清華大學2019年博士入學英語考試真題與答案解析

清華大學·2019年·博士入學英語考試真題與答案解析————————————————————————————————————————PartIVocabulary(20%)Directions:TherearefortyincompletesentencesinthispartForeachsentencetherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosethebestonethatcompletesthesentence,andthenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.1. TheEuropeanUnioncountries,wereonceworriedthattheywouldnothave suppliesofpetroleum.A.sufficient B.efficient Cpotential D.proficient2. We'dliketo atableforfivefordinnerthisevening.A.preserve B.reserve C.sustain D.retain3. Britainhasthehighest ofroadtrafficintheworld-over60carsforeverymileofroad.A.popularity B.prosperity C.intensity D.density4. Iwouldneverhave acourtoflawifIhadn’tbeensodesperate.A.soughtfor B.accountedforC.turnedup D.restoredto5. Theenergy bythechainreactionistransformedintoheat.A.transferred B.released C.conveyed D.delivered6. Itisrequiredthatduringtheprocess,greatcarehastobetakentoprotectthe silkfromdamage.A.sensitive B.sensible Ctender D.delicate7. Toour ,Geoffrey’sillnessprovednottobeasseriousaswehadfeared.A.relief B.view C.anxiety D.judgment8. Thegovernmentwilltakesomeactionto thetwobigquarrelingcompanies.A.jigsaw B.jot C.impulse D.reconcile9. Asautomationbecamepopularinmostfactories,laborwasmade ?A.disincentiveB.redundant C.diverse D.discontent10. Theyhave herunreasonablerequestforherannualsalary.A.destined B.chorded C.repelled D.commenced11. Whenyouprepareforyourspeech,besuretocite qualifiedsourcesofinformationandexamples.A.unbiased B.manipulatedC.distorted D.conveyed12. Itisapparentthatwinningthescholarshipis ofone'sintelligenceinthefieldofphysics.A.parallelismB.alliteration C.testimony D.rhythm13. Incourtherepeatedhis thathewasnotguiltyinfrontofthejury.A.impressionsB.alliterationsC.clauses D.assertions14. Shoppingmallshavesomeadvantageinsufferingfromshorterperiodsof business.A.stale B.slack C.ferrous D.abundant5. AccordingtotheGeneva noprisonersofwarshallbesubjecttoabuse.A.Customs B.Congresses C.ConventionsD.RoutinesBeforethegeneralelectionmanyseniorcitizenssignedthe againstthespreadingofnucleararms.A.contract B.petition C.supplicationD.potential7. ScientistsbelievethatthereisnotenoughoxygenintheMoon’satmosphereto plantlife.A.adapt B.personalize C.sustain D,describeIcan’trememberexactlywhattriggeredtheexplosionbutitwaspretty .A.estimating B.devastating C.reprocessingD.preferringTheindustryhaspumped amountsofmoneyintopoliticalcampaigns,makingitlessandlesslikelythatpoliticianswilldealwiththeissuesensibly.A.potential B.substantial C.massive D.traditional20. Iwasentrustedto toanewspaperarticlemakingpredictionsfortheNewYear.A.contribute B.detract C.convert D.entail21. After1989,theexternal vanished,butthedangertoAmericancivilizationremained.A.disruption B,menace C.liability D,emergence22. Thegovernmentistryingtohelptheseenterprisesoutofthe byvariousmeans.A.flight B.plight Cdelight D.twilight23. Anarchaeologisthastopaymuchattentionto detailsofanunearthedobject.A.miserable B.minus C.minute D.moist24. Thegirl hertablemate’sarmtoseeifshewasfastasleepatclass.A.pinched B.punched C.pitched D.preached25. Mostofthelocalpeopleinvolvedintheaffairhavebeen anddismissed.A.smuggled B.prosecuted C.saluted D.thrived26. Icanrespectsomeonewhois fortheiractions,butIcannotrespectsomeonewhoisalwayspointingthefinger.A.millennium B.dominant C.accountable D.commercial27. AlltheproductsmadeinChinaaresoldanddistributedin withtheU.S.ExportAdministrationRegulationsandalsolocalcountryrules.A.complianceB.prosperity C.merchandiseD‘intersection28. Oneofthemainreasonsisthattheuniversity’s attractsstudentsandfacultystaffallovertheworld.A.fraud B.respondent C.misconductD.prestige29. Eventhoughtheinvestigationhasbeengoingonfortwomonths,thepolicehave nofurtherdetailsabouttheaccident.A.comprised B.formulated C.released D.incorporated30. Theywanttostimulateeconomicgrowthintheregionbyoffering toforeigninvestors.A.incentives B.abundancesC.warriors D.outnumbers31. Whybe aboutthatoldcoat?There’snopointinkeepingitjustbecauseyouwerewearingitwhenyoufirstmetme. A.sensitive B.sensible C.sentimental D,sensational32. andhardworkarethecornerstonesofthiscompany.A.Mutilation B.Innovation C.Empire D.Strength33. Theprotestswerepartoftheir againsttheproposedbuildingdevelopmentinthearea.A.commissionB.commitmentC.convention D.campaign34. Somepeopleseemto onthepressureofworkingunderadeadline.A.render B-evolve C.prevail D.thrive35. Thesechangeshavenotbeensufficientto thelosses.A.stem B.stimulate Ccause D.compensate36. Psychologistsbelievethatchildrenareeasilyinfluencedbytheir .A.conditions B.combinationsC,peers D.granaries37. Several forglobalwarminghavebeensuggestedbyclimateresearchers.A.systems B.sentences Cfallacies D.hypotheses38. Thesenaturalresourceswillbe soonerorlaterifthepresentrateofexploitationcontinues.A, depleted B.deployed C.inclined D.mingled39. Themilitaryoperations yesterdayweretargetedatthemilitaryinstallations.A. propelled B.commencedC.plagued D.modulated40. Artificialintelligencedealspartlywiththe betweenthecomputerandthehumanbrain.A. profile B-mighty C.analogy D,leakagePartIIReadingComprehension(40%)Directions:Inthispartofthetest,therearefiveshortpassages.Readeachpassagecarefully,andthendothequestionsthatfollow.Choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesgivenandmarkthecorrespondingletterwithasinglebaracrossthesquarebracketsonyourmachine-scoringANSWERSHEET.PassageOneThereareover6,000differentcomputerandonlinegamesintheworldnow.Asegmentofthemareconsideredtobebotheducationalandharmlesslyentertaining.Onesuchgameteachesgeography,andanothertrainspilots.Otherstraintheplayerinlogicalthinkingandproblemsolving.Somegamesmayalsohelpyoungpeopletobecomemorecomputerliterate,whichismoreimportantinthistechnology-drivenera.Butthedarksideofthecomputergameshasbecomemoreandmoreobvious.“Asegmentofgamesfeaturesanti-socialthemesofviolence,sexandcrudelanguage，，，saysDavidWalsh,presidentoftheNationalInstituteonMediaandFamily.“Unfortunately，it’sasegmentthatseemsparticularlypopularwithkidsagedeighttofifteen.，，Onestudyshowedthatalmost80percentofthecomputerandonlinegamesyoungpeoplepreferredcontainedviolence.Theinvestigatorssaid*Thesearenotjustgamesanymore.Thesearelearningmachines.We’reteachingkidsinthemostincrediblemannerwhatit，sliketopullthetrigger.Whattheyarenotlearningarethereal-lifeconsequences.”Theyalsosaid“Thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesareevenworse,becausetheyhavebettergraphicsandallowtheplayertoparticipateinevenmorerealisticviolentacts.”InthegameCarmageddon,forexample,theplayerwillhavedrivenoverandkilledupto33,OCX)peoplebythetimealllevelsarecompleted.Adescriptionoftheoutcomeofthegamesays:“Yourvictimsnotonlysquishunderyourtiresandsplatterbloodonthewindshield.Theyalsogetontheirkneesandbegformercy,orcommitsuidde.Ifyoulike,youcanalsodismemberthem.”Isallthissimulatedviolenceharmful?Approximately3,000differentstudieshavebeenconductedonthissubject.Manyhavesuggestedthatthereisaconnectionbetweenviolenceingamesandincreasedaggressivenessintheplayers.Somespecialistsdownplaytheinfluenceofthegames,sayingthatotherfactorsmustbetakenintoconsideration,suchasthepossibilitythatkidswhoalreadyhaveviolenttendenciesarechoosingsuchgames.Butcoulditbethatviolentgamesstillplayacontributingrole?Itseemsunrealistictoinsistthatpeoplearenotinfluencedbywhattheysee.Ifthatweretrue,whywouldthecommercialworldspendbillionsofdollarsannuallyfortelevisionadvertising?41. WhichofthefollowingcomputergamesareNOTmentionedaseducationalandharmlesslyentertaining?A. Thosethatteachhowtoflyanairplane.B. Thosethatteachthefeaturesoftheearth.CThosethathelppeopleusecomputerlanguage.D.Thosethatteachcomputertechnology.42. Accordingtotheinvestigators, .A. thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesallowtheplayerstotakepartinrealviolentactsB. thenewandmoresophisticatedgamesteachtheplayershowtokillotherpeopleC. mostcomputerandonlinegamesmaketheplayersforgettherealliferesultsD. mostcomputerandonlinegamesmaycultivateyoungpeoplewithbadmanners43. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat .A. moreandmoreyoungpeopleenjoycruelcomputergamesB-itishardtofindevidenceofalinkbetweenviolenceandcomputergamesC. therearenowmoreincidentsofviolenceduetocomputergamesD. simulatedviolenceincomputergamesisdifferentfromrealviolence44. Theauthoruses“televisionadvertising”asanexampletoshowthat ?A. thecommercialworldiscontributingtotheincreasedviolenceinreallifeB. computerandonlinegamesarenottheonlycauseofincreasedviolenceinreallifeC. thereisacloselinkbetweencomputergamesandincreasedviolenceinreallifeD. otherfactorsmustbeconsideredaspossiblecausesofviolenceinreallifePassageTwoThecollapseoftheEarth’smagneticfield—whichguardstheplanetandguidesmanyofitscreatures—appearstohavestartedseriouslyabout150yearsago,theNewYorkTimesreportedlastweek.Thefield’sstrengthhasdecreasedby10or15percentsofarandthishasincreasedthedebateoverwhetheritsignalsareversaloftheplanet’slinesofmagneticforce*Duringareversal，themainfieldweakens,almostvanishes,andreappearswithoppositepolarity(極）?Thetransitionwouldtakethousandsofyears.Oncecompleted,compassneedlesthathadpointednorthwouldpointsouth.Areversalcouldcauseproblemsforbothmanandanimals.Astronautsandsatelliteswouldhavedifficulties.Birds,fishandanintalsthatrelyontheinagneticfieldfornavigationwouldfindmigrationconfusing.Butexpertssaidtheeffectswouldnotbeabigdisaster,despitedaimsofdoomandvagueevidenceoflinksbetweenpastfieldreversalsandspeciesextinctions.Althoughatotaltransitionmaybehundredsorthousandsofyearsaway,therapiddeclineinmagneticstrengthisalreadyaffectingsatellites.Lastmonth,theEuropeanSpaceAgencyapprovedtheworld’slargesteffortattrackingthefield’sshifts.Agroupofnewsatellites,calledSwarm,istomonitorthecollapsingfieldwithfargreaterprecision.“Wewanttogetsomeidea*ofhowthiswouldevolveinthenearfuture,justlikepeopletryingtopredicttheweather，，，saidGauthierHulot,aFrenchgeophysicistworkingonthesatelliteplan.“I，mpersonallyquiteconvincedweshouldbeabletoworkoutthefirstpredictionsbytheendofthemission.”Nomatterwhatthenewfindings,thepublichasnoreasontopanic.Evenifatransitioniscomingonitsway,itmighttake2,000yearstomature.Thelastonetookplace780,000yearsago，whenearlyhumanswerelearninghowtomakestonetools.DeepinsidetheEarthflowhotcurrentsofmeltediron.Thismechanicalenergycreateselectromagnetism.Thisprocessisknownasthegeophysicalgenerator.Inacar’sgenerator,thesameprincipleturnsmechanicalenergyintoelectricity.Nooneknowspreciselywhythefieldperiodicallyreverses.Butscientistssaytheresponsibilityprobablylieswithchangesinthedisorderlyflowsofmeltediron,whichtheyseeassimilartothegasesthatmakeupthecloudsofJupiter.45. Accordingtothepassage,theEarth’smagneticfieldhas ?A, misguidedmanyamanandanimalB. beguntochangeintheoppositedirectionCcausedthechangesonthepolaritiesD.beenweakeninginstrengthforalongtime46. DuringthetransitionoftheEarth’smagneticfield *A. thecompasswillbecomeuselessB. manandanimalswillbeconfusedindirectionsC. themagneticstrengthoftheEarthwilldisappearD. themagneticstrengthoftheEarthwillbestronger47. Theauthorsays'.thepublichasnoreasontopanic”because ?A. thetransitionisstillthousandsofyearsfromnowB. thetransitioncanbepreciselypredictedbyscientistsC. theprocessofthetransitionwilltakeaverylongtimetofinishD. thenewtransitionwillcome780,000yearsfromnow48. ThecauseofthetransitionoftiKeEarth、magneticfieldcomesfrom .A. themovementdeepinsidetheEarthB.theperiodicalreversesoftheEarthCtheforcecomingfromouterspace D.themechanicalmovementoftheEarthPassageThreeTheterroristattacksinLondonThursdayservedasajarringreminderthatintoday’sworld,youneverknowwhatyoumightseewhenyoupickupthenewspaperorturnontheTV.Disturbingimagesofterrorcantriggeravisceralresponsenomatterhowcloseoxfarawayfromhometiheeventhappened.Throughouthistory,everymilitaryconflicthasinvolvedpsychologicalwarfareinonewayoranotherastheenemysoughttobreakthemoraleoftheiropponent.Butthankstoadvancesintechnology,thepopularityoftheInternet,andproliferationofnewscoverage,therulesofengagementinthistypeofmentalbattlehavechanged.Whetherit’samassiveattackorasinglehorrificact,theeffectsofpsychologicalwarfarearen’tlimitedtothephysicaldamageinflicted.Instead,thegoaloftheseattacksistoinstillasenseoffearthatismuchgreaterthantheactualthreatitself.Therefore,theimpactofpsychologicalterrordependslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicizedandinterpreted.Butthatalsomeanstherearewaystodefendyourselfandyourlovedonesbyputtingthesefearsintoperspectiveandprotectingyourchildrenfromhorrificimages.WhatIsPsychologicalTerror?“Theuseofterrorismasatacticispredicateduponinducingaclimateoffearthatisincommensuratewiththeactualthreat，’，saysMiddleEasternhistorianRichardBuliietofColumbiaUniversity.uEverytimeyouhaveanactofviolence,publicizingthatviolencebecomesanimportantpartoftheactitself.”‘Therearevariouswaystohaveyourimpact.Youcanhaveyourimpactbythemagnitudeofwhatyoudo,bythesymboliccharacteroftarget，orthehorrificqualityofwhatyoudotoasingleperson，，，BuliiettellsWebMD.“Thepointisthatitisn’twhatyoudo,butifshowit，scoveredthatdeterminestheeffect”Forexample,BuliietsaystheIranianhostagecrisis,whichbeganin1979andlastedfor444days,wasactuallyoneofthemostharmlessthingsthathappenedintheMiddleEastinthelast25years.AlloftheU.S.hostageswereeventuallyreleasedunharmed，buttheeventremainsapsychologicalscarformanyAmericanswhowatchedhelplesslyaseachevening’snewscastcountedthedaysthehostageswerebeingheldcaptive.Buliietsaysterroristsfrequentlyexploitimagesofagroupofmaskedindividualsexertingtotalpowerovertheircaptivestosendthemessagethattheactisacollectivedemonstrationofthegroup’spowerratherthananindividualcmninalact.“Youdon’thavethenotionthatacertainpersonhastakenahostage.It’sanimageofgrouppower,andtheforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalized，”saysBuliiet.‘Therandomnessandtheubiquityofthethreatgivetheimpressionofvastlygreatercapacities?，’PsychiatristAnsarHaroun,whoservedintheU.S.ArmyReservesinthefirstGulfWarandmorerecentlyinAfghanistan，saysthatterroristgroupsoftenresorttopsychologicalwarfarebecauseit’stiheonlytactictheyhaveavailabletothem.“Theydon’thaveM-16s,andwehaveM-16S.Theydon’thavethemightymilitarypowerthatwehave，andtheyonlyhaveaccesstothingslikekidnapping，，，saysHaroun,whoisalsoaclinicalprofessorofpsychiatryattheUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego.“Inpsychologicalwarfare，evenonebeheadingcanhavethepsychologicalimpactthatmightbeassociatedwithkilling1,000oftheenemy，”HarountellsWebMD.‘"Youhaven’treallyharmedtheenemyverymuchbykillingonepersonontheotherside.Butintermsofinspiringfear,anxiety,terror,andmakingusallfeelbad,you’veachievedalotofdemoralization,”49. WhichofthefollowingstatementisNOTamongthereasonsthatchangetherulesofpsychologicalwarfare?A. Breakthemoraleoftheiropponent.B. Advancesintechnology. C. ThepopularityoftheInternet,D. Prosperityofmedia.50. AccordingtoRichardBulliet,whydoes“publicizinganactofviolencebecomesanimportantpartofterrorismitself’？A. Becausepsychologicalterrorismisatactic.B. Becauseterrorismdependsonaclimateoffearratherthanontheactualthreat.C. Becausetheuseofterrorismistoinspirefearthatismoredestructivethantheactualthreat.D‘Becausepublicizingtheviolencecanmakemorepeopleknowtheactualthreat.51. TheIranianhostagecrisisshowsthat .A. theimpactofpsychologicalterrorrelieslargelyonhowtheactsarepublicizedB. therearevariouswaystohavetheimpactofpsychologicalterrorC. theAmericanmediaiseffectiveD. thewaysdeterminestheeffect52. Therandomnessandtheubiquityoftheterroristactsbringtothepublictheimpressionthat ?A. theterroristsareexertingtotalpowerovertheircaptivesB. thethreatisacollectivedemonstrationofthegroup’spowerC. theterroristsarepowerfulandpervasiveD. theforcebecomesgeneralizedratherthanpersonalizedPassageFourInayearmarkedbyuncertaintyandupheaval,officialsatNewOrleansuniversitiesthatdrawapplicantsnationwidearenotfollowingtheusualrulesofthumbwhenitcomestocollegeadmissions.Theonlysurebet,theysay,isthatthisfall’senteringclasses—thefirstsinceKatrina—willbesmallerthanusual.Intypicalyears,mostcollegeadmissionsofficialscanpredictfairlyaccuratelybythispointintheadmissionscyclehowmanyhighschoolseniorswillcommittoenrollingintheirinstitutions.Manyofthemostselectiveschoolsrequirestudents—whoincreasinglyareapplyingtomultipleinstitutions—tomaketheirchoicesbyMay1.LoyolaUniversity,whosetrusteeswillvoteMay19onwhethertodropseveraldegreeprogramsandeliminate17facultypositions,receivedfewerapplications—about2,900todate,comparedwith3,500inrecentyears.Theschoolhopestoenroll700freshmen,downfrom850inthepastfewyears.HistoricallyblackDillardUniversity,whichisoperatingoutofahotelandwasforcedtocancelitsannualMarchopenhouse,alsosawdrops,asdidXavierUniversity,ahistoricallyblackCatholicinstitutionthatfellbehinditsrecruitmentschedule.Dillardwon’treleasenumbers’butspokeswomanMaureenLarkinssaysapplicationsweredownandenrollmentsareexpectedtobelowerthaninthepast.XavieradmissionsdeanWinstonBrownsaysitsapplicantpoolfellbyabouthalfoflastyear’srecord1,014;hehopestoenroll500freshmen.Incontrast,TulaneUniversity,whichisthemostselectiveofthefouranddevelopedanaggressiverecruitmentscheduleafterthehurricane,enjoyedan11%increaseinapplicationsthisyear,toarecord20,715.Evenso,officialspredictthatfeweradmittedstudentswillenrollandareprojectingasmaller-than-usualfreshmanclass—1,400,comparedwithamoretypical1,600.TulaneofficialsannouncedinDecemberthattheywouldeliminatesomedepartmentsandfacultypositions.LikeTulane,otherschoolsaretakingextrastepsthisyeartowooadmittedstudents,oftenbyenlistinghelpfromalumniaroundthecountryandreachingouttostudentswithmoree-mails,phonecallsorWeb-basedinteractionssuchasblogs.Inaddition,Loyolaisrelaxingdeadlines,sweeteningthepotwithlargerscholarshipsandfreezingtuitionatlastyear’slevel.Dillard,too,isfreezingtuition.It，salsohostingtownmeetingsintargetcitiesandregionsnationwide,andmoveditsacademiccalendarbackfromAugusttomid-September“toavertthemajorityofthehurricaneseason，”Larkinssays.Xavierextendeditsapplicationdeadlineandsteppedupitsone-on-onecontactwithacceptedstudents.AndTulane,amongothertihings,hasdoubledthenumberofon-campusprogramsforacceptedstudentsandhostedacommunityserviceweekendprogram.Whiletheschoolsexpectapplicantstobeapprehensive,theadmissionsofficialsalsoseeencouragingsignsofpurposefulnessamongapplicants,“Alotofstudentswhoarechoosingtocometothiscity(are)saying,‘Iwanttobeapartof(theaction)，，，，saysStieffel,notingthatLoyola’stransferapplicationswereup30%.AndwhileapplicationstoXavieraredown,Brownisbettingthatstudentswhodoapplyareserious.“Theoneswhoareapplying,wefeel,aremorelikelytocome，，，hesays.53. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat .A. manyofthestudentsrequiresmallerclassesthanusualintheinstitutionsB. mostcollegeadmissionsofficialscannotpredicthowmanystudentswillcommittoenrollingintheirinstitutionsbyMay1thisyearCmanyofthestudentsareincreasinglyapplyingtomultipleinstitutionstomaketheirchoicesbyMay1thisyearD. intypicalyears,mostcollegesrequirestudentstoapplyandcommittotheirinstitutions54. Thefollowingstatementsarefalseotherthan ?A*TulaneUniversityalsosawdropsinapplicationthisyearB. XavierUniversity,asahistoricallyblackCatholicinstitution,fellbehindtherecruitmentscheduleofDillardUniversityC. XavierUniversitydeanWinstonBrownsaysthetotalnumberthathehopestoenrollisabout1,500freshmenD. LoyolaUniversitywillvoteonwhethertoeliminate17facultypositionsduetoreceivingfewerapplicationsofstudents55. Inordertoattractapplicants,LoyolaUniversityandDillardUniversityare ,A. reducingthetuitionrespectivelyB. hostingmeetingsC. increasingthescholarshipsrespectivelyD. extendingtheapplicationdeadline56. Thepassagemainlyconcentratesonthesubjectof .A. thedropsoftheapplicantsoftheuniversitiesB. thedilemmaoftheadmissionofficialsC. theusualrulesofcollegeadmissionsD. theeffectsofthehurricanesPassageFiveThedifferencebetweenavianfluandhumanfluthatshouldbecommandingourraptattentiontodayisthatavianinfluenza,specificallytheH5N1strainknownasbirdflu,threatenstobecometheyoungpeople'splague.Anditisagrowingcontendertocauseadevastatingworldwidepandemicinthenextfewyears.Wearetoousedtothinkingoffluasanannualannoyancethatkillsonlythefrailandelderly.Butthatjustisn'tthecaseforH5N1.Withamortalityrateofover50percent,thisbirdfluhaskilledover110people,strikingtheyoungandable-bodiedthehardest.Itsvictimsclusterpredominantlyamong5-to-30-year-old,apatternthathasheldupinthe34knowntohavediedfrombirdflusofarthisyear.Thisvulnerabilitymaystemfromtherobustandfast-respondingimmunesystemsoftheyoung.Thevictimsoverreacttothealienvirus,triggeringamassiveimmuneresponsecalledacytokinestorm,turninghealthylungsintoasoddenmassofdyingtissuescongestedwithblood,toxicfluid,andrampaginginflammatorycells.Asairspaceschokeoff,thebodylosesoxygenandotherorgansfail.ScientistshaverecentlyshownthatH5N1hasominousparallelswiththedevastating1918flupandemic,whichalsojumpeddirectlytohumansfrombirdsanddisproportionatelyattackedtheyoungandthestrong.Withapatternhighlysuggestiveofacytokinestorm,deathsometimescamewithinjusthours，turningmanyWorldWarItroopshipsintodeathships.Nowimaginehundredsofthousandsofyoungpeoplelaboringonrespirators,orlyingaloneincorridorsandmakeshifthospitalrooms,toosicktobehelpedwhenthesupplyofbeds,equipment,andtrainedstaffrunout.Seemlikehype?Nottothemedicalexpertswhodiscussedthesescenariosduringlastweek’sUS.NewsHealthSummitonemergencypreparedness.ThispictureputsafaceontheU.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices’projectionsthat,ifH5N1mutatesintoareadilyhuman-transmissiblefrom209,000to1.9millionAmericanscoulddie.PartofourreadinessthinkingshouldbetoheedthebluntwordsofHHSSecretaryMichaelLeavittatthesummit:Anyfamilyorcommunitythatfailstopreparefortheworst,withtheexpectationthatthefederalorstategovernmentwillcometotherescue，willbe“tragicallywrong/5Inapandemic,thegovemmenfsmedicalresourceswillbestretchedthin,anditwon’tbeabletoguaranteefirst-linehelptoanyhometown,localhospital,orcollegecampus.EventhenationalstockpileofTamiflu，theantiviralthatisthebestwehavetopreventorlessentheimpactoftheillness,hasitslimits.IfacollegestudentishospitalizedwithapossibleH5N1infection,thefedswillprovidedrugs.Buttheywillnotmakeitavailabletofendoffthevirusinthemanyotherswhomayhavecomeindosecontactwiththeinfectedstudent.IntheexistingfederalguidanceonH5N1,theyoungandhealthyfallintothelowest-prioritygroupforantiviraldrugsandvaccines.Studenthealthcentersorotherprovidershadbetterscroungeuptheirownstockpiles.Containingpossibleoutbreaksoncollegecampusesmaybeallbutimpossible.Socialdistancing—avoidingclosecontactwithotherpeoplewithairkissesinsteadofsmooches,orevenbydonningmasksandgloves—willbetoughtoenforce.Thethreatposesauniquelydifficultchallenge.Inthebestofallscenarios,theviruswillloseitsfuryandleaveinitswakeanewcultureofindividualandcommunitypreparedness.Butweneedtogetreadynow,andnotforthebestscenariobutfortheworst.57. Thedifferencebetweenavianfluandhumanfluisthat .A. theavianflushouldbecommandingourraptattentionB. theavianflumainlythreatenstheyoungpeopleC. theavianfluistocauseadevastatingworldwidepandemicinthenextfewyearsD. theavianfluisanannualannoyancethatkillsonlythefrailandelderly58. Thereasonthatbirdflustrikestheyoungandable-bodiedthehardestmaybe .A. thebodylosesoxygenandotherorgansfailB. asoddenmassofdyingtissuesC. theenthusiasticimmunesystemsoftheyoungD. theoverreactionofblood,toxicfluid,andrampaginginflammatorycells59. Accordingtotheauthor,whic