麥克沙恩《組織行為學(xué)》7eIChap003課件

PerceivingOurselvesandOthersinOrganizationsCopyright?2015McGraw-HillEducation.

Allrightsreserved.NoreproductionordistributionwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGraw-HillEducation.ChangingSelfandOtherPerceptionsofFemaleFirefightersEmilyMacDonald(shown)attendedCampFFitinOttawa,Canada,aprogramthathelpsteenagegirlsdevelopaself-conceptasfirefighters,developtheirself-esteem,anddispeltheoccupation’smachostereotype.Self-ConceptDefinedAnindividual’sself-beliefsandself-evaluations“WhoamI?”and“HowdoIfeelaboutmyself?”Compareperceivedjobwithourperceivedandidealselves.Includesthreeself-conceptcharacteristicsandfour“selves”processesSelf-ConceptModel:

ThreeC’sandFourSelvesSelf-ConceptcomplexityconsistencyclaritySelf-ConceptCharacteristics(3C’s)ComplexityWeperceivemultipleself-viewsHighcomplexity:severalidentitieswithlittleoverlapConsistencyMultipleselvesrequirecompatiblepersonality,valuesClaritySelf-conceptisclear,confidentlydescribed,internallyconsistent,andstableacrosstime.Peoplehavebetterwell-beingwith:multipleselves(complexity)wellestablishedselves(clarity)selvesaresimilarandcompatiblewithtraits(consistency)Four“Selves”ofSelf-ConceptSelf-enhancementPromotingandprotectingourpositiveself-viewSelf-verificationAffirmingandmaintainingourexistingself-conceptSelf-evaluationEvaluatingourselvesthroughself-esteem,self-efficacy,andlocusofcontrolSocialselfDefiningourselvesbyourgroupmembershipSelf-Concept:Self-EnhancementDrivetopromote/protectapositiveself-viewcompetent,attractive,lucky,ethical,valuedSelf-enhancementoutcomes:betterpersonaladjustmentandmental/physicalhealthHigher“can-do”attitudeInflatesperceivedpersonalcausationandchancesofsuccessSelf-Concept:Self-VerificationMotivationtoverify/maintainourself-conceptStabilizesourself-conceptPreferfeedbackconsistentwithself-conceptSelf-verificationoutcomes:Morelikelytorememberinformationconsistentwithourself-conceptLesslikelytoacceptfeedbackthatdiffersfromourself-conceptMotivatedtobewiththosewhoaffirm/reflectourself-conceptSelf-Concept:Self-EvaluationSelf-esteemHighself-esteem:lessinfluencedbyothers,morepersistent,morelogicalthinkingSelf-efficacyBeliefthatwecansuccessfullyperformataskPerceivedsupportfromMARSmodelelementsGeneralself-efficacy–“can-do”beliefacrosssituationsLocusofcontrolGeneralbeliefaboutpersonalcontroloverlifeeventsHigherself-evaluationwithinternallocusofcontrolSocialidentity--definingourselvesintermsofgroupstowhichwebelongorhaveanemotionalattachmentGroupsselectedwheneasilyidentified,yourmembershipistheexception,thegrouphashighstatusSelf-Concept:SocialSelfEmployeesatotherfirmsPeoplelivinginothercountriesGraduatesof

otherschoolsAnindividual’ssocialidentityEdwardJonesEmployeeAmerican

Resident/CitizenIndianaU.GraduateContrastingGroupsSocialIdentityPerceptionDefinedTheprocessofreceivinginformationaboutandmakingsenseoftheworldaroundusDeterminingwhichinformationgetsnoticedDetermininghowtocategorizethisinformationDetermininghowtointerpretinformationwithinourexistingknowledgeSelectiveAttentionSelectingvsignoringsensoryinformationAffectedbyfeaturesofperson/object–size,motionAffectedbytheperceiver’scharacteristics–assumptions,expectations,needsEmotionalmarkersareassignedtoselectedinformationConfirmationbiasScreeningoutinformationcontrarytoourbeliefs/valuesPerceptualOrganization/InterpretationCategoricalthinkingMostlynonconsciousprocessoforganizingpeople/things(perceptualgrouping)PerceptualgroupingprinciplesSimilarityorproximityClosure--fillinginmissingpiecesPerceivingtrendsInterpretingincominginformationEmotionalmarkersautomaticallyevaluateinformationMentalModelsinPerceptionsInternalrepresentationsoftheexternalworldHelpmakesenseofsituationsFillinmissingpiecesHelptopredicteventsProblemwithmentalmodels:Mayblockrecognitionofnewopportunities/perspectivesStereotypingAssigningtraitstopeoplebasedonsocialcategorymembershipWhypeoplestereotype:CategoricalthinkingInnatedrivetocomprehendandpredictothers’behaviorSupportsself-enhancementandsocialidentityStereotypingThroughCategorization,Homogenization,DifferentiationSocialidentityandself-enhancementreinforcestereotypingthrough:Categorizationprocess--CategorizepeopleintogroupsHomogenizationprocess--Assignsimilartraitswithinagroup;differenttraitstoothergroupsDifferentiationprocess--AssignlessfavorableattributestoothergroupsProblemswithStereotypingProblemswithstereotypingOvergeneralizes–doesn’trepresenteveryoneinthecategoryBasisofsystemicandintentionaldiscriminationOvercomingstereotypebiasesDifficulttopreventstereotypeactivationPossibletominimizestereotypeapplicationAttributionProcessPerceptionthatbehavioriscausedbyperson’sownmotivationorabilityInternalAttributionExternalAttributionPerceptionthatbehavioriscausedbyfactorsbeyondperson’scontrol(situation,fate,etc.)AttributionRulesExternalAttributionHigh

consistencyConsistencyHigh

consistencyInternalAttributionLow

distinctivenessDistinctivenessHigh

distinctivenessLow

consensusConsensusHighconsensusAttributionErrorsSelf-ServingBiasTendencytoattributeoursuccessestointernalfactorsandourfailurestoexternalfactorsFundamentalAttributionErrorTendencytooveremphasizeinternalcausesofanotherperson’sbehavior,whereaswerecognizeexternalinfluencesonourownbehaviorThiserrorislesscommonthatpreviouslythoughtSelf-FulfillingProphecyCycleSupervisorformsexpectationsExpectationsaffectsupervisor’sbehaviorSupervisor’sbehavioraffectsemployeeEmployee’sbehaviormatchesexpectationsSelf-FulfillingProphecyEffect

isStrongest......atthebeginningoftherelationship(e.g.employeejoinstheteam)...whenseveralpeoplehavesimilarexpectationsabouttheperson...whentheemployeehaslowratherthanhighpastachievementOtherPerceptualEffectsHaloeffectOnetraitaffectsperceptionofperson’sothertraitsFalse-consensuseffectOverestimatehowmanyothershavesimilarbeliefsortraitslikeoursThreecausesPrimacyeffectFirstimpressionsaredifficulttochangeRecencyeffectMostrecentinformationdominatesperceptionsImprovingPerceptionsAwarenessofperceptualbiasesImprovingself-awarenessApplyingJohariWindowMeaningfulinteractionBasedoncontacthypothesisClose,frequentinteractiontowardasharedgoalEngagedinameaningfultaskEqualstatusKnowntoSelfUnknowntoSelfKnowntoOthersUnknowntoOthersOpenAreaBlindAreaUnknownAreaHiddenAreaKnowYourself(JohariWindow)OpenAreaBlindAreaHiddenAreaUnknownAreaDisclosureFeedbackGlobalMindsetatKeppelO&MGlobalmindsetisoneofthecorevaluesatKeppel