstrangeformthatmakesracewalkingsuchanattractiveactivity，however，saysJaclynNorberg，anassistantprofessorofexercisescienceatSalemStateUniversityinSalem,Mass。Likerunning,racewalkingisphysicallydemanding，shesays,Accordingtomostcalculations，racewalkersmovingatapaceofsixmilesperhourwouldburnabout800calories（卡路里）perhour，whichisapproximatelytwiceasmanyastheywouldburnwalking,althoughfewerthanrunning,whichwouldprobablyburnabout1，000ormorecaloriesperhour。However，racewalkingdoesnotpoundthebodyasmuchasrunningdoes，Dr。Norbergsays。Accordingtoherresearch，runnershitthegroundwithasmuchasfourtimestheirbodyweightperstep，whileracewalkers,whodonotleavetheground,createonlyabout1.4timestheirbodyweightwitheachstep。Asaresult，shesays，someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning，suchasrunner’sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers。Butthesport’sstrangeformdoesplaceconsiderablestressontheanklesandhips,sopeoplewithahistoryofsuchinjuriesmightwanttobecautiousinadoptingthesport.Infact，anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique，shesays。Ittakessomepractice。1.Whyareracewalkersconditionedathletes？A。Theymustrunlongdistances.B.Theyarequalifiedforthemarathon。C。Theyhavetofollowspecialrules.D。Theyaregoodatswingingtheirlegs.2.Whatadvantagedoesracewalkinghaveoverrunning？A。It'smorepopularattheOlympics.B。It'slesschallengingphysically.C.It’smoreeffectiveinbodybuilding。D。It'slesslikelytocausekneeinjuries。3.WhatisDr。Norberg'ssuggestionforsomeonetryingracewalking?A.Gettingexperts'opinions.B.Havingamedicalcheckup。C.Hiringanexperiencedcoach.D.Doingregularexercises.4。Whichwordbestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetoracewalking？A。Skeptical. B。Objective。C。Tolerant。 D。Conservative.【文章大意】這是一篇說明文。短文介紹了競走相比跑步有諸多的優(yōu)勢，但是之前受過傷的人,要想從事這樣運(yùn)動(dòng)要謹(jǐn)慎,最好咨詢專家的建議.1。C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Butthesport’srulesrequirethataracewalker’skneesstaystraightthroughmostofthelegswingandonefootremainincontactwiththegroundatalltimes。"可知，但這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的規(guī)則要求競走者的膝蓋在擺動(dòng)腿的大部分時(shí)間保持伸直，一只腳始終與地面接觸.由此可知，競走運(yùn)動(dòng)員是需要具備某些條件的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是因?yàn)檫\(yùn)動(dòng)員需要遵守特殊的規(guī)則。故選C項(xiàng)。2.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段“Asaresult，shesays，someoftheinjuriesassociatedwithrunning，suchasrunner'sknee,areuncommonamongracewalkers.”可知，一些與跑步有關(guān)的損傷，比如跑步者的膝蓋，在競走者中并不常見。由此可知，競走與跑步相比的優(yōu)勢是不太可能導(dǎo)致膝蓋受傷。故選D項(xiàng)。3.A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段Dr。Norberg說的話“Infact,anyonewishingtotryracewalkingshouldprobablyfirstconsultacoachorexperiencedracertolearnpropertechnique（事實(shí)上,任何想嘗試競走的人都應(yīng)該首先咨詢教練或有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的競走運(yùn)動(dòng)員,學(xué)習(xí)適當(dāng)?shù)募记?。?可知，Dr.Norberg建議想嘗試競走的人征詢專家的建議。故選A項(xiàng)。4。B【解析】推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“Racewalkingsharesmanyfitnessbenefitswithrunning，researchshows，whilemostlikelycontributingtofewerinjuries。Itdoes,however,haveitsownproblem."可知，研究表明，競走和跑步一樣有很多健身益處，而且它還很少導(dǎo)致受傷。不過,它也有自己的問題。由此判斷出作者對于競走的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B項(xiàng).2?！?020·全國卷I，D】Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshavefoundpositiveeffects。AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother，employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants.TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology（MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactualcompositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse，evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey’reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater.＂We’rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseeveryday，＂explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT。Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(發(fā)光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.Strano’steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree—and-a-halfhours.Thelight,aboutone-thousandthoftheamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart。Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsoreventoturntreesintoself—poweredstreetlamps。Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesinaone-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant'slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff＂switch＂wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight。Lightingaccountsforabout7％ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS。Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource（電源)—suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway—alotofenergyislostduringtransmission(傳輸).Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.1.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.B.Abigfallincrimerates。C。Employeesfromvariousworkplaces。D。Benefitsfromgreenplants。2。WhatisthefunctionofthesensorsprintedonplantleavesbyMITengineer？A.Todetectplants’lackofwaterB.TochangecompositionsofplantsC.Tomakethelifeofplantslonger。D.Totestchemicalsinplants.3。Whatcanweexpectoftheglowingplantsinthefuture?A。Theywillspeedupenergyproduction.B.Theymaytransmitelectricitytothehome。C.Theymighthelpreduceenergyconsumption.D.Theycouldtaketheplaceofpowerplants.4。Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext？A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants？C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps？D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution—free？【文章大意】這是一篇說明文.文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處,因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物.文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢，指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈,達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用。1.D【解析】主旨大意題。根據(jù)第一段中AstudyconductedinYoungstown，Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecityexperiencedlesscrime。Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15％moreproductivewhentheirworkplacesweredecoratedwithhouseplants。可知例如,在俄亥俄州揚(yáng)斯敦進(jìn)行的一項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，城市綠化較好的地區(qū)犯罪率較低.在另一項(xiàng)研究中,當(dāng)員工的工作場所被室內(nèi)植物裝飾時(shí)，他們的工作效率會(huì)提高15％。由此可知,第一段的主旨是關(guān)于綠色植物的益處.故選D。2。A【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中Theseincludeplantsthathavesensorsprintedontheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetectharmfulchemicalsingroundwater?？芍@就包括葉子上印有傳感器來顯示植物缺水的情況的植物，還有一種植物可以檢測到地下水中的有害化學(xué)物質(zhì)。由此可知，麻省理工學(xué)院工程師植物葉片上印上傳感器的作用是檢測植物缺水的情況。故選A.3.C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)最后一段中Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.可知發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。由此可知，這種發(fā)光的植物在未來可能有助于減少能源消耗.故選C。4。C【解析】主旨大意題.根據(jù)最后一段中Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS。Sincelightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource—suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway—alotofenergyislostduringtransmission。Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy?？芍彰骷s占美國總耗電量的7％。由于照明通常遠(yuǎn)離電源，例如從發(fā)電廠到偏僻公路上路燈的距離,在傳輸過程中會(huì)損失大量能源。發(fā)光的植物可以縮短這段距離，從而幫助節(jié)約能源。結(jié)合文章主要說明了綠色植物對人們很有好處，因此麻省理工學(xué)院的工程師開發(fā)了一種發(fā)光植物，文章介紹了他們發(fā)明這種植物的過程，以及這種植物的一些優(yōu)勢,指出在未來發(fā)光植物有可能取代路燈，達(dá)到節(jié)約能源的作用.由此可知，C選項(xiàng)“發(fā)光的植物能取代路燈嗎？”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選C。3.【2020·全國卷=2\*ROMANII，B】Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzleshelpchildrenwithmath—relatedskills.PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills。Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognition(認(rèn)知)aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents’income，educationandtheamountofparenttalk，Levinesaid。Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child—parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfoundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54monthsofage?！癟hechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheirabilitytorotate(旋轉(zhuǎn))andtranslateshapes,”Levinesaidinastatement.Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould，andabouthalfofchildreninthestudyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher—incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmorefrequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills。However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactiveduringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls。ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience。1。Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?A.Buildingconfidence。 B.Developingspatialskills。C.Learningself—control。 D。Gaininghigh-techknowledge.2.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment？A.Parents’age. B.Children’simagination.C。Parents’education. D。Child—parentrelationship。3。Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?A。Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.B。Theytendtotalklessduringthegame。C。Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage。D。Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles。4。Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A。Amathematicalmethod. B.Ascientificstudy.C。Awomanpsychologist D。Ateachingprogram.【文章大意】本文是說明文。是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究,介紹了研究考慮的因素,研究過程和結(jié)果。1.B【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)第二段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4developbetterspatialskill（在2歲到4歲之間玩智力游戲的兒童在空間能力方面更好）可知，孩子們可以從智力游戲中發(fā)展更好的空間技能.B.Developingspatialskills（發(fā)展空間能力）符合以上說法,故選B項(xiàng)。2。C【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)第二段中Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognitionaftercontrollingfordifferenceinparents'income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk，Levinesaid。(Levine說，在父母的收入、教育和父母談話次數(shù)方面控制差異性之后,拼圖游戲被發(fā)現(xiàn)是一個(gè)重要的認(rèn)知預(yù)測)可知Levine在設(shè)計(jì)這個(gè)試驗(yàn)時(shí)考慮了父母的收入、教育程度和父母談話的次數(shù)。C.Parents’education。(父母的教育)符合以上說法，故選C項(xiàng)。3.D【解析】細(xì)節(jié)理解題.根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,可知男孩比女孩更喜歡玩復(fù)雜的謎題，即他們可能會(huì)玩難度更大的謎題。D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles。(他們有可能玩更復(fù)雜的謎題)符合以上說法，故選D項(xiàng)。4.B【解析】主旨大意題。本文是關(guān)于孩子們玩智力游戲的研究，介紹了研究考慮的因素，研究過程和結(jié)果。所以是關(guān)于科學(xué)研究的。B.Ascientificstudy（一項(xiàng)科學(xué)研究）符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng)。4?！?020·全國卷=2\＊ROMANII，C】Whenyouweretryingtofigureoutwhattobuyfortheenvironmentalistonyourholidaylist,furprobablydidn’tcrossyourmind。Butsomeecologistsandfashion(時(shí)裝）enthusiastsaretryingtobringbackthemarketforfurmadefromnutria（海貍鼠)。UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhave(showcased)nutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles.“Itsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt—freefur—unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear”,saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters＄5atail。SomeofthefurendsupinthefashionshowsliketheoneinBrooklynlastmonth。NutriawerebroughttherefromArgentinabyfurfarmersandletgointothewild.“Theecosystemdowntherecan’thandlethisnon-nativespecies(物種)。It’sdestroyingtheenvironment。It'sthemorus.”saysMichaelMassimi,anexpertinthisfield。Thefurtradekeptnutriacheckfordecades，butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat—sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.BiologistEdmondMoutonrunsthenutriacontrolprogramforLouisiana。Hesaysit’snoteasytoconvincepeoplethatnutriafurisgreen，buthehasnodoubtaboutit。Huntersbringinmorethan300,000nutriatailsayear，sopartofMouton’sjobthesedaysistryingtopromotefur。Thenthere'sRighteousFuranditsunusualfashion.ModelPaigeMorgansays，”Togivepeopleaguilt-freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—1thinkthat'sgoingtobeamassivething，atleasthereinNewYork?！盌esignerJenniferAndersonadmitsittookherawhiletocomearoundtotheopinionthatusingnutriafurforhercreationsismorallyacceptable。Shetryingtocomeupwithalabletoattachtonutriafashionstoshowitiseco—friendly。28。WhatisthepurposeofthefashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklyn？A。Topromoteguilt—freefur.B。Toexpandthefashionmarket.C.Tointroduceanewbrand.D。Tocelebrateawinterholiday。29.Whyarescientistsconcernedaboutnutria?A.Nutriadamagetheecosystemseriously。B。Nutriaareanendangeredspecies。C.Nutriahurtlocalcat-sizedanimals.D。Nutriaareillegallyhunted。30。Whatdoestheunderlinedword“collapsed”inparagraph5probablymean？A.Boomed. B。Becamemature。 C.Remainedstable。 D。Crashed。31.WhatcanweinferaboufwearingfurinNewYorkaccordingtoMorgan?A.It’sformal. B.It’srisky。 C.It’sharmful。 D.It’straditional.【答案】28。A29.A30。D31。B【解析】【分析】本文是說明文.介紹了美國新奧良和布魯克林舉辦了不同尋常的時(shí)裝秀。展出海貍鼠制成的皮衣。海貍鼠們每年都在破壞大片的濕地，因此設(shè)計(jì)師稱這是一種環(huán)保的舉措，科學(xué)家們也對海貍鼠損壞生態(tài)平衡表示了擔(dān)憂.28.推理判斷題.根據(jù)第二段UnusualfashionshowsinNewOrleansandBrooklynhaveshowcasednutriafurmadeintoclothesindifferentstyles?！癐tsoundscrazytotalkaboutguilt—freefur-unlessyouunderstandthatthenutriaaredestroyingvastwetlandseveryyear,”saysCreeMcCree,projectdirectorofRighteousFur.得知，美國新奧爾良和布魯克林舉辦了不同尋常的時(shí)裝秀,時(shí)裝秀上展出海貍鼠皮制成的不同風(fēng)格的衣服，項(xiàng)目總監(jiān)CreeMcCree說：“除非了解海貍鼠正每年破壞大片濕地,否則談?wù)摕o罪感皮衣是很瘋狂的事情"，可以判斷出由于海貍鼠對生態(tài)造成了巨大的破壞，這場海貍鼠皮衣時(shí)裝秀銷售的是無罪惡感皮衣。故選A。29。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段ScientistsinLouisianaweresoconcernedthattheydecidedtopayhunters＄5atail.得知,科學(xué)家們?nèi)绱藫?dān)心以至于他們決定按照一條海貍鼠尾巴付給獵人們5美元，可以推斷出科學(xué)家們擔(dān)憂海貍鼠們嚴(yán)重破壞生態(tài)平衡，。故選A。30。詞義猜測題。根據(jù)第五段Thefurtradekeptnutriaincheckfordecades,butwhenthemarketfornutriacollapsedinthelate1980s,thecat-sizedanimalsmultipliedlikecrazy.得知，毛皮貿(mào)易使海貍鼠受到了幾十年的控制，但是當(dāng)海貍鼠市場在20世紀(jì)80年代末崩潰時(shí)，這種貓大小的動(dòng)物數(shù)量瘋長,根據(jù)but判斷，這是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，以前由于皮毛交易，海貍鼠處于控制，現(xiàn)在這種海貍鼠之所以能夠數(shù)量激增，是由于市場不再銷售海貍鼠皮毛導(dǎo)致的，可以推斷出劃線詞collapsed是和D.crashed倒閉的意思最相近。故選D。31.推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段ModelPaigeMorgansays,“Togivepeopleaguilt–freeoptionthattheycanwearwithoutsomeonethrowingpaintonthem—Ithinkthat’sgoingtobeamassivething,atleastinNewYork."得知,為了給人們一種無罪的選擇,人們可以穿皮衣而不被人們潑油漆，我認(rèn)為在紐約將是一件巨大的事情,根據(jù)模特摩根所說得知，在紐約穿皮質(zhì)衣服是有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的.故選B。5?！?020·全國卷=3\＊ROMANIII，D】Wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes(基因),theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears。PeopleinEthiopianhighlandshaveadaptedtolivingathighaltitudes。Cattle-raisingpeopleinEastAfricaandnorthernEuropehavegainedamutation（突變)thathelpsthemdigestmilkasadults。OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell，ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaptation—nottoairortofood，buttotheocean。Agroupofsea—dwellingpeopleinSoutheastAsiahaveevolvedintobetterdivers。TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown，numberinthehundredsofthousandsinIndonesia，MalaysiaandthePhilippines.Theyhavetraditionallylivedonhouseboats;inrecenttimes,they’vealsobuilthousesonstilts（支柱）incoastalwaters?！癟heyaresimplyastrangertotheland,”saidRedneyC.Jubilado，aUniversityofHawaiiresearcherwhostudiestheBajau。Dr。JubiladofirstmettheBajauwhilegrowinguponSamalIslandinthePhilippines。Theymadealivingasdivers,spearfishingorharvestingshellfish。“Weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders,”Dr。Jubiladosaid.“Icouldseethemactuallywalkingunderthesea.”In2015,MelissaIlardo，thenagraduatestudentingeneticsattheUniversityofCopenhagen，heardabouttheBajau。Shewonderedifcenturiesofdivingcouldhaveledtotheevolutionofphysicalcharacteristicsthatmadethetaskeasierforthem?！癷tseemedliketheperfectchancefornaturalselectiontoactonapopulation,"saidDr。Ilardo.ShealsosaidtherewerelikelyanumberofothergenesthathelptheBajaudive.32。Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusbytheexamplesinparagraph1?A。Environmentaladaptationofcattleraisers。 B。Newknowledgeofhumanevolution。C。Recentfindingsofhumanorigin。 D.Significanceoffoodselection。33.WheredotheBajaubuildtheirhouses?A.Invalleys。 B。Nearrivers. C.Onthebeach。 D。Offthecoast.34。WhywastheyoungJubiladoastonishedattheBajau?A。Theycouldwalkonstiltsallday。 B。Theyhadasuperbwayoffishing.C。Theycouldstaylongunderwater. D.Theylivedonbothlandandwater.35.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A。BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSea B.Highlanders’SurvivalSkillsC。BasicMethodsofGeneticResearch D.TheWorld'sBestDivers【答案】32。B33。D34.C35。A【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。最近一項(xiàng)對人類基因的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類的進(jìn)化不僅僅發(fā)生在數(shù)十億年前，而且最近幾千年也有。Bajau人因?yàn)榭亢樯麄兊纳眢w已經(jīng)進(jìn)化成更能適應(yīng)海洋生活。32。推理判斷題.根據(jù)第一段的wearetheproductsofevolution,andnotjustevolutionthatoccurredbillionsofyearsago.Asscientistslookdeeperintoourgenes,theyarefindingexamplesofhumanevolutioninjustthepastfewthousandyears.（我們是進(jìn)化的產(chǎn)物，而且不僅僅是數(shù)十億年前的產(chǎn)物.當(dāng)科學(xué)家更深入的研究我們的基因時(shí)，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了人類在過去幾千年進(jìn)化的例子）可知，作者列舉第一段的例子是為了告訴我們關(guān)于人類進(jìn)化的一個(gè)新信息，那就是人類在最近幾千年也在進(jìn)化。B。Newknowledgeofhumanevolution。（人類進(jìn)化的新知識）符合以上說法，故選B項(xiàng).33。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段的TheBajau,asthesepeopleareknown,numberinhundredsofthousandsinIndonesia,MalaysiaandthePhilippines。Theyhavetraditionallyliveonhouseboats；inrecenttimes，they'vealsobuilthousesonstiltsincoastalwaters.（這些人被稱為Bajau，在印度尼西亞、馬來西亞和菲律賓有數(shù)十萬人。他們一直住在船屋上；最近他們也把房子建在沿海水域的吊腳樓上)可知，Bajau把房子建在沿海區(qū)域。D.Offthecoast.(沿海）符合以上說法，故選D項(xiàng).34.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段的weweresoamazedthattheycouldstayunderwatermuchlongerthanuslocalislanders.（我們很驚訝，他們在水下待的時(shí)間比我們當(dāng)?shù)氐膷u民要長的多)可知，讓Jubilado感到吃驚的是Bajau人能在水下待更長的時(shí)間。C。Theycouldstaylongunderwater。（他們能在水下待很長時(shí)間）符合以上說法，故選C項(xiàng)。35.主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章的主要內(nèi)容，尤其是第二段的OnThursdayinanarticlepublishedinCell,ateamofresearchersreportedanewkindofadaption—nottoairortofood，buttotheocean.（周四，在《細(xì)胞》雜志上發(fā)表的一篇文章中，一群研究人員報(bào)道了一種新的適應(yīng)——不是空氣也不是食物,而是海洋)可知，本文主要講述了一種新的進(jìn)化，即長期生活在海邊，靠海為生的生活方式,讓Bajau人的身體進(jìn)化成更適應(yīng)海洋生活。A。BodiesRemodeledforaLifeatSea.(身體為適應(yīng)海洋生活而重塑)可以作為本文標(biāo)題，故選A項(xiàng)。5。【2020·山東卷，D】AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份)，it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid。Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst，95undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly(表面上)participateinastudyaboutmovieviewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbytheresearchersgrabbedherfoodfirst。Inhernaturalstate，theactorweighed105pounds。Butinhalfthecasessheworeaspeciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood。Theparticipantsfollowedsuit，takingmorefoodthantheynormallywouldhave。However，theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls。Intheothercase，shetook30pieces。Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymorecandywhenthethinactortook30pieces.Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellowparticipantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI。Callitthe“I’llhavewhatshe’shaving”effect.However,we'lladjusttheinfluence。Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit。Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI？12。Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?A。Foodsafety。 B.Movieviewership。C.Consumerdemand. D。Eatingbehavior。13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?A。Bigeaters. B。Overweightpersons。C.Pickyeaters. D。Tallthinpersons。14。Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?A。Toseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.B。Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.C。Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.D。Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.15.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence”accordingtothelastparagraph?A.Howhungryweare. B。Howslimwewanttobe.C.Howweperceiveothers. D。Howwefeelaboutthefood.【答案】12.D13.D14.A15.C【解析】【分析】本文是說明文。最近的研究表明：我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣都會(huì)影響我們的食物攝入量。文章詳述了這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的過程.12.細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch，boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake”可知，根據(jù)消費(fèi)者研究雜志最近的一項(xiàng)研究,我們的飲食伙伴的大小和消費(fèi)習(xí)慣都會(huì)影響我們的食物攝入量.因此這項(xiàng)研究是關(guān)于飲食行為的.故選D.13.詞義猜測題。根據(jù)前半句“Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份）”可知,現(xiàn)有的研究認(rèn)為:你應(yīng)該避免和體重較重、點(diǎn)大份飯菜的人一起吃飯。后半句認(rèn)為，你真正應(yīng)該避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推斷出，畫線詞和heavierpeople(超重的人）相反，結(jié)合選項(xiàng),D選項(xiàng)（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故選D。14。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段的“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits，theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments”可知,為了測試社會(huì)影響對飲食習(xí)慣的影響,研究人員進(jìn)行了兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第三段的內(nèi)容可知，在兩個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中,胖的和瘦的演員都吃了大量的食物。參與者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而，當(dāng)演員是瘦的時(shí)候，參與者們服用的食物更多.由此推斷，研究人員雇用演員是為了看看她如何影響參與者。故選A。15.推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段中的“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,I’llholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseatinghabits。Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I’llfollowsuit。Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan’tI?”可知，如果一個(gè)超重的人吃很大一份，我會(huì)忍住一點(diǎn)，因?yàn)槲铱吹搅怂嬍沉?xí)慣的結(jié)果。但如果一個(gè)瘦的人吃很多，我會(huì)跟著做。如果他吃得多保持苗條，為什么我不能呢？因此推斷我們是根據(jù)我們對他人的看法(即：如何看待他人）來調(diào)整影響的。故選C。議論文1.【2020·天津卷,D】Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent。Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither。AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth。Thetwobelongtogether.Together,thesedeephumanurges(驅(qū)策力）countformuchmorethatambition.GalileowasnotmerelyambitiouswhenhedroppedobjectsofvaryingweightsfromtheLeaningToweratPisaandtimedtheirfalltotheground。LikeGalileo，allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent，“Why？Why?Why？”Fortunately，curiosityanddiscontentdon’thavetobelearned。Wearebornwiththemandneedonlyrecapturethem.“Thegreatman,"saidMencius（孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart.”Yetmostofusdoloseit。Westopaskingquestions。Westopchallengingcustom。Wejustfollowthecrowd。Andthecrowddesiresrestfulaverage.Itencouragesustooccupyourownlittlecorner,toavoidfoolishleapsintothedark,tobesatisfied.Mostofusmeetnewpeople，andnewideas,withhesitation。Butoncehavingmetandlikedthem,wethinkhowterribleitwouldhavebeen，hadwemissedthechance。Wewillprobablyhavetoforceourselvestowakenourcuriosityanddiscontentandkeepthemawake.Howshouldyoustart?Modestly，soasnottobecomediscouraged。Ithinkofonefriendwhocouldn’tarrangeflowerstosatisfyherself。Shewascuriousabouthowtheexpertsdidit。Howsheisoneoftheexperts，writingbooksonflowerarrangement。Onewaytobeginistoansweryourownexcuses。Youhaven’tanyspecialability？Mostpeopledon’t;thereareonlyafewgeniuses.Youhaven’tanytime？That’sgood，becauseit’salwaysthepeoplewithnotimewhogetthingsdone。HarrietStowe，motherofsix,wrotepartsofUncleTom'sCabinwhilecooking.You'retooold?RememberthatThomasCostainwas57whenhepublishedhisfirstnovel,andthatGrandmaMosesshowedherfirstpictureswhenshewas78.Howeveryoustart，rememberthereisnobettertimetostartthanrightnow,foryou’llneverbemorealivethanyouareatthismoment。51。InwritingParagraph1,theauthoraimsto________.A.proposeadefinitionB.makeacomparisonC。reachaconclusionD.presentanargument52.WhatdoestheexampleofGalileotellus？A。Trialanderrorleadstothefindingoftruth.B.Scientiststendtobecuriousandambitious。C.Creativityresultsfromchallengingauthority。D。Greatnesscomesfromalastingdesiretoexplore.53.Whatcanyoudotorecapturecuriosityanddiscontent？A。Observetheunknownaroundyou。B.Developaquestioningmind.C.Leadalifeofadventure。D.Followthefashion.54。WhatcanwelearnfromParagraphs6and7？A。Gainingsuccesshelpsyoubecomeanexpert.B.Thegeniustendstogetthingsdonecreatively.C.Lackoftalentandtimeisnoreasonfortakingnoaction.D。Youshouldremainmodestwhenapproachingperfection.55。Whatcouldbethebesttileorthepassage？A。CuriousMindsNeverFeelContentedB。ReflectionsonHumanNatureC.TheKeystoAchievementD.NeverTooLatetoLearn【答案】51.D52.D53。B54。C55。C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文。文章論述了獲得成就的兩個(gè)關(guān)鍵因素——好奇心和不滿足.51。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容Afteryearsofobservinghumannature,Ihavedecidedthattwoqualitiesmakethedifferencebetweenmenofgreatachievementandmenofaverageperformancecuriosityanddiscontent.Ihaveneverknownanoutstandingmanwholackedeither。AndIhaveneverknownanaveragemanwhohadboth。Thetwobelongtogether?？芍?作者經(jīng)過多年對人性的觀察,認(rèn)為成就非凡的人和平庸的人的區(qū)別在于好奇心和不滿足，而且兩者是相輔相成的。由此推知，作者寫第一段的目的是提出一個(gè)論點(diǎn)。故選D。52。推理判斷題。根據(jù)第二段中的LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent，“Why？Why？Why？”可知,像伽利略一樣，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇，并不滿地問:“為什么？為什么？為什么？”由此推知，伽利略的例子告訴我們,偉大來自于持久的探索欲望。故選D。53。細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段中的LikeGalileo,allthegreatnamesinhistorywerecuriousandaskedindiscontent,“Why？Why?Why?”及第四段中的“Thegreatman，”saidMencius（孟子),“ishewhodoesnotlosehischild’sheart。"Yetmostofusdoloseit.Westopaskingquestions。Westopchallengingcustom.Wejustfollowthecrowd.可知，歷史上所有的偉人都感到好奇,并不滿地問：“為什么？為什么?為什么?"孟子認(rèn)為“不失去孩子的心,就是偉大的人?！比欢?我們大多數(shù)人確實(shí)失去了它。我們不再問問題.我們不再挑戰(zhàn)習(xí)俗.我們只是隨大流。由此可知，你可以通過培養(yǎng)了一個(gè)善于提問的頭腦，來重新獲得好奇心和不滿。故選B.54.推理判斷題.根據(jù)第六段中的Howsheisoneoftheexperts，wri