中國(guó)國(guó)四大發(fā)明的介紹課件

中國(guó)的四大發(fā)明

TheFourGreatInventions

ofchina指南針的發(fā)明是我國(guó)勞動(dòng)人民，在長(zhǎng)期的實(shí)踐中對(duì)物體磁性認(rèn)識(shí)的結(jié)果.IntheSongDynasty,ShenKuodescribedthefloatingcompass,suspendedinwater,atechniquewhichminimizedtheeffectofmotionontheinstrument.Thisenabledthecompasstobeusedforseanavigationforthefirsttime.Theinventionofthecompasspromotedmaritimeundertakings,anditsusesoonspreadtotheArabworld,andthencetoEurope

1.指南針是用硝石、硫黃和木炭這三種物質(zhì)混和制成的，而當(dāng)時(shí)人們都把這三種東西作為治病的藥物，所以取名“火藥”，意思是“著火的藥”。TheinventionofgunpowderwasnodoubtoneofthemostsignificantachievementsoftheMiddleAgesinChina.Thecorrectprescriptionformakinggunpowderwithnitre,sulphurandcarbonwasprobablydiscoveredintheninthcentury.Infact,inhisbook,GeHonginthethirdcenturyrecordstheproceduresformakingakindofmixturethatcouldbeignited.AftertheTangDynasty(618-907),thingstookamuchfastercourseasgunpowderwasalreadyusedinsimplehand-grenadeswhichwerethrownbyacatapult.In1126,LiGang,alocalofficial,recordedhowheorderedthedefendersofthecityofKaifengto"firecannons"attheinvadingNuzhentribalpeople,inflictingheavycasualtiesontheinvaders.2.火藥東漢和帝元興元年(公元105年)，蔡倫在總結(jié)前人制造絲織晶的經(jīng)驗(yàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，發(fā)明了用樹(shù)皮、破漁網(wǎng)、破布、麻頭等作原料，制造成了適合書(shū)寫(xiě)的植物纖維紙，才使紙成為普遍使用的書(shū)寫(xiě)材料。被稱為“蔡侯紙”。Chinawasthefirstcountryintheworldtomakeproperpaper.PapermadeduringtheWesternHanDynasty(202BC-16AD)hasbeenfoundinGansuProvince,Xi'anandotherplacesinShaanxiProvinceaswellasXinjiang.AfurtherdevelopmentofpaperiscreditedtoCaiLunoftheEasternHan(25-220).Heusedplantfibersuchastreebark,bitsofrope,ragsandworn-outfishingnetsasrawmaterials.In105,CaipresentedthefirstbatchofpapermadeunderhissupervisiontotheHanemperor,whowassodelightedthathenamedthematerial"MarquisCai'spaper".EasternHanDynastypaperfoundinWuwei,Gansu,in1974carriedwordswhichwerestillclearlydecipherable.Thin,soft,andwithasmoothfinishandtighttexture,thispaperisthemostrefinedandoldestpaperdiscoveredtodate3.造紙術(shù)開(kāi)始于隋朝的雕版印刷，經(jīng)宋仁宗時(shí)的畢升發(fā)展、完善，產(chǎn)生了活字印刷，并由蒙古人傳至了歐洲，所以后人稱畢升為印刷術(shù)的始祖。中國(guó)的印刷術(shù)是人類(lèi)近代文明的先導(dǎo)，為知識(shí)的廣泛傳播、交流創(chuàng)造了條件。OnthebasisofprintingusingcarvedblocksintheTangDynasty,BiShengoftheNorthernSongDynastyinventedmovabletypeprintinginthe1040s,whichusheredinamajorrevolutioninthehistoryofprinting.

Bi'sprintingconsistedoffourprocesses:makingthetypes,composingthetext,printingandretrievingthemovabletypes.AccordingtoDreamStreamEssays,BiShengcarvedindividualcharactersonsquaresofstickyclay,thenbakedthemmakeclaytypepieces.Whencomposingatext,heputalargeironframeonapieceofironboardandarrangedthewordswithintheframe.Whileoneplatewasbeingprinted,anotherplatecouldbecomposed.Afterprinting,themovabletypesweretakenawayandstoredforfutureuse.Movabletypeprintinghasaveryimportantpositioninthehistoryofprinting,foralllaterprintingmethodssuchaswoodentype,coppertypeandleadtypeprintinginvariablydevelopedo