列維斯特勞斯課件

ClauseLévi-Strauss

ByZhuWenzhaoContentsofthispresentation：IntroductionofStraussStructuralismwhatisstructurewhatisstructuralismStrauss’sfourprocedurestostructuralismAnthropologicaltheoriesMythwhatismythStrauss’sstudyofmyth

IntroductionofStraussStrauss(28November1908–30October2009)wasborntoFrenchparentswhowerelivinginBrusselsatthetime,wherehisfatherwasworkingasapainter.Hestudiedlawandphilosophy,butfoundneitherinteresting.Thenhetookupanthropology.HewasaFrenchanthropologistandethnologist,andhasbeencalled,alongwithJamesGeorgeFrazer,the“fatherofmodernanthropology”Majorworks《野性的思維》LaPensée

sauvage

（1962）《憂郁的熱帶》Tristes

tropiques（1955）

《神話學(xué)I-IV》MythologiquesI-IV

《結(jié)構(gòu)人類學(xué)》Anthropologie

structurale

（1958）《種族與歷史》Raceethistoire（1952）

《結(jié)構(gòu)人類學(xué)之二》Anthropologie

structurale

deux

（1973）《親屬關(guān)系的基本結(jié)構(gòu)》LesStructuresélémentairesdelaparenté

（1949）WhatisStructure?

Somethingmadeupofanumberofpartsthatareheldorputtogetherinaparticularway.Thewayinwhichpartsarearrangedorputtogethertoformawhole;makeup.TheinterrelationorarrangementofpartsinacomplexentityInotherwords,structureisrulesandprinciplesoperativeintheworld,orwecansay,theworldiscomposedofmanydifferentelements,eachofwhichhasitsownfunction,arecloselyboundupwitheachotherinsortofapatternorstructure.Whatisstructuralism?

StructuralismisanintellectualmovementwhichbeganinFranceinthe1950sandisfirstseenintheworkoftheanthropologistClaudeLevi-Strauss.Itsessenceisthebeliefthatthingscannotbeunderstoodinisolation----theyhavetobeseeninthecontextofthelargerstructurestheyarepartof(hencetheterm“structuralism”).ItemphasizeswholenessandsynchronicStrauss’sfourprocedurestoStructuralism

Straussspecifiedfourproceduresbasictostructuralism.StructuralanalysisexaminesunconsciousinfrastructuresofculturalphenomenaItregardstheelementsofinfrastructuresas“relational”,notasindependententities.Itattendssingle-mindedlytosystemItpropoundsgenerallawsaccountingfortheunderlyingorganizingpatternsofphenomenaAnthropologicaltheories

StrausssoughttoapplythestructurallinguisticsofSaussuretoanthropology.Atthetime,thefamilywastraditionallyconsideredthefundamentalobjectofanalysis,butwasseenprimarilyasaself-containedunitconsistingofahusband,awife,andtheirchildren.Nephews,cousins,aunts,uncles,andgrandparentsallweretreatedassecondary.Hearguedthatfamiliesacquiredeterminateidentitiesonlythroughrelationswithoneanother.Thusheinvertedtheclassicalviewofanthropology,puttingthesecondaryfamilymembersfirstandinsistingonanalyzingtherelationsbetweenunitsinsteadoftheunitsthemselves.Kinship:

Straussthoughtthatkinshiphadfourbasicelements:brother,sister,fatherandsonfromwhichotherrelativeswerederived.Inhisownanalysisoftheformationoftheidentitiesthatarisethroughmarriagesbetweentribes.Straussnotedthattherelationbetweentheuncleandthenephewwastotherelationbetweenbrotherandsister,astherelationbetweenfatherandsonistothatbetweenhusbandandwife,thatis,AistoBasCistoD.ThereforeifweknowA,B,andC,wecanpredictD,justasifweknowAandD,wecanpredictBandC.ThegoalofStrauss'sstructuralanthropologywastosimplifythemassesofempiricaldataintogeneralized,comprehensiblerelationsbetweenunits,whichallowforpredictivelawstobeidentified,suchasAistoBasCistoD.

AtraditionalstoryrootedinprimitivefolkbeliefsofculturesUsesthesupernaturaltointerpretnaturaleventsExplainstheculture’sviewoftheuniverseandthenatureofhumanity

Whatisamyth?Strauss’sstudyofmythMythemes(神話素）:Straussbelievedthatmyth,liketherestofthelanguage,ismadeupofconstituentunits.Butwhatconsistsoflanguageisdifferentfromthatofthemyth–theybelongtoahigherandmorecomplexorder.Forthisreason,weshallcallthemmythemeWhatStraussbelievedhehaddiscoveredwhenheexaminedtherelationsbetweenmythemeswasthatamythconsistsofjuxtaposedbinaryoppositions(二元對(duì)立).Forexample,Oedipusconsistsoftheoverratingofbloodrelationsandtheunderratingofbloodrelations.

Straussseesabasicparadoxinthestudyofmyth.Ononehand,mythicalstoriesarefantasticandunpredictable:thecontentofmythseemscomplet