醫(yī)學(xué)英語(yǔ)第五單元詳解課件

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HIVinfectionandtheGastrointestinalimmuneSystemTheItemsWeWillMention:GlobalAnalysisoftheTextNewwordsandexpressionsBackgroundGeneralideaTransitionalwordsTranslationGlobalAnalysisoftheText

StyleofthePaper(Abstract)ComparetheDifferencesinWritingIntroduction,LiteratureReview,SummaryandAbstractIntroduction

TheIntroductionsectionstatestheintentionofthepaperbybringingthecentralideasintofocusatthebeginningofthepaper.

Mostimportantly,ifyoulookbackattheIntroductions,youwillnotethatmostofthememergeasanaturalandrationalresponsetoadiscoveredgapintheliterature.LiteratureReviewFeaturesofLRItisbasedonExtensiveResearchofProvenFactsandAuthoritativeTestimonyTheAuthor’sVoiceTendstobeObjectiveandNeutral.Thestyletendstobeformal.Theformalityisachievedthroughitsdictionsentencestructureandformat.DetailsinAnotherPPTSummaryAsummarydoesn’trequireyoutocritiqueorrespondtotheideasinthetext.Itreflectswhattheoriginalcontains.Asummaryisinformativeinnature(details,mainpointsmeat,)

Abstractabstractisakindof“summaryofasummary”Newwordsandexpressionscytotoxic[,sait?‘t?ksik]adj.[生]細(xì)胞毒素的depolymerization['di:-,p?lim?rai'zei??n,-ri'z-]n.[有化]解聚（合）作用antirheumatic[,?ntiru:‘m?tik]n.[醫(yī)]治療風(fēng)濕藥劑adj.治療風(fēng)濕病的，防風(fēng)濕病的ameliorate[?'mi:lj?reit]vt.改善；改良dysfunction[dis‘f??k??n]n.[醫(yī)]功能紊亂；機(jī)能障礙；官能不良cytokinesis[,sait?uki‘ni:sis]n.[遺傳]細(xì)胞質(zhì)分裂Crohn'sdisease：克羅恩氏病，節(jié)段性回腸炎

HIVgp120:糖蛋白120(P.54Para.2L.5)Interleukin(IL)-12：白介素12(P.55Para.1L.5)TNF:TumourNicrosiveFeature腫瘤壞死因子(P.55Para.1L.6)Newwordsandexpressionshistologic[his‘t?l?d?ik]adj.[生]組織學(xué)的malabsorption[,m?l?b‘s?:p??n]n.[醫(yī)]（營(yíng)養(yǎng)）吸收不良，吸收障礙lymphocyte[‘limf?usait]n.淋巴細(xì)胞；淋巴球laminal[‘l?min?l]adj.層的（薄層的；分層的；片狀的；疊片的）diarrhea[,dai?‘ri?]n.腹瀉，痢疾enteropathy[,ent?‘r?p?θi]n.腸病[醫(yī)]腸下垂inflammatory[in‘fl?m?t?ri]adj.[醫(yī)]炎癥性的infiltration[,infil‘trei??n]n.滲透；浸潤(rùn)epithelial[,epi‘θi:li?l]adj.[生]上皮的villous[‘vil?s]adj.[解]絨毛的atrophy[‘?tr?fi]n.[醫(yī)]萎縮，萎縮癥crypt[kript]n.[解]腺窩；小囊tubulin[‘tju:bjulin]n.[生化]微管蛋白coloursleu-co-白，erythro-紅、chloro-綠、melano-黑、xantho-黃、cyano-青chromo-色等(colour)。單數(shù)式與復(fù)數(shù)式單數(shù)詞尾復(fù)數(shù)詞尾

-a-ae-is-es-ex/-ix-ices-ma-mata-on-a-um-a-us-i-a-ae

Cornea角膜corneae

conjunctiva結(jié)膜conjunctivae

cornea角膜corneaecuticula表皮，角質(zhì)層cuticulaefossa窩，凹fossaeglandula（?。┫賕landulaemaxilla上頜骨maxillaepleura胸膜pleurae-is-es

analysis分析analysesaponeurosis腱膜aponeurosesarthrosis關(guān)節(jié)病arthrosesbacteriolysis溶菌bacteriolysescrisis危險(xiǎn)crisesdiagnosis診斷diagnosesthesis論文theses-ex/-ix-ices

apex尖端，頂點(diǎn)apicesappendix闌尾appendicescervix頸cervicescortex皮質(zhì)corticesfornix穹窿，穹forniceshelix耳輪helicesradix根radices-ma-mata

carcinoma癌carcinomatacondyloma濕疣condylomataenema灌腸法，灌腸劑enematafibroma纖維瘤fibromatagumma梅毒瘤gummatalipoma脂瘤lipomata-on-aencephalon腦encephalaganglion神經(jīng)節(jié)gangliaphenomenon現(xiàn)象phenomenaprotozoon原蟲(chóng)protozoaspermatozoon精子spermatozoa-um-aatrium心房atriabacterium細(xì)菌bacteriacalca跟骨calcaneacerebr大腦cerebracontagium接觸傳染物contagiadelirium譫妄，神志昏迷，說(shuō)胡話deliria-us-i

bacillus桿菌bacillibronchus支氣管bronchicalculus結(jié)石calculicarpus腕carpifocus病灶，焦點(diǎn)focifungus真菌fungihumerus肱骨humerithegastrointestinalimmunesystemisphysiologicallyinvolvedinthedefenseagainstinfectiousdiseases;underpathophysiologicalconditions,thissystemplaysacentralrole

duringintestinalinflammationandimmunologicaldisordersSymptomsofenteropathydiarrheaincreasedGIinflammationincreasedintestinalpermeabilitymalabsorptionofbileacidandvitaminB12SymptomsofenteropathydiarrheaincreasedGIinflammationincreasedintestinalpermeabilitymalabsorptionofbileacidandvitaminB12HistologicalobservationsHistologicalobservations(a)AhealthyGItract

(b)AchronicallyHIV-infectedGItract(1)bluntedvilli(2)crypthyperplasia(3)damagetotheepithelialbarrierwithenterocyteapoptosis(4)decreasedluminaldefensin(5)massiveCD4T-celldepletion(6)highfrequenciesofinfectedCD4Tcellswithreleaseofvirions(7)microbialtranslocation(8)increasedpermeabilityMechanismsdirect“virotoxic”effectsofHIVitselfonenterocytes

HIVgp120canleadtoincreasedconcentrationsofcalciuminenterocytes

HIVmayresultinabnormaldifferentiationofenterocytesHIVhasbeenshowntoinduceincreasedproliferationofenterocytesincellculturetissueexplantsTransitionalwords

Indeed(L.7,P.1)真正地；的確是Hence(L.I,P.2)因此Moreover(L.6,P.2)此外；而且Furthermore(L.10,P.2)此外；而且Inaddition(L.12,P.2)此外However(L.15,P.2)然而Inparticular(L.7,P.3)值得注意的Importantly(L.14,P.1)重要的是Presumably(L.17,P.3)大概是，推測(cè)起Thefirstparagraph

(a)Itmainlytoldus:ThefindingsofKotlerandhiscolleaguesaboutwhenandhowthesyndromesoftheHIVenteropathyoccurafteranindividualhasbeeninfectedbyHIV.GeneralideaP.1Introduces“HIVenteropathy”anditssymptomandhistologicfeature.symptom:diarrhea,increasedGIinflammation,increasedintestinalpermeabilityandmalabsorptionofbileacidandvitaminB12.Histologicfeature:inflammatoryinfiltratesoflymphocytesanddamagetotheGIepitheliallayer.(b)Furthermore,ittoldusthechangesoftheGImucosawhentheenteropathythatcausedbyHIVoccurandshowedusanimportantideathatthepathologicchangesoftheGImucosaoccurmoreeasierafteranindividualinfectedbyHIV.(theyoccurintheabsenceofthedetectablebacterial,viral,orfungalenteropathogensthatareoftenassociatedwithenteropathy)P.2Presentssomeexplanationsofthemechanismsunderlyingtheabnormalities.﹡“virotoxic”effectofHIVitselfonenterocytes.﹡HIVcanbefoundinproximitytoabnormallyenlargedenterocytes.﹡HIVhasbeenshowntoinduceincreasedproliferationofenterocytesP.3GivestheinformationoftherelationshipbetweenHIVenteropathyandlocalactivationoftheGIimmunesystemThesecondparagraph

(a)Ithasbeenstatedtousanconclusionthat:itistheHIVitselfhascausedthestructuralabnormalitieswithintheGItractofHIV-infectedindividuals.Convictively,fourexampleshavebeenusedtotestifythisconclusion.(b)But,attheendingofthisparagraphitalsotoldusthatthemechanismsbywhichthevirusdirectlyresultsinthedeathordysfunctionofenterocytesremainunclear.Thethirdparagraph

(a)Inthisparagraph,theauthorhasusedsomanywordstostatetousanidea:ThelocalactivationoftheGIimmunesystemmaybetheculpritcontributingtoHIVenteropathy.(b)Thiswouldbetheemphasisofthispassage.theauthorenumeratedalotofimmunologicrelatedexamples(CD8Tcells、CD4Tcells、TNF、IFN、ILandsoon)toprovehisidea——withrespecttoHIVenteropathy,localimmuneactivationlikelyplaysaformativerole.(c)AndthisparagraphhasalsominutelystatedtousthemechanismsofalltheimmunologicrelatedfactorsincausingHIVenteropathyandthelocalimmunologicchangesofGIimmunesystembeforetheHIVenteropathyhappens.summaryThesummaryofthispassagecanbeconcludedthat:whenHIVinfectionhappensitmightcauseaseriesofchangesinone’sgastrointestinalsystem(likeHIVenteropathy),andexceptthepossiblereasonoftheHIVitself,thelocalactivationoftheGIimmunesystemmaybealsoaculpritcontributingtothosechanges.ConclusionInsummary,theGItractisasiteofmassiveCD4T-celldepletionandviralinfection,enterocyteapoptosis,disruptionoftightepithelialjunctions,andlymphoidtissuefibrosis.

HenceHIVinfectioncouldquitereasonablybeconsideredadiseaseoftheGItract.Ournewunderstandingsinthisregardhavepointedtonewtherapeuticdirections:theaimwouldbetopreventorreducethepropagationofHIVatmucosalsurfacesandtorestoretheimmunologicalandepithelialintegrityofthemucosalbarrier.Translation

1.In1984,Kotlerandcolleagues,observingthatHIV-infectedindividualshadhistologicabnormalitiesoftheGImucosa,malabsorption,andlymphocytedepletion,concluded:“Thehistologicfindingssuggestthataspecificpathaologicprocessoccureinthelaminapropriaofthesmallintestineandcoloninsomepatientswiththesyndrome.”在1984年，Kotler和他的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)HIV感染的個(gè)體有著一系列組織學(xué)變態(tài)反應(yīng).特征包括:GI粘膜病變、吸收障礙及淋巴細(xì)胞損耗。由此推斷：這種組織學(xué)的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明,在一些有著并發(fā)癥的患者的小腸和結(jié)腸的片層結(jié)構(gòu)中,發(fā)生明確的具有特征性的反應(yīng)。Translation

2.Thehistologicfindingssuggestthataspecificpathologicprocessoccursinthelaminapropriaofthesmallintestineandcoloninsomepatientswiththesyndrome.組織學(xué)上的發(fā)現(xiàn)表明，在一些有上述綜合癥患者的小腸和結(jié)腸粘膜固有層上，有一種特定的病理過(guò)程發(fā)生。Histologic：在組織學(xué)的，laminapropria：固有層；intestine[in'testin]：腸，colon['k?ul?n]：結(jié)腸Translation

3.Indeed,theterm“HIVenteropathy”hasbeenappreciatedforaslongasithasbeenknownthatHIVcausesAIDS.實(shí)際上，當(dāng)人們認(rèn)識(shí)到HIV感染導(dǎo)致艾滋病時(shí)，人們就已充分認(rèn)識(shí)“艾滋病性腸病”這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)了。Translation

4.TheenteropathythatafflictsHIV-infectedindividualscanoccurfromtheacutephaseoftheinfectionthroughadvanceddisease.艾滋病性腸病能夠在感染的急性期到疾病的最終階段折磨HIV感染者。Afflict[?'flikt]：使痛苦，折磨，Translation

5.Importantly,thesepathologicchangesoccurintheabsenceofthedetectablebacterial,viral,orfungalenteropathogensthatareoftenassociatedwithenteropathy.重要的是，這些病理變化在沒(méi)有檢測(cè)到細(xì)菌、病毒或真菌的情況下發(fā)生，而這些腸病原常與腸炎有關(guān)。Absence['?bsns]：不在，缺席，intheabsenceof，固定搭配，表缺乏、不存在detectable：[di'tekt?b?l]：能檢測(cè)到得，fungal['f??g?l]：真菌的，entropathogens：腸病原Translation

6.HencetherearesubstantialdatademonstratingstructuralabnormalitieswithintheGItractofHIV-infectedindividuals.因此，有確鑿的證據(jù)證明HIV感染者胃腸道內(nèi)有結(jié)構(gòu)的異常。GItract胃腸道Translation

7.Forexample,theHIVaccessoryproteintathasbeenshowntohaveaninhibitoryeffectontheuptakeofglucosebyenterocytes.例如，主題理解測(cè)驗(yàn)已顯示HIV輔助蛋白有抑制腸上皮細(xì)胞攝取葡萄糖的效果。Accessory：輔助的，附加的，tat：主題理解測(cè)驗(yàn)，uptake：攝取，enterocyte：腸細(xì)胞上皮細(xì)胞Translation

8.Moreover,HIVgp120canleadto……which…tubulindepolymerizationandadecreaseintheepitheliacells'abilitytomaintainionicbalance.此外，HIVgp120能導(dǎo)致腸細(xì)胞鈣離子濃度升高，而鈣離子濃度升高又會(huì)引起上皮細(xì)胞微管蛋白的解聚,和維持細(xì)胞內(nèi)外的離子平衡能力的下降。tubulin：微管蛋白，depolymerization：解聚，epithelia[,ep?'θi:li?]：上皮,ionic[ai'?nik]:離子的。Translation

9.Furthermore,HIVcanbefoundinproximitytoabnormaldifferentiationofenterocytes.此外，可以發(fā)現(xiàn)HIV靠近增大了的異常腸細(xì)胞，已有人提出假說(shuō)，認(rèn)為HIV可能導(dǎo)致腸細(xì)胞的異常分化。proximity：接近、鄰近，[pr?k'simiti]inproximityto：表鄰近、接近differentiation[,dif?,ren?i'ei??n]：分化Translation

10.Inaddition,HIVhasbeenshowntoinduceincreasedproliferationofenterocytesincellculturetissueexplants.另外，經(jīng)細(xì)胞組織培養(yǎng)，人們已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)HIV誘導(dǎo)腸細(xì)胞擴(kuò)增。Inaddition[in?'di??n]：另外；induce[in'dju:s]：誘導(dǎo)，proliferation[pr?,lif?'rei??n]：增殖Translation

11.ConsistentwiththenotionthatHIVisdirectlyassociatedwiththeobservedenteropathy,antiretroviraltherapyamelioratesGIsymptoms