2012年職稱(chēng)英語(yǔ)閱讀理解完形填空考試題

2012年重點(diǎn)閱讀理解及完形填空文章第一部分：閱讀理解...........................................................................................................................理工類(lèi)C級(jí)..................................................................................................................................第六篇MakingLightof1Sleep【不要太在意睡眠】.........................................................第十九篇Graphene'sSuperstrength【石墨烯的超強(qiáng)力量】............................................理工類(lèi)B級(jí)..................................................................................................................................*第三十八篇“LifeFormFound”onSaturn'sTitan【土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命跡象】...........*第四十篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety【教數(shù)學(xué)，教焦慮】...................................理工類(lèi)A級(jí)..................................................................................................................................+第四十五篇SmallButWise【小而聰明】....................................................................+第四十六篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas“EcosystemEngineers”【螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”對(duì)環(huán)境影響巨大】........................................................................第二部分：完形填空...........................................................................................................................理工類(lèi)C級(jí)..................................................................................................................................第三篇GermsonBanknotes【紙幣上的病菌】................................................................第十篇ChickenSoupfortheSoul:ComfortFoodFightsLoneliness【心靈雞湯：爽心食品排解孤獨(dú)感】...................................................................................................................理工類(lèi)B級(jí)..................................................................................................................................*第十一篇ClimateChangePosesMajorRisksforUnpreparedCities【氣候變化給不備城市帶來(lái)重大風(fēng)險(xiǎn)】...........................................................................................................*第十二篇FreeStatinsWithFastFoodCouldNeutralizeHeartRisk【快餐加免費(fèi)降膽固醇藥物可以降低罹患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)】...........................................................................理工類(lèi)A級(jí)..................................................................................................................................+第十三篇SolarPowerwithoutSolarCells【沒(méi)有太陽(yáng)能電池的太陽(yáng)能】......................+第十五篇“Liquefaction”KeytoMuchofJapaneseEarthquakeDamage【“液化”是日本地震破壞的關(guān)鍵】...............................................................................................................第四部分閱讀理解理工類(lèi)C級(jí)第六篇MakingLightof1Sleep【不要太在意睡眠】Allwehaveaclocklocatedinsideourbrains.Similartoyourbedsidealarmclock,yourinternalclock2runsona24-hourcycle.Thiscycle,calledacircadianrhythm,helpscontrolwhenyouwake,whenyoueatandwhenyousleep.Somewherearoundpuberty,somethinghappensinthetimingofthebiologicalclock.Theclockpushesforward,soadolescentsandteenagersareunabletofallasleepasearlyastheyusedto.Whenyourmothertellsyouit'stimeforbed,yourbodymaybepushingyoutostayup3forseveralhoursmore.AndthelightcomingfromyourcomputerscreenorTVcouldbepushingyoutostayupevenlater.Thisshift4isnaturalforteenagers.Butstayingupverylateandsleepinglatecangetyourbody'sclockoutofsyncwiththecycleoflightanddark5.Itcanalsomakeithardtogetoutofbedinthemorningandmaybringotherproblems,too.Teenagersareputinakindofagraycloud6whentheydon'tgetenoughsleep,saysMaryCarskadon,asleepresearcheratBrownUniversityinProvidence,RI7.Itaffectstheirmoodandtheirabilitytothinkandlearn.Butjustlikeyouralarmclock,yourinternalclockcanbereset.Infact,itautomaticallyresetsitselfeveryday.How?Byusingthelightitgetsthroughyoureyes.Scientistshaveknownforalongtimethatthelightofdayandthedarkofnightplayimportantrolesinsettingourinternalclocks.Foryears,researchersthoughtthatthesignalsthatsynchronizethebody'sclock8werehandledthroughthesamepathwaysthatweusetosee.Butrecentdiscoveriesshowthatthehumaneyehastwoseparatelight-sensingsystems.Onesystemallowsustosee.Thesecondsystemtellsourbodywhetherit'sdayornight.練習(xí)：1.TheclocklocatedinsideourbrainsissimilartoourbedsidealarmclockbecauseAitcontrolswhenwewake,whenweeatandwhenwesleep.Bithasacycleof24hours.Citisacyclealsocalledcircadianrhythm.Ditcanalarmanytimeduring24hours.2.Whatisimpliedinthesecondparagraph?AYoungchildren'sbiologicalclockhasthesamerhythmwiththatoftheteenagers.BPeopleafterpubertybegintogotobedearlierduetothechangeofthebiologicalclock.CChildrenbeforepubertytendtofallasleepearlieratnightthanadolescents.DTeenagersgotobedlaterthantheyusedtoduetothelightfromthecomputerscreen.3.InthethirdparagraphtheauthorwantstotellthereaderthatAitisnaturalforteenagerstostayuplateandgetuplate.Bstayinguplatehasabadeffectonteenagers'abilitytothinkandlearn.Cduringpubertymostteenagersexperienceakindofgraycloud.Ditishardforteenagerstogetoutofbedinthemorning.4.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefourthandfifthparagraphs?AOurbiologicalclockresetsitselfautomatically.Blightgetsthroughoureyesandresetsourbiologicalclock.COurinternalclockaswellasthealarmclockcanberesetautomatically.DOurinternalclock,likethealarmclock,canbereset.5.Accordingtothelasttwoparagraphs,whatdidthepreviousresearchersthinkaboutthehumaneye'slight-sensingsystem?AThehumaneyehadtwolight-sensingsystems.BThehumaneyehadonelight-sensingsystem.CThehumaneyecouldsensethelightofdaymorequicklythanthedarkofnight.DThehumaneyecouldresetourinternalclocksinaccordancewiththealarmclocks.答案1.B2.C3.B4.C5.B第六篇不要太在意睡眠我們每個(gè)人的大腦里都有一個(gè)像我們床邊的鬧鐘一樣的生物鐘。人腦里的生物鐘24小時(shí)走一圈，這一圈也就是一次完整的晝夜節(jié)律，正是這個(gè)節(jié)律決定了我們吃飯、睡覺(jué)和起床的時(shí)間。青春期時(shí)，人的生物鐘在定時(shí)方面會(huì)發(fā)生變化，生物鐘會(huì)提前。這時(shí)，青少年會(huì)比以前睡得晚，所以當(dāng)你媽媽告訴你該睡覺(jué)時(shí)，你的生物鐘可能會(huì)讓你多推遲幾小時(shí)，并且電腦或電視光線可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致你熬夜到更晚。生物鐘的這種變化對(duì)青少年說(shuō)是正常的，但熬夜到太晚會(huì)打亂你生物鐘與晝夜時(shí)間循環(huán)之間的平衡，這樣就會(huì)帶來(lái)一些問(wèn)題，例如：早晨很難按時(shí)起床。位于美國(guó)羅得州布郎大學(xué)睡眠方面的研究員MaryCarskadon說(shuō)：“當(dāng)青少年睡眠不足時(shí)會(huì)打不起精神，這將影響到他們心情、學(xué)習(xí)和思考問(wèn)題的狀態(tài)?！逼鋵?shí)生物鐘與鬧鐘一樣，也是可調(diào)的，事實(shí)上，生物鐘每天都在進(jìn)行著自我調(diào)節(jié)，其方式就是通過(guò)你眼睛接收到光線的變化。很早之前，科學(xué)家就知道了晝夜光線強(qiáng)弱的變化對(duì)生物鐘調(diào)節(jié)起到了重要的作用，長(zhǎng)久以來(lái)，研究者們認(rèn)為眼睛所接受到的平衡生物鐘的光信號(hào)同樣作用于人類(lèi)的視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)。但最近幾年的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，人類(lèi)眼睛有兩個(gè)感光系統(tǒng)，一個(gè)是視覺(jué)系統(tǒng)，而另一個(gè)是感知晝夜的系統(tǒng)。第十九篇Graphene'sSuperstrength【石墨烯的超強(qiáng)力量】Bigtechnologycomesintinypackages.Newcellphonesandpersonalcomputersgetsmallereveryyear,whichmeanstheseelectronicsrequireevensmallercomponentsontheinside.Engineersarelookingforcreativewaystobuildthesecomponents,andthey'veturnedtheireyestographene,asuperthin2material,madeofcarbon,thatcouldchangethefutureofelectronics.Thisyear'sNobelPrizeforPhysics3hasbeenawardedtoAndreGeimandKostyaNovoselovfromtheUniversityofManchester4,UK.forthediscoveryofgraphene.Grapheneisn'tjustsmall,it's“thethinnestpossiblematerialinthisworld,”saysNovoselov.Hecallsita“wondermaterial.”It'ssothinthatyouwouldneedtostackabout25,000sheetsjusttomakeapileasthickasapieceofordinarywhitepaper.Ifyouweretoholdasheetofgrapheneinyourfingers5,you'dhavenoideabecauseyouwouldn'tbeabletoseeit.Carbonisoneofthemostabundantelementsintheuniverse.Everyknownkindoflifecontainscarbon.Grapheneisasheetofcarbon,butonlyoneatomthick.Youdon'thavetolookfartofindgraphene—it'sallaroundyou.Ifyouwantthishigh-techwonderstuff6,allyouneedisapencil,paperandalittleadhesivetape.Usethepenciltoshadeasmallareaonthepaper,andthenapplyasmallpieceofadhesivetapeoverthearea7.Whenyoupullupthetape,you'llseethatitpullsupathinlayerofsomeoftheshadingfromyourpencil.Thatlayeriscalledgraphite,oneofthesoftestmineralsintheworld.Nowstickthesamepieceoftapeonanothersheetofpaperandpullthetapeup—thereshouldbeaneventhinnerlayer,thistimeleftonthepaper.Nowimaginethatyoudothisoverandover,untilyougetthethinnestpossiblelayerofmaterialonthepaper.Thislayerwouldbeonlyoneatomthick,andyouwouldn'tbeabletoseeit.Graphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene,sowhenyougettothethinnestpossiblelayer,you'vefoundgraphene.練習(xí)：1.Whatwouldchangethefutureofelectronicsaccordingtoengineers?ABigtechnology.BCreativeways.CGraphene.DBothAandB.2.Accordingtothesecondandthirdparagraphs,whatistrueofgraphene?AItcanbeusedtomakepaper.BItispossibletoseeitwithournakedeye.CItiseasytofindgraphene.DItispossiblythethickestmaterialintheworld.3.Whichofthefollowingcanbeusedtoreplacetheword“apply”inparagraph4?Arequest.Bpolish.Cuse.Dput.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmeantinthelasttwoparagraphs?AGrapheneismadeofgraphite,oneofthesoftestmaterialsintheworld.BGraphiteismadeoflayersofgraphene,thethinnestmaterialintheworld.CWhenwegettothethinnestpossiblelayerofgraphite,wefindgraphene.DWithapencil,asheetofpaperandapieceofadhesivetape,wecanfindgraphene.5.Graphene'ssuperstrengthliesinthefactthatAItisthethinnestmaterialintheworld.BItismadeofthemostabundantelementsintheworld.CItcanhelptomakeelectroniccomponentssmaller.DIthelpsengineerstoproducemoresensitiveelectronicproducts.答案1.C2.C3.D4.A5.C第十九篇石墨烯的超強(qiáng)力量當(dāng)今重大科學(xué)技術(shù)均以“微型”來(lái)呈現(xiàn)，新手機(jī)和個(gè)人電腦每年都在變得更小，這就意味著電子設(shè)備要求內(nèi)部零件更小，工程師們正在尋求制造這些零件的方法，他們逐漸把目光投向了石墨烯——一種由碳元素構(gòu)成的超薄材料。這種材料將改變電子設(shè)備的未來(lái)。今年的諾貝爾物理學(xué)獎(jiǎng)?lì)C發(fā)給了來(lái)自英國(guó)曼切斯特大學(xué)的AndreGeim和KostyaNovoselov，以表彰他們對(duì)石墨烯的發(fā)現(xiàn)。Novoselov說(shuō)：“石墨烯不僅小，而且它是世界上所能找到的最薄材料?！彼阉Q(chēng)作“神奇材料”。石墨烯極薄，25000片石墨烯疊放在一起才與一張普通白紙一樣厚。如果把一片石墨烯放在手指上，你根本就不會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，因?yàn)槟銢](méi)辦法看到它。碳是宇宙中最多的一種元素，已知的生命體中都含有碳。石墨烯一個(gè)只有一個(gè)碳原子厚度的單層。你不用費(fèi)心尋找石墨烯，它就在我們身邊。如果你想得到這種高技術(shù)材料，一支筆、一張紙和一小段膠條就足夠了。用鉛筆在紙上涂黑一片區(qū)域，將膠條粘在上面，當(dāng)你拉開(kāi)膠條你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它粘起了很薄的一片鉛筆涂的陰影，這一片陰影就叫做石墨烯，一種世界上最軟的礦物質(zhì)?，F(xiàn)在，再將膠條粘上另外一張紙上，把它拉起來(lái)，你會(huì)得到更薄的一層。想象一下當(dāng)你重復(fù)做，直到在紙上得到最薄的一層物質(zhì)，這層物質(zhì)只有一個(gè)原子的厚度，你根本無(wú)法看到。石墨是由一層層的石墨烯組成的，所以當(dāng)你得到最薄的一層時(shí)，你已經(jīng)找到了石墨烯。理工類(lèi)B級(jí)_*第三十八篇“LifeFormFound”onSaturn'sTitan【土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命跡象】ScientistssaytheyhavediscoveredhintsofalienlifeontheSaturn'smoon.ThediscoveryofasortoflifewasannouncedafterresearchersattheUSspaceagency,NASA,analyzeddatafromspacecraftCassini,whichpointedtotheexistenceofmethane-basedformoflifeonSaturn'sbiggestmoon.Scientistshavereportedlydiscoveredcluesshowingprimitivealienbeingsare“breathing”inTitan'sdenseatmospherefilledwithhydrogen.TheyarguethathydrogengetsabsorbedbeforehittingTitan'splanet-likesurfacecoveredwithmethanelakesandrivers.This,theysay,pointstotheexistenceofsome“bugs”consumingthehydrogenatthesurfaceofthemoonlessthanhalfthesizeoftheEarth.“Wesuggestedhydrogenconsumptionbecauseit'stheobviousgasforlifetoconsumeonTitan,similartothewayweconsumeoxygenonEarth,”saysNASAscientistChrisMcKay.“Ifthesesignsdoturnouttobeasignoflife,itwouldbedoublyexcitingbecauseitwouldrepresentasecondformoflifeindependentfromwater-basedlifeonEarth.”Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflifeanywhere,thoughthereareliquid-water-basedmicroorganismsonEarththatgrowwellonmethaneorproduceitasawasteproduct.OnTitan,wheretemperaturesarearound90Kelvin(minus290degreesFarenheit),amethane-basedorganismwouldhavetouseasubstancethatisliquidasitsmediumforlivingprocesses,butnotwateritself.WaterisfrozensolidonTitan'ssurfaceandmuchtoocoldtosupportlifeasweknowit.ScientistshadexpectedtheSun'sinteractionswithchemicalsintheatmospheretoproduceacoatingofacetyleneonTitan'ssurface.ButCassinidetectednoacetyleneonthesurface.TheabsenceofdetectableacetyleneontheTitan'ssurfacecanverywellhaveanon-biologicalexplanation,saidMarkAllen,aprincipalinvestigatoroftheNASATitanteam.“Scientificconservatismsuggeststhatabiologicalexplanationshouldbethelastchoiceafterallnon-biologicalexplanationsareaddressed,”Allensaid.“Wehavealotofworktodotoruleout8possiblenon-biologicalexplanations.Itismorelikelythatachemicalprocess,withoutbiology,canexplaintheseresults.”練習(xí)：1.WhathavescientistsfoundaboutSaturn?ATheyhavefoundanewmoonorbitingSaturnBTheyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonSaturn.CTheyhavefoundmethane-basedlifeonTitan.DTheyhavefoundearthlikelifeonaSaturn'smoon.2.WhatdoscientistssayaboutTitan?ATherearelifecluesthere.BThereisacetylenethere.CWateronTitanexistsintheformofice.DRiversandlakestherecontainlifeforms.3.Todate,scientistshavenotyetdetectedthisformoflife...(paragraph5)Whatdoes“thisformoflife”referto?AWater-basedlife.BMethane-basedlife.CLiquid-water-basedmicroorganisms.DGas-basedlife.4.WhatcanbeinferredfromwhatAllensaid?AScientistshavedifferentargumentsoverwhetherthereislifeonTitan.BScientistsallagreethatthereislifeonTitan.CScientistsallsuggestthatabiologicalexplanationisreasonable.DScientistsallagreethatanon-biologicalchemicalreactionisapossibleexplanation.5.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacethetitleofthispassage?.AEarthlikeLivingBeingsFoundonTitan.BFindingofOneMoreMoonofSaturn.CTitan,aNewSatelliteFound.DAdifferentLifeForm,aPossibility.答案1.C2.A3.B4.A5.D第三十八篇土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了生命跡象科學(xué)家們說(shuō)，在土衛(wèi)六上發(fā)現(xiàn)了外星生命跡象并宣布了這一發(fā)現(xiàn)。美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局(NASA)的研究者們對(duì)卡西尼號(hào)探測(cè)器所傳回來(lái)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析，數(shù)據(jù)表明，土星衛(wèi)星中最大的一顆衛(wèi)星有以甲烷為基礎(chǔ)的生命的存在跡象。據(jù)報(bào)道，科學(xué)家們已經(jīng)找到了在土衛(wèi)六高濃度氫氣大氣層里“呼吸”的原始外星生命的線索。他們認(rèn)為，氫氣在到達(dá)布滿甲烷河流湖泊的土衛(wèi)六類(lèi)似行星一樣的表層前就已經(jīng)被吸收了。這就證明在這個(gè)不及半個(gè)地球大小的衛(wèi)星表面有某種微生物在依靠氫氣生存。美國(guó)國(guó)家航空航天局的科學(xué)家ChrisMckay說(shuō)，“我們提出有氫氣的消耗，是由于它是土衛(wèi)六上生命賴(lài)以生存的顯而易見(jiàn)的氣體，就像我們地球上用氧氣呼吸一樣。如果這些跡象最終證明是生命的跡象，它會(huì)加倍令人興奮，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)代表完全不同于地球上水基生命的第二種生命?！睍r(shí)至今日，盡管地球上的依賴(lài)液體水的微生物在甲烷里生長(zhǎng)良好或把它作為廢物排出，科學(xué)家在任何地方都沒(méi)有探測(cè)到這種生命的形式。在土衛(wèi)六上，絕對(duì)溫度達(dá)到90度(相當(dāng)于攝氏-273．15度)，依賴(lài)于甲烷的微生物不得不用某種液體物質(zhì)作為生存的介質(zhì)，這種液體不是水，水在土衛(wèi)六上會(huì)凍成冰塊，不能融化。我們知道，冰塊太冷不能維持生命?？茖W(xué)家們?cè)竿?yáng)與大氣層中的化學(xué)物質(zhì)相互作用會(huì)在土衛(wèi)六上產(chǎn)生一層乙炔。但卡西尼號(hào)在它的表面沒(méi)有探測(cè)到乙炔。MarkAllen是美國(guó)宇航局土衛(wèi)六項(xiàng)目組的主要負(fù)責(zé)人，他說(shuō)道，既然在土衛(wèi)六的表面沒(méi)有探測(cè)到乙炔，那就充分說(shuō)明上面沒(méi)有生物。Allen說(shuō)：“科學(xué)界的保守主義者們建議，要做出土衛(wèi)六上有生物的結(jié)論，首先必須對(duì)土衛(wèi)六上所有沒(méi)有生物的觀點(diǎn)做出回應(yīng)；要排除土衛(wèi)六上可能沒(méi)有生物的觀點(diǎn)，我們?nèi)沃氐肋h(yuǎn)。極為可能的是，一種化學(xué)過(guò)程而非生物學(xué)能解釋這些結(jié)果?！?第四十篇TeachingMath,TeachingAnxiety【教數(shù)學(xué)，教焦慮】Inanewstudyaboutthewaykidslearnmathinelementaryschool,thepsychologistsattheUniversityofChicago1SianBeilockandSusanLevinefoundasurprisingrelationshipbetweenwhatfemaleteachersthinkandwhatfemalestudentslearn:Ifafemaleteacherisuncomfortablewithherownmathskills,thenherfemalestudentsaremorelikelytobelievethatboysarebetterthangirlsatmath."Ifthesegirlskeepgettingmath-anxiousfemaleteachers2inlatergrades,itmaycreateasnowballeffectontheirmathachievement3,"saidLevine.Inotherwords,girlsmayenduplearningmathanxietyfromtheirteachers4.Thestudysuggeststhatifthesegirlsgrowupbelievingthatboysarebetteratmaththangirlsare,thenthesegirlsmaynotdoaswellastheywouldhaveiftheyweremoreconfident.Justasstudentsfindcertainsubjectstobedifficult,teacherscanfindcertainsubjectstobedifficulttolearn-andteach.Thesubjectofmathcanbeparticularlydifficultforeveryone.Researchersusetheword"anxiety"todescribesuchfeelings:anxietyisuneasinessorworry.Thenewstudyfoundthatwhenateacherhasanxietyaboutmath,thatfeelingcaninfluencehowherfemalestudentsfeelaboutmath.Thestudyinvolved65girls,52boysand17first-andsecond-gradeteachersinelementaryschoolsintheMidwest.Thestudentstookmathachievementtestsatthebeginningandendoftheschoolyear,andtheresearcherscomparedthescores.Theresearchersalsogavethestudentsteststotellwhetherthestudentsbelievedthatamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy.Thentheresearchersturnedtotheteachers:Tofindoutwhichteacherswereanxiousaboutmath,theresearchersaskedtheteachershowtheyfeltattimeswhentheycameacrossmath,suchaswhenreadingasalesreceipt5.Ateacherwhogotnervouslookingatthenumbersonasalesreceipt,forexample,wasprobablyanxiousaboutmath.Boys,onaverage,wereunaffectedbyateacher'sanxiety.Onaverage,girlswithmath-anxiousteachersscoredlowerontheend-of-the-yearmathteststhanothergirlsinthestudydid.Plus,onthetestshowingwhethersomeonethoughtamathsuperstarhadtobeaboy,20girlsshowedfeelingthatboyswouldbebetteratmath-andallofthesegirlshadbeentaughtbyfemaleteacherswhohadmathanxiety."Thisisaninterestingstudy,buttheresultsneedtobeinterpretedaspreliminaryandinneedofreplicationwithalargersample6,''saidDavidGeary,apsychologistattheUniversityofMissouri7inColumbia.1.WhatistheresultoftheresearchattheUniversityofChicago,accordingtothefirstparagraph?AGirlscomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarebetterthanboysatmath.BGirlsuncomfortablewiththeirownmathskillsarenotasgoodasboysatmath.CFemaleteachers'mathskillshaveinfluenceovergirlstudents'mathskills.DFemaleteachers'confidenceintheirmathskillsisrelatedtogirl'smathskills.2.Whatisimpliedinthethirdparagraph?AMathteachers,likemathlearners,donotlikethesubjectduetoitsdifficulty.BAdifficultsubjectlikemathmayaffectteachers'confidenceinteachingthesubject.CTeachersaremoreanxiousteachingmaththantheirstudentslearningmath.DMathissodifficultthatnoteachersliketoteachit.3.Accordingtotheexperiment,thoseteacherswereprobablyanxiousaboutmathwhentheyfeltAnervousmemorizingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.Bhelplesssavingthe,numbersofasalesreceipt.Cuneasyreadingthenumbersofasalesreceipt.Dhopelessfillinginthenumbersofasalesreport.4.ThesixthparagraphtellsusthattheresearchfindingsAproveastronglinkbetweenfemaleteachers'mathanxietyandtheirfemalestudents'mathachievements.Bshowthatmalestudentsarelesslikelytobeaffectedbytheirmathanxietythanfemalestudents.Cprovidestrongevidencethatmathsuperstarsaremorelikelytobemalesthanfemales.Ddiscoverastronglinkbetweenteachers'mathanxietyandtheirstudents'mathachievements.5.DavidGearythinksthatAthestudyisinterestingbutitisbasedonunreliableresearchprocess.Btheresearchresultsneedtoberetestedbasedonalargersample.Ctheresearchresultsneedtobereinterpretedtobemeaningful.Dthestudyiswellbasedandproducessignificantresults.答案．1．D2．B3．C4．A5．B第四十篇教數(shù)學(xué)，教焦慮在最新一項(xiàng)關(guān)于小學(xué)生學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)的研究中，芝加哥大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家SianBeilock和SusanLevine發(fā)現(xiàn)，女教師的想法和女學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)之間有著驚人的聯(lián)系：如果女教師對(duì)自己的數(shù)學(xué)能力感到焦慮，她的女學(xué)生很可能認(rèn)為男孩子數(shù)學(xué)比女孩學(xué)得更好。"如果一直由對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)有焦慮的女教師教授數(shù)學(xué)，就會(huì)對(duì)她們的數(shù)學(xué)成績(jī)產(chǎn)生雪球效應(yīng)"，Levine說(shuō)。換言之，女孩子們最后從老師那里獲得的是對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮。該研究表明，如果女孩子們?cè)谝粋€(gè)認(rèn)為男孩比女孩數(shù)學(xué)好的環(huán)境中成長(zhǎng)，那么她們的數(shù)學(xué)可能會(huì)不如在更自信的狀態(tài)下學(xué)得好。如同學(xué)生，教師也會(huì)覺(jué)得某些學(xué)科難學(xué)和難教，這就是研究者所言的"焦慮"：不自在或擔(dān)心。此研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，教師對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)的焦慮能夠傳染給她的女學(xué)生們。該研究的研究對(duì)象包括65個(gè)女孩，52個(gè)男孩和17位在中西部教一二年級(jí)的教師。學(xué)生們?cè)趯W(xué)年的開(kāi)始和結(jié)束時(shí)都進(jìn)行數(shù)學(xué)測(cè)試，研究者們比較得分。研究者們測(cè)試學(xué)生是否認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)明星一定會(huì)是男孩。然后研究者們測(cè)試教師，試圖找出哪些教師對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)感到焦慮，研究者們問(wèn)教師們當(dāng)碰到數(shù)學(xué)問(wèn)題諸如閱讀銷(xiāo)售清單時(shí)的感受，如果一位教師一看到銷(xiāo)售清單的數(shù)字就感到緊張，那么她很可能對(duì)數(shù)學(xué)存在焦慮。平均來(lái)說(shuō)，教師的焦慮不會(huì)影響到男孩子。但是，一般說(shuō)來(lái)，如果教女孩子的教師有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥，那么女孩子們?cè)趯W(xué)年結(jié)束時(shí)測(cè)試得分比其他的女孩要低。另外，在關(guān)于是否認(rèn)為數(shù)學(xué)明星應(yīng)該是男孩的測(cè)試中，有20個(gè)女孩認(rèn)為男孩數(shù)學(xué)比女孩好，這20個(gè)女孩的老師都是女性，且都患有數(shù)學(xué)焦慮癥。來(lái)自密蘇里大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家DavidGeary說(shuō)"這是一個(gè)有趣的研究，但是這只是初步結(jié)果，需要用更大的調(diào)查樣本進(jìn)行重復(fù)驗(yàn)證"。理工類(lèi)A級(jí)_+第四十五篇SmallButWise【小而聰明】OnDecember14,NASA1blastedasmallbutmightytelescopeintospace.ThetelescopeiscalledWISEandisaboutaswidearoundasatrashcan.Don'tletitssmallsizefoolyou:WISEhasapowerfuldigitalcamera,anditwillbetakingpicturesofsomethewildestobjects2intheknownuniverse,includingasteroids,faintstars,blazinggalaxies3andgiantcloudsofdustwhereplanetsandstarsarebom.“I'mveryexcitedbecausewe'regoingtobeseeingpartsoftheuniversethatwehaven'tseenbefore,”saidNedWright,ascientistwhodirectstheWISEproject.Sincearrivinginspace,theWISEtelescopehasbeencirclingtheEarth,heldbygravityinapolarorbit4(thismeansitcrossesclosetothenorthandsouthpoleswitheachlap5).Itscameraispointedoutward,awayfromtheEarth,andWISEwillsnapapictureofadifferentpartoftheskyevery11minutes.Aftersixmonthsitwillhavetakenpicturesacrosstheentiresky.ThepicturestakenbyWISEwon'tbelikeeverydaydigitalphotographs,however.WISEstandsfor“Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer.”Asitsnamesuggests,theWISEcameratakespicturesoffeaturesthatgiveoffinfraredradiation6.Radiationisenergythattravelsasawave.Visiblelight,includingthefamiliarspectrumoflight7thatbecomesvisibleinarainbow,isanexampleofradiation.Whenanordinarydigitalcameratakesapictureofatree,forexample,itreceivesthewavesofvisiblelightthatarereflectedoffthetree.Whenthesewavesenterthecamerathroughthelens,they'reprocessedbythecamera,whichthenputstheimagetogether.Wavesofinfraredradiationarelongerthanwavesofvisiblelight,soordinarydigitalcamerasdon'tseethem,andneitherdotheeyesofhumanbeings.Althoughinvisibletotheeye,longerinfraredradiationcanbedetectedaswarmthbytheskin.That'sakeyideatowhyWISEwillbeabletoseethingsothertelescopescan't.Noteverythingintheuniverseshowsupinvisiblelight.Asteroids,forexample,aregiantrocksthatfloatthroughspace—buttheyabsorbmostofthelightthatreachesthem.Theydon'treflectlight,sothey'redifficulttosee.Buttheydogiveoffinfraredradiation,soaninfraredtelescopelikeWISEwillbeabletoproduceimagesofthem.DuringitsmissionWISEwilltakepicturesofhundredsofthousandsofasteroids.Browndwarfs8areanotherkindofdeep-spaceobjectthatwillshowupinWISE'spictures.Theseobjectsare“failed”stars—whichmeanstheyarenotmassiveenoughtojumpstart9thesamekindofreactionsthatpowerstarssuchasthesun.Instead,browndwarfssimplyshrinkandcooldown.They'resodimthatthey'realmostimpossibletoseewithvisiblelight,butintheinfraredspectrumtheyglow.練習(xí)：1.WhatissospecialaboutWISE?AItissmallinsizebutcarriesalargecamera.BItisassmallasatrashcan.CItsdigitalcameracanhelpastronomerstoseetheunknownspace.DNeverbeforehasatelescopecarriedadigitalcamerainspace.2.WhichisNOTthesynonymfortheword“snap”inthethirdparagraph?Amake.Bshoot.CtakeDphotograph.3.ThecameraonWISEAisnodifferentfromanordinarycamera.Bdoesnotseeinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoes.Ccatchestheinfraredradiationwhiletheordinarycameradoesnot.Dreflectslightthathumaneyescansee.4.WhichofthefollowingisNOTcorrectabout“asteroids”accordingtoparagraph7?AAsteroidsfloatthroughspacegivingoffvisiblelight.BAsteroidsdonotreflectlightthatreachesthem.CItisdifficulttotakeasteroids'picturesbyordinarycameras.DTheWISEtelescopecantakepicturesofasteroids5.Whatisimpliedinthelastparagraph?ABrowndwarfsgiveoffvisiblelight.BBrowndwarfsgiveoffinfraredradiation.CBrowndwarfsarepowerstarslikethesun.DBrowndwarfsareimpossibletoseewiththeWISEtelescope.答案1.C2.A3.C4.A5.B第四十五篇小而聰明12月14“WISE”(聰明)，大約只有一個(gè)垃圾盒子那么寬。你可千萬(wàn)不要輕視這個(gè)小東西，WISE可是一款高強(qiáng)數(shù)碼相機(jī)，它將在人類(lèi)已知的宇宙里拍攝任何你所能想到的天體，包括小行星、那些只能看到微弱的光和因燃燒而無(wú)法觀察到的天體，以及自行星和恒星誕生以來(lái)的巨大塵埃云。NedWright是主持WISE項(xiàng)目的科學(xué)家，他說(shuō)：“我十分興奮，因?yàn)槲覀兙鸵吹揭郧皬奈纯吹竭^(guò)的那部分宇宙”。到達(dá)宇宙空間后，WISE由于受極地軌道重力作用，一直在圍繞地球旋轉(zhuǎn)。(這意味著，每轉(zhuǎn)一圈，它就離南極和北極靠近)。它的鏡頭是向外的，遠(yuǎn)離地球。每11分鐘WISE就會(huì)抓拍天空一個(gè)不同的部分。六個(gè)月之后，它將把整個(gè)天空拍攝完畢。然而，WISE拍攝的相片不會(huì)像我們?nèi)粘５臄?shù)碼相片。WISE是Wide-fieldInfraredSurveyExplorer(廣域紅外戡測(cè)探測(cè)器)的縮寫(xiě)。正如名字所示，WISE能拍到發(fā)出紅外線輻射物體的相片。輻射是波浪狀行進(jìn)的一種能量。人能看到的光，包括大家熟悉的、在彩虹里看到的光譜就是射線的一個(gè)例子。當(dāng)普通的數(shù)碼相機(jī)給一棵樹(shù)照相時(shí)，它能接收到樹(shù)反射回來(lái)的、可見(jiàn)的光波。光波通過(guò)鏡頭進(jìn)入到相機(jī)里，相機(jī)對(duì)它進(jìn)行加工，然后把圖像合成。紅外線的波長(zhǎng)比可見(jiàn)光長(zhǎng)，所以，普通的數(shù)碼相機(jī)捕捉不到他們，人眼也看不到這種射線。盡管人們看不到，人的皮膚能感受到較長(zhǎng)紅外線帶來(lái)的溫暖。這就是為什么WISE能捕捉到其他望遠(yuǎn)鏡看不到的物體的主要原因。宇宙中，不是所有的東西都以可見(jiàn)光的方式呈現(xiàn)出來(lái)。例如，小行星是在太空中漂浮的大巖石，但是小行星吸收射到他們表面的大部分光。他們不能反射光，所以要看到他們很困難。但他們卻釋放出紅外線，所以，象WISE這樣的紅外線望遠(yuǎn)鏡才能夠捕捉到它們的圖像。WISE的任務(wù)就是拍攝成千上萬(wàn)的小行星圖像。WISE的另一任務(wù)是為另外一種太空深處的天體一褐矮星拍照。這種天體是“失敗的”恒星，它們是一些不夠大，不能像太陽(yáng)的能量那樣啟動(dòng)相同的反應(yīng)。褐矮星只能縮小和冷卻。他們發(fā)出的光如此之微弱，人們根本看不到，但是在紅外頻譜中，它們是發(fā)光的。+第四十六篇AntsHaveBigImpactonEnvironmentas“EcosystemEngineers”【螞蟻?zhàn)鳛椤吧鷳B(tài)系統(tǒng)工程師”對(duì)環(huán)境影響巨大】ResearchbytheUniversityofExeterhasrevealedthatantshaveabigimpactontheirlocalenvironmentasaresultoftheiractivityas“ecosystemengineers”andpredators.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofAnimalEcology,foundthatantshavetwodistincteffectsontheirlocalenvironment.Firstly,throughmovingofsoilbynestbuildingactivityandbycollectingfoodtheyaffectthelevelofnutrientsinthesoil.Thiscanindirectlyimpactthelocalpopulationsofmanyanimalgroups,fromdecomposerstospeciesmuchhigherupthefoodchain.Secondly,theypreyonawiderangeofotheranimals,includinglargerpreywhichcanbeattackedbyvastnumbersofantworkers.DirkSanders,anauthorofthestudyfromtheuniversity'sCentreforEcologyandConservation,said:“Antsareveryeffectivepredatorswhichthriveinhugenumbers.They'realsoveryterritorialandveryaggressive,defendingtheirresourcesandterritoryagainstotherpredators.Allofthismeanstheyhaveastronginfluenceontheirsurroundingarea.”“Inthisresearch,westudiedforthefirsttimehowbigthisimpactisandthesubtletiesofit.Whatwefoundisthatdespitebeingpredators,theirpresencecanalsoleadtoanincreaseindensityanddiversityofotheranimalgroups.Theygenuinelyplayakeyroleinthelocalenvironment,havingabiginfluenceonthegrasslandfoodweb,”Sanderssaid.Thestudy,carriedoutinGermany,studiedtheimpactofthepresenceofdifferentcombinationsanddensitiesofblackgardenantsandcommonredants,bothspecieswhichcanbefoundacrossEurope,includingintheUK.Itfoundthatalowdensityofantsinanareaincreasedthediversityanddensityofotheranimalsinthelocalarea,particularlythedensityofherbivoresanddecomposers.Athigherdensitiesantshadnoortheoppositeeffect,showingthatpredationiscounteractingthepositiveinfluence.DrFrankvanVeen,anotherauthoronthestudy,said:“Whatwefindisthattheimpactofantsonsoilnutrientlevelshasapositiveeffectonanimalgroupsatlowlevels,butasthenumberofantsincreases,theirpredatoryimpactshavethebiggereffect—therebycounteractingthepositiveinfluenceviaecosystemengineering.”Antsareimportantcomponentsofecosystemsnotonlybecausetheyconstituteagreatpartoftheanimalbiomassbutalsobecausetheyactasecosystemengineers.Antbiodiversityisincrediblyhighandtheseorganismsarehighlyresponsivetohumanimpac