托福作文寫作范文詳解torm

托福作文寫作范文詳解ReadingEveryyear,forestfiresandseverestormscauseagreatdealofdamagetoforestsinthenorthwesternUnitedStates.Onewayofdealingwiththeaftermathofthesedisastersiscalledsalvagelogging,whichisthepracticeofremovingdeadtreesfromaffectedareasandusingthewoodforlumber,plywood,andotherwoodproducts.Thereareseveralreasonswhysalvageloggingisbeneficialbothtoadamagedforestandtotheeconomy.First,afteradevastatingfire,forestsarechokedwithdeadtrees.Ifthetreesarenotremoved,theywilltakeyearstodecompose;inthemeantime,nonewtreescangrowinthecrampedspaces.Salvagelogging,however,removestheremainsofdeadtreesandmakesroomforfreshgrowthimmediately,whichislikelytohelpforestareasrecoverfromthedisaster.Also,deadtreesdomorethanjusttakeupspace.Decayingwoodisahighlysuitablehabitatforinsectssuchasthesprucebarkbeetle,whichinlargenumberscandamagelive,healthysprucetrees.Sobyremovingrottingwood,salvagelogginghelpsminimizethedangersofinsectinfestation,thuscontributingtothehealthoftheforest.Thirdandlast,salvagelogginghaseconomicbenefits.Manyindustriesdependupontheforestsfortheirproduction,andbecauseofthisafirecanhaveaveryharmfuleffectontheeconomy.Often,however,thetreesthathavebeendamagedbynaturaldisastersstillcanprovidemuchwoodthatisusablebyindustries.Furthermore,salvageloggingrequiresmoreworkersthantraditionalloggingoperationsdo,andsoithelpscreateadditionaljobsforlocalresidents.ListeningProfessor:Salvageloggingmayappeartobeaneffectivewayofhelpingforestsrecoverafteradestructivefireorstorm,butitcanactuallyresultinseriouslonger‐termenvironmentaldamageItseconomicbenefitsarealsoquestionable.First,cleaningupaforestafterafireorstormdoesnotnecessarilycreatetherightconditionsfortreegrowth.Infact,thenaturalprocessofwooddecompositionenrichesthesoilandmakesitmoresuitableforfuturegenerationsoftree.Therapidremovalofdeadtreescanresultinsoilthatlacksthenutrientsnecessaryforgrowth.Second,it'struethatrottingwoodcanincreaseinsectpopulations,butisthisreallybadfortheforest?Infact,sprucebarkbeetleshavelivedinAlaskanforestfornearlyahundredyearswithoutcausingmajordamage.Andofcoursedeadtreesdonotprovidehabitatsonlyforharmfulinsects.Theyarealsousedbybirdsandotherinsectsthatareimportantcontributorstothelong‐termhealthofforests.Inthelongrun,therefore,salvageloggingmayendup‐doingmoreharmtoforeststhanharmfulinsectsdo.Andthird,theeconomicbenefitsofsalvageloggingaresmallanddonotlastverylong,inseverelydamagedforests,muchofthelumbercanberecoveredonlybyusinghelicoptersandothervehiclesthatareexpensivetouseandmaintain.Furthermore,jobscreatedbysalvageloggingareonlytemporaryandareoftenfilledbyoutsiderswithmoreexperienceortrainingthanlocalresidentshave.一、閱讀聽力要點概括ReadingPassageMainpoints:Salvageloggingisbeneficialforseveralreasons.Subpoint1:Removedeadtreesandallownewtreestogrow.Subpoint2:Deadtreesallowinsectstogrow.Subpoint3:Deadtreecanbeusedinindustriesandgoodforeconomic.LectureAttitude:Itcanresultinenvironmentaldamageandquestionableeconomicbenefits.SubPoint1:Cleanupaforestisnogoodfortreegrowth.(Decompositionenrichsoil.)SubPoint2:Insectisnotreallybadforforest.(Beetleslivedwithoutmajordamage,canbeusedbybirds.)SubPoint3:Expensivetoremovedeadtrees.(Jobsaretemporary.)二、范文逐段賞析Paragraph1Thelecturerandthereadingpassageholdcompletelydifferentviewstowardthepracticeofsalvagelogging,whichistheremovalofdeadtreesfromaforestafterafireorstorm.此段功能：(Listeningpassage后文提到用L代替)(Readingpassage后文用R代替)以L的觀點為主要觀點，指出L和R對于salvagelogging意見完全相反，然后補充一句salvagelogging是說在火災(zāi)或者風暴后移除死樹。此段結(jié)構(gòu)：開頭段先直接了表明了邏輯程度為反，然后順便解釋爭論的論點。Paragraph2First,thelecturerstatesthatremovingdeadtreesisnotgoodforthehealthofaforestbecauseitdeprivesitofnutrientsnecessaryforfuturetreegrowth,whichdeadtreesreleaseintothesoilastheydecompose.Incontrast,thereadingpassagestatesthatremovingoldtreesprovidesmorespaceinwhichnewgenerationsoffreshtreescangrowuninhibitedbydeadfall.此段功能：以L的觀點為主，L說移除死樹對森林是無益的因為死樹腐爛的營養(yǎng)是對未來生長的樹非常必要的。相反的R卻覺得移除死樹能迅速空出地方讓新樹生長，這樣無疑會失敗。此段結(jié)構(gòu)：此段為總分結(jié)構(gòu)。第一句陳述L的觀點和證據(jù)，然后表明相反態(tài)度后，又陳述了一遍R的觀點Paragraph3Second,thelecturerarguesthatsomeinsectsandbirdsthatinhabitdeadtreesarebeneficialfortreegrowth.Someothersthatarethoughttobeharmfulhaveshownnoevidenceofcausingsignificantdamagetotheforest.Byeliminatingbothharmfulandbeneficialbirdsandinsects,salvageloggingmaycauseunwanteddamagetotheforestinthelongrun.Thereading,however,mentionsonlyharmfulinsects,thesprucebarkbeetleinparticular.Itpointsoutthatbecauseclearingtheforestofdeadtreesalsodestroysthehabitatoftheseharmfulinsects,itensuresthehealthyrecoveryofaforestafterfires.此段功能：第二個分論點中，作者先引出L的結(jié)論，適當?shù)木幼∮谒罉涞睦ハx和鳥類是對森林有益的。一些認為有害的昆蟲其實并沒造成一些顯著的蟲害。如果靠移除死樹把有益和有害鳥類昆蟲都殺死會造成非預(yù)期的長期損失。接著作者開始說R只注意到了害蟲，認為移除一種特定的甲蟲就能保證森林恢復(fù)。此段結(jié)構(gòu)：此段為分分結(jié)構(gòu)，作者列出L的結(jié)論和證據(jù)后，只輕易的對比了R的結(jié)論和證據(jù)，但是讀者能感覺到R的證據(jù)的片面，結(jié)論的草率。使R在相比之下顯得十分幼稚。Paragraph4Finallywithregardtoeconomicimpact,thelecturerarguesagainstsalvageloggingbecausethedeadtreescanonlybesalvagedataveryhighcost.Additionally,theemploymentopportunitiesassociatedwithsalvageloggingareoftentemporaryandaretypicallyperformedbynon‐nativeresidents.Ontheotherhand,thereadingarguesthatthispracticeprovidesmanyindustrieswiththewoodneces