2023年-CPA會計英語講義

會計英語、【字體：大中小】【打印】I.背景介紹中國注冊會計師協(xié)會決定在今年的中國注冊會計師資格考試會計科、審計科加試10分英語試題,并將該成績納入最后考試的總成績，也即110分的試卷60分及格。該安排看似突然,實際上代表了一個趨勢，就是要全面提高中國注冊會計師的語言水平，進而達到中西合璧，融會貫通，取長補短，為我所用的目的。針對此變化,廣大考生應(yīng)該做到：穩(wěn)定情緒調(diào)整心態(tài)振奮精神悉心備考該考試變化對廣大考生的參考并未產(chǎn)生實質(zhì)性的不利影響。所以應(yīng)該充滿自信，不要出現(xiàn)急躁、不安情緒！積極應(yīng)對！從積極方面來看待這個趨勢和變化！n.考試題型預(yù)測目前獲得的關(guān)于這10分英語考試最新的信息為：.一道題.主觀題.專業(yè)題分析：正是針對此次考試“三題”的特點,我們預(yù)測此次考試極有可能的題型如下：.名詞解釋.簡答題.翻譯（英漢互譯）.項目案例分析這四類題型都會很好地體現(xiàn)“三題”精神。會計科考試體系是在中國會計準(zhǔn)則（CAS）與國際會計準(zhǔn)則（IAS/IFRS）趨同的背景下考察英文水平的;趨同不是等同，所以考察具體某些業(yè)務(wù)的分錄的可能性雖然存在，但是不大;更重要考察的是一些“務(wù)虛”的合適的內(nèi)容,即理論或文字表述的合適的內(nèi)容。輔導(dǎo)大體安排TIMESCHEDULEMEMOl-1.5hrs題型分析對每類題型結(jié)合具體實例進行說明，并講解答題技巧2.5-3hrs考點預(yù)測結(jié)合題型對可能考查的合適的內(nèi)容進行預(yù)測講解該項英語考試對書面表達的要求在英語四級水平。該項考前緊急沖刺輔導(dǎo)時間緊,任務(wù)重，不是零起點輔導(dǎo)，需要有一定的英語基礎(chǔ)。describedasgoodwillandrecognisedasanasset.交易發(fā)生時，購買成本超過購買企業(yè)在所取得的可辨認(rèn)資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債的公允價值中的股權(quán)份額的部分，應(yīng)作為商譽并確認(rèn)為一項資產(chǎn)。SUBSTANCEOVERFORMTheprincipleofrecordingthesubstanceoreconomicrealityoftransactionsratherthantheirlegalformliesattheheartoftheFrameworkforPreparationandPressentationofFinancialStatements9(Framework)andseveralInternationalAccountingStandards.Thedevelopmentofthisprinciplewaspartlyinreactiontoaminorityofpublicinterestcompaniesenteringintocertaincomplextransactions.Thesetransactionssometimesledtoaccusationsthatcompanydirectorswereinvolvedin"creativeaccounting'.Required:(a)(i)explain,withrelevantexamples,whatisgenerallymeantbytheterm'creativeaccounting,;(5marks)［答疑編號31010305：針對該題提問］(ii)explainwhyitisimportanttorecordthesubstanceratherthanthelegalformoftransactionsanddescribethefeaturesthatmayindicatethatthesubstanceofatransactionisdifferentfromitslegalform.(5marks)［答疑編號31010306：針對該題提問］Solution:(a)(i)creativeaccountingisatermingeneralusedtodescribethepracticeofapplyinginappropriateaccountingpoliciesorenteringintocomplexor"specialpurpose9transactionswiththeobjectiveofmakingacompany'sfinancialstatementsappeartodiscloseamorefavourableposition,particularlyinrelationtothecalculationofcertain'key'ratios,thanwouldotherwisebethecase.Mostcommentatorsbelievecreativeaccountingstopsshortofdeliberatefraud,butisnonethlessundesirableasitisintendedtomisleadusersoffinancialstatements.Probablythemostcriticisedareaofcreativeaccountingrelatestooffbalancesheetfinancing.Thisoccurswhereacompanyhasfinancialobligationsthatarenotrecordedonitsbalancesheet.Therehavebeenseveralexamplesofthisinthepast:financeleasestreatedasoperatingleasesborrowings(usuallyconvertibleloanstock)beingclassifiedasequitysecuredloansbeingtreatedas'sales'(saleandrepurchaseagreementes)thenon-consolidationof"specialpurposevehicles'(quasisubsidiaries)thathavebeenusedtoraisefinanceoffsettingliabillitiesagainstassets(certaintypesofaccountsreceivablefactoring)Theothermainareaofcreativeaccountingisthatofincreasingorsmoothingprofits,Examplesofthisare;theuseofinappropriateprovisions(thisreducesprofitingoodyearsandincreasestheminpooryears)notprovidingforliabilities,eitheratallornotinfull,astheyarise.Thisoftenrelatedtoenvironmentalprovisions,decommissioningcostsandconstructiveobligations.restructuringcostsnotbeingchargedtoincome(oftenrelatedtoanewlyacquiredsubsidiary-thecostsareeffectivelyaddedtogoodwill)ItshouldbenotedthatrecentinternationalAccountingStandardshavenowpreventedmanyoftheabovepastabuses,howevermorerecentexamplesofcreativeaccountingareinusebysomeofthenewIntermetDolcomcompanies.Mostofthesecompaniesdonot(yet)makeanyprofitsootherperformancecriteriasuchassite'hits',conversionrates(browsersturningintobuyers),bumperiods(thelengthoftimeeashresourcesareexpectedtolast)andevensalesrevenusearemassagedtogiveamordfavourableimpression.(ii)Oneoftheprimarycharacteristicsoffinancialstatementsisreliabilityi.e.theymustfaithfullyrepresentthetransactionsandothereventsthathaveoccurred.Itcanbepossiblefortheeccnomicsubstanceofatransaction(effectivelyitscommercialintention)tobedifferentfromitsstrictlegalpositionor'form'.Thusfinancialstatementscanonlygiveafaithfulrepresentationofacompany'sperformanceifthesubstanceofitstransactionsisreported.Itisworthstressingthattherewillbeveryfewtransactionswheretheirsubstanceisdifferentfromtheirlegalform,butforthosewhereitis,theyareusuallyveryimportant.Thisisbecausetheyarematerialintermsoftheirsizeorincidence,orbecausetheymaybeintendedtomislead.a.(i)創(chuàng)造性會計通常是指不恰當(dāng)?shù)臅嬚叩倪\用或敘做復(fù)雜、有特殊目的的交易以達到使財務(wù)報表，特別是某些關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)顯得更加有力的目的.許多人認(rèn)為雖該做法可減少一些有意的欺詐，但決不值得期許，因為它也是有意識去誤導(dǎo)財務(wù)報表的使用者.創(chuàng)造性會計最遭人非議的恐怕要數(shù)表外融資了，即企業(yè)未將其金融負(fù)債在資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表上予以體現(xiàn)具體實例如下：將融資租賃按經(jīng)營租賃處理可轉(zhuǎn)換股權(quán)債券按股權(quán)處理抵押貸款按銷售處理(銷售并回購協(xié)議)將專門用來融資的準(zhǔn)子公司未納入合并報表中資產(chǎn)和負(fù)債抵消(應(yīng)收賬款保理)創(chuàng)造性會計另一大運用就是用來虛增或抹平利潤.準(zhǔn)備的不恰當(dāng)使用對負(fù)債沒有計提準(zhǔn)備改組費用未計入當(dāng)期損益(ii)財務(wù)報表的主要特征之一就是可靠性，即他們必須忠實記錄交易與事件.有時交易的經(jīng)濟實質(zhì)和它的法律形式不一致.財務(wù)報表要想做到公允表達就必須記錄交易的經(jīng)濟實質(zhì).事實上僅有少量交易的經(jīng)濟實質(zhì)與其法律形式不一致，但一旦出現(xiàn)該情況，就需十分重視，因為它一般涉及較大的金額或是有意的誤導(dǎo).Commonfeatureswhichmayindicatethatthesubstanceofatransaction(orseriesofconnectedtransactions)isdifferentfromitslegalformare:wheretheownershipofanassetdoesnotrestwiththepartythatisexpectedtoexperiencetherisksandrewardrelatingtoit(i,e.,equivalenttocontroloftheasset).whereatransactionislinkedwithotherrelatedtransactions,itisnecessarytoassessthesubstanceoftheseriesofconnectedtransactionsasawhole.theuseofoptionswithincontracts,itmaybethatoptionsareeitheralmostcertaintobe(ornottobe)exercised.Insuchcasesthesearcnotreallyoptionsatallandshouldbeignoredindeterminingcommercialsubstance.whereassetsaresoldatvaluesthatdifferfromtheirfairvalues(eitheraboveorbelowfairvalues).Manycomplextransactionsoftencontainseveraloftheabovefeatures.Determiningthetruesubstanceoftransactionscanbeadifficultandsometimessubjectiveprocedure.一筆交易如果它的經(jīng)濟實質(zhì)與其法律形式不同，則通常具有以下特征：資產(chǎn)所有權(quán)不歸屬承擔(dān)風(fēng)險和收益的這一方；如果一項交易與其他交易相關(guān)聯(lián)，有必要將這些交易作為一個整體來考慮他們的經(jīng)濟實質(zhì)合同內(nèi)含有選擇權(quán)，但該選擇權(quán)注定行使或不行使.資產(chǎn)背離其公允價值出售許多復(fù)雜的交易通常同時具體以上幾個特征.PROVISION(準(zhǔn)備)IAS37"Provisions,contingentliabilitiesandcontingentAssets'wasissuedin1998.Thestandardsetsouttheprinciplesofaccountingfortheseitemsandclarifieswhenprovisionsshouldandshouldnotbemade.Priortoitsissue,theinappropriateuseofprovisionshadbeenanareawherecompanieshadbeenaccusedofmanipulatingthefinancialstatementsandofcreativeaccounting.Required:(a)DescribethenatureofprovisionsandtheaccountingrequirementsforthemcontainedinIAS37.(6marks)［答疑編號31010307：針對該題提問］(b)Explainwhythereisaneedforanaccountingstandardinthisarea.IllustrateyouranswerwiththreepracticalexamplesofhowthestandardaddressescontroversialIssues.(6marks)［答疑編號31010308：針對該題提問］IAS37"Provisions,ContingentLiabilitiesandContingentAssets9onlydealswiththoseprovisionsthatareregardedasliabilities.Thetermprovisionisalsogenerallyusedtodescribethoseamountssetasidetowritedownthevalueofassetssuchasdepreciationchargesandprovisionsfordiminutioninvalue(e.g.provisiontowritedownthevalueofdamagedorslowmovinginventory).ThedefinitionofaprovisionistheStandardisquitesimple;provisionsareliabilitiesofuncertaintimingoramount.Ifthereisreasonablecertaintyoverthesetwoaspectstheliabilityisacreditor.Thereisclearlyanoverlapbetweenprovisionsandcontingencies.Becauseofthe6uncertaintyAspectsofthedefinition,itcanbearguedthattosomeextentallprovisionshaveanelementofcontingency.TheIASBdistinguishesbetweenthetwobystatingthatacontingencyisnotrecognizedasaliabilityifitiseitheronlypossibleandthereforeyettobeconfirmedasaliability,orwherethereisaliabilitybutitcannotbemeasuredwithsufficientreliability.TheIASBnotesthelattershouldberare.TheIASBintendsthatonlythoseliabilitiesthatmeetthecharacteristicsofaliabilityinitsFrameworkforthePreparationandPresentationofFinancialStatementsshouldbereportedinthebalancesheet.IAS37summarisestheabovebyrequiringprovisionstosatisfyallofthefollowingthreerecognitioncriteria:thereispresentobligation(legalorconstructive)asaresultofpastevent;itisprobablethatatransferofeconomicbenefitswillberequiredtosettletheobligation;theobligationcanbeestimatedreliably.Aprovisionistriggeredbyanobligatingevent.Thismusthavealreadyoccurred,futureeventscannotcreatecurrentliabilities.Thefirstofthecriteriareferstolegalorconstructiveobligations.Alegalobligationisstraightforwardanduncontroversial,butconstructiveobligationsarearelativelynewconcept.Thesearisewhereacompanycreatesanexpectationthatitwillmeetcertainobligationsthatitisnotlegallyboundtomeet.Thesemayariseduetoapublishedstatementorevenbyapatternofpastpractice.Inrealityconstructiveobligationsareusuallybecausethealternativeactionisunattractiveormaydamagethereputationofthecompany.Themostcommonlyquotedexampleofsuchisacommitmenttopayforenvironmentaldamagecausedbythecompany,evenwherethereisnolegalobligationtodoso.Tosummarise:acompanymustprovideforaliabilitywherethethreedefiningcriteriaofaprovisionaremet,butconverselyacompanycannotprovideforaliabilitywheretheyarenotmet.Thelatterpartoftheabovemayseemobvious,butitisanareawheretherehasbeensomepastabuseofprovisioningasisreferredtoin(b).Themainneedforanaccountingstandardinthisareaistoclarifyandregulatewhenprovisionsshouldandshouldnotbemade.Manycontroversialareasincludingthepossibleabuseofprovisioningarebasedoncontraveningaspectsoftheabovedefinitions.Oneofthemostcontroversialexamplesofprovisioningisinrelationtofutureoperatinglosses.Theattractionofprovidingforthistypeofexpense/lossisthatoncetheprovisionhasbeenmade,thefuturecostsarethenchargedtotheprovisionsuchthattheybypasstheincomestatement(oftheperiodwhentheyoccur).Whenassessingthecompany'sfutureprospects.Ifthistypeofprovisionweretobeincorporatedasaliabilityaspartofasubsidiary'snetassetsatthedateofacquisition,theprovisionitselfwouldnotbechargedtotheincomestatement.IAS37nowpreventsthispracticeasfuturecostsandoperatinglosses(unlesstheyareforanonerouscontract)donotconstitutepastevents.AnotherimportantchangeinitiatedbyIAS37isthewayinwhichenvironmentalprovisionsmustbetreated.Practiceinthisareahasdifferedconsiderably.Somecompaniesdidnotprovideforsuchcostsandthosethatdidoftenaccruedforthemonanannualbasis.Ifsayacompanyexpectedenvironmentalsiterestorationcostof$1millionperannumfor10years(ignoringdiscounting).Somewhatcontroversiallythispracticeisnolongerpossible.IAS37requiresthatiftheenvironmentalcostsarealiability(legalorconstructive),thenthewholeofthecostsmustbeprovidedforimmediately.Thathasledtolargeliabilitiesappearinginsomecompanies,balancesheets.Athirdexampleofbadpracticeistheuseof'bigbath5provisionsandoverprovisioning.Initssimplestformthisoccurswhereacompanymakesalargeprovision,oftenfornon-specificfutureexpenses,oraspartofanoverallrestructuringpackage.Iftheprovisionisdeliberatelyoverprovided,thenitslaterreleasewillimprovefutureprofits.Alternativelythecompanycouldchargetotheprovisionadifferentcostthantheoneitwasoriginallycreatedfor.IAS37addressesthispracticeintwoways:bynotallowingprovisionstobecreatediftheydonotmeetthedefinitionofanobligation;andspecificallypreventingaprovisionandanewonewouldbecreatedwithappropriatedisclosures.Whilstthistreatmentdoesnotaffectoverallprofits,itdoesenhancetransparency.Note:otherexampleswouldbeacceptable.答案大意(a)國際會計準(zhǔn)則第37號“準(zhǔn)備，或有資產(chǎn)和或有負(fù)債”僅處理屬于負(fù)債定義內(nèi)的準(zhǔn)備.準(zhǔn)備的定義是不確定金額和時間的債務(wù).準(zhǔn)備應(yīng)該符合債務(wù)的定義.準(zhǔn)備是由過去事件引發(fā)的，通常法定義務(wù)和推定義務(wù)會引起準(zhǔn)備.(b)國際會計準(zhǔn)則第37號主要規(guī)范什么時候計提/不計提準(zhǔn)備.準(zhǔn)備濫用包括(1)為將來的損失做準(zhǔn)備；(2)不正確準(zhǔn)備環(huán)境成本；(3)以豐補歉.IMPAIRMENTOFASSETS(資產(chǎn)減值)Itisgenerallyrecognizedinpracticethatnon-currentassetsshouldnotbecarriedinabalancesheetatvaluesthattheyaregreaterthanare"worth”.Inthepasttherehasbeenlittleguidanceinthisareawiththeresultthatimpairmentlosseswerenotrecognizedonaconsistentortimelybasisorwerenotrecognizedatall.IAS36'ImpairmentofAssets'wasissuedinJune1998onthistopic.Required:(a)(i)Defineanimpairmentlossandexplainwhencompaniesshouldcarryoutareviewforimpairmentofassets;(3marks)Describethecircumstancesthatmayindicatethatacompany'sassetsmay.havebecomeimpaired.(7marks)Solution:(a)(i)Animpairmentlossariseswherethecarryingvalueofanasset,orgroupofassets,ishigherthantheirrecoverableamounts.IneffecttheStandardrequiresthatassetsshouldnotappearonabalancesheetatavaluewhichishigherthantheyare6worth\Therecoverableamountofanassetisdefinedasthehigherofitsnetrealizablevalue(i.e.theamountatwhichitcanbesoldfornetofdirectsellingexpenses)oritsvalueinuse(i.e.itsestimatedfuturenetcashflowsdiscountedtoapresentvalue).IAS36"ImpairmentofAssets^ecognisesthatmanyassetsdonotproduceindependentcashflowsandthereforethevalueinusemayhavetobecalculatedforagroupofassets-acash-generatingunit.Thestandardrecognizesthatitwouldbetooonerousforcompaniestohavetotestforimpairedassetseveryyearandthereforeonlyrequiresimpairmentreviewswhenthereissomeindicationthatanimpairmenthasoccurred.Theexceptiontothisgeneralprincipleiswheregoodwillorotherintangibleassetsarebeingdepreciatedoveraperiodofmorethan20years,inwhichcaseanimpairmentreviewisrequiredatleastannually.Thisalsoapplieswhereanytangiblenon-currentasset,otherthanland,hasaremaininglifeofmorethan50years.(ii)Impairmentsgenerallyarisewheretherehasbeenaneventorchangeincircumstances.Itmaybethatsomethinghashappenedtotheassetsthemselves(e.g.physicaldamage)ortherehasbeenachangeintheeconomicenvironmentrelatingtotheassets(e.g.newregulationsmayhavecomeintoforce).TheStandardgivesseveralexamplesofindicatorsofimpairment,whichmaybeavailablefrominternalorexternalsources:Pooroperatingresults.Thiscouldbeacurrentoperatinglossoralowprofit.Oneyear'slossesinitselfdoesnotnecessarilymeantherehasbeenanimpairment,butifthisiscoupledwithpreviouslossesofexpectedfuturelossesthenthisisanindicationofimpairment;Asignificantdeclineinanasset'smarketvalue(inexcessofnormaldepreciationthoughuseorthepassageoftime)orevidenceofobsolescence(throughmarketchangesortechnology)orphysicaldamage;Evidenceofareductionintheusefuleconomiclifeorestimatedresidualvalueofassets;Adversechangesinthemarketoreconomysuchastheentranceofamajorcompetitor,newstatutoryorregulatoryrulesoranyindicatorofvaluethathasbeenusedtovalueanasset(e.g.onacquisitionabrandmayhavebeenvaluedona"multiple9ofsalerevenues9,Ifsubsequentsaleswerebelowexpectationsthismayindicateanimpairment);Acommitmenttoasignificantreorganizationorrestructuringofthebusiness;Lossofkeyemployeesormajorcustomers;Increasesinlong-terminterestrates(thiscouldmateriallyimpactonvalueinusecalculationsthusaffectingtherecoverableamountsofassets);Wherethecarryingamountofanenterprisersnetassetsismorethanitsmarketcapitalization.答案大意(i)當(dāng)資產(chǎn)或資產(chǎn)組的賬面價值高于其可收回價值時則出現(xiàn)了資產(chǎn)減值損失,可收回價值是指可變現(xiàn)價值和使用價值(資產(chǎn)預(yù)計未來現(xiàn)金流量的現(xiàn)值)中較高的值.當(dāng)出現(xiàn)資產(chǎn)減值跡象時，企業(yè)需進行資產(chǎn)減值測試.(ii)資產(chǎn)減值的跡象特征.較差的運營結(jié)果.資產(chǎn)市值的大幅度下降.使用年限縮短/殘值減少.經(jīng)濟/市場形勢逆轉(zhuǎn).重大重組.關(guān)鍵員工/顧客流失.長期利率上揚.資產(chǎn)價值高于可變現(xiàn)價值補充閱讀材料(出自《金融時報》，建議大家自行掌握)ChinaadoptsnewaccountingstandardsByRichardMcGregorinBeijing,FT.comsitePublished:Feb15,2006Chinahasagreedtoadoptnewnationalaccountingstandardstobringthemintolinewithinternationalrulesfollowingadecade-longreviewofthelocalindustryanditspractices.LouJiwei,thevice-financeminister,saidinBeijingonWednesdaythatChinawouldadopt"onebasicaccountingstandardHbasedontheso-calledInternationalFinancialReportingStandardsnowusedinalmost100countriesincludingtheEUmemberstates.China*sdecisiontobringitsaccountingstandardslargelyintolinewithglobalnormsisfurtherevidenceofthegovernment'sdeterminationtointernationaliseitseconomyandbusinesspractices.Itislikelytoboosttheconfidenceofforeigninvestorsinthequalityoffinancialinformationfromthefast-growingeconomy.However,theintroductionofthestandardswillpresentanewchallengeforlocalaccountingfirms,alreadystrugglingtocompetewiththebigfourinternationalplayers.ThedecisionwashailedbymembersoftheglobalprofessioninBeijingforanannouncementceremonyattheGreatHallofthePeople,sayingthatChina'smovewouldhaveanimpactonothercountriesinAsia,suchasSouthKorea,ponderingasimilarpolicychange."Thereisgoingtoachainreactionasaresultofthis/saidSirDavidTweedie,thechairmanoftheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard.nThcdecisionhappenedveryfastintheend.Theyarcalmostthere(asfarasaccountingstandardsgo)andtheyaredeterminedtogetthere."ChinawillnottakeadopttheIFRSwordforword,butrathertakeonboardtheprinciplesandtranslatethemintotheirowncode,calledthenChineseAccountingStandardsSystem'1."Theywillembedtheprinciplesintotheirsysteminawaythatcanbeunderstoodbylocalpractitioners/1saidYvonneKam,adirectoratPWCinShanghai.Mr.Lousaidthenewsystemwouldintroducetheconceptof"fairvalue11intoChineseaccountingforthefirsttimealongthelinesofpresentinternationalpractices.TheChinesestandardwillmaintainanumberofsignificantexceptionstotheIFRSrulesbecauseofthepeculiaritiesofthelocaleconomy.Chinawillmaintainanexemptionforstateenterprisesfromthe"relatedparty"disclosuresprovisionsbecauseoftheoverwhelminglydominanceofgovernment-enterprisesintheeconomy."Youcanunderstandwhytheywoulddothat,becauseotherwise95percentoftheeconomywouldbearelatedparty/saidaforeignadvisertotheChinese.nButifyourbrother-in-lawisyoursupplierinChina,heisarelatedpartyjustlikeanywhereelseintheworld."Theimplementationofthe"fairvalue"provisionsisalsocomplicatedbecauseofthegovernment'scontrolofthepriceofassetssuchasunlistedsecurities,andtheinabilityforthemomenttofindindependentpartiestoassessthem.“Thereisstillthechallengeofimplementation,especiallyascompanieswillhavetosignificantlyreformtheirinternalprocessesandretrainpersonnel/*saidMr.Kam.AnotherareainwhichChinawillmaintainsomedifferenceswiththeIFRSistheso-called“impairmentofassets1'provisions,whichallowcompaniestowritedownthevalueofbusinessesandtheirphysicalassetsandgoodwill.UnderIFRS,companiescanwritedownthevalueofassetsandthenrevaluethemupwardsifconditionschange.Chineseofficials,however,saytheywillnotallowrevaluationbecausetheyworryitwouldleavetoomuchopportunityformanipulationofaccounts.TheUSalsodoesnotallowarevaluationupwardsofassetsthathavebeenwrittendown.ThenewruleswillapplyforlistedcompaniesfromJanuary1nextyear,whiletheywillbephasedinforotherenterprises.WORLDNEWS:ChinatoadoptaccountingcodeinlinewithinternationalrulesByRichardMcGregorinBeijing,FinancialTimesPublished:Feb16,2006Chinahasagreedtobringitsnationalaccountingstandardsintolinewithinternationalrules,amovethatwillboostforeigninvestorconfidenceinthequalityoffinancialinformationfromthefast-growingeconomy.LouJiwei,Beijing'svice-financeminister,saidyesterdaythatChinawouldadopt"onebasicaccountingstandard"basedontheInternationalFinancialReportingStandardsusedinalmost100countries,includingEuropeanUnionmemberstates.Themove,whichfollowsadecade-longreviewoflocalindustrypractices,isfurtherevidenceoftheChinesegovernment'sdeterminationtointernationaliseitseconomy.Buttheintroductionofthestandardswillbeachallengeforlocalaccountingfirms,alreadystrugglingtocompetewiththebigfourinternationalfirms.MembersoftheglobalaccountancyprofessionwhowereinBeijingforanannouncementceremonyattheGreatHallofthePeoplehailedChina'sdecisionandsaidthemovewouldaffectotherAsiancountries,suchasSouthKorea,ponderingasimilarchange.SirDavidTweedie,chairmanoftheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard,said:HThereisgoingtobeachainreactionasaresultofthis."Thedecisionhappenedveryfastintheend.Theyarealmostthere[asfarasaccountingstandardsgo]andtheyaredeterminedtogetthere."ChinawillnotadopttheIFRSwordforwordbutwilltakeonboardtheprinciplesandtranslatethemintoitsowncode,theChineseAccountingStandardsSystem.Mr.Lousaidthesystemwouldintroducetheconceptof"fairvalue"intoChineseaccounting,alongthelinesofinternationalpractices.ButitwillmaintainsignificantexceptionstoIFRSrulesbecauseofthepeculiaritiesoftheChineseeconomy.Chinawillkeepanexemptionforstateenterprisesfromthe"relatedparty'1disclosureprovisionsbecauseofthedominanceofgovernmententerprises."Youcanunderstandwhytheywoulddothat,becauseotherwise95percentoftheeconomywouldbearelatedparty,nsaidaforeignadvisertotheChinese.Theimplementationofthe"fairvalue"provisionsisalsocomplicatedbecauseofthegovernment'scontrolofthepriceofassetssuchasunlistedsecurities,andtheinabilitytofindindependentpartiestoassessthem.AnotherareainwhichChinawillmaintaindifferenceswithIFRSisinthe"impairmentofassets"provisions,whichallowcompaniestowritedownthevalueofbusinesses,physicalassetsandgoodwill.UnderIFRS,companiescanwritedownthevalueofassetsandrevaluethemupwardsifconditionschange.Chineseofficialssaytheywillnotallowrevaluationbecausetheyfearitwouldleavetoomuchroomformanipulationofaccounts.TheUSalsorefusestoallowtherevaluationupwardsofassetsalreadywrittendown.ThenewruleswillapplyforlistedcompaniesfromJanuary1nextyear.ConvergingaccountingstandardsworkmustgoonByTommasoPadoa-SchioppaFT.comsite,May18,2006Surprisingly,theFinancialTimesandadraftreportfromtheUKarmofPWCrecentlycalledforeffortsaimedatfurtherinternationalconvergenceofaccountingstandardstobeabandoned.InthelightofprogressalreadymadebytheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoardandtheUSFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard,thesecallsareunfoundedandshouldbefirmlyresisted.Thesimplefactisthatmarketsareintegratingworldwide.Differencesinaccountingmethodologiesandreportingsystemsimposeanincreasingburdenoneconomicefficiency.Theymakecross-bordercomparisonsdifficultandcostly.Theymaymisleadmarketsandcapitalallocation.Theyalsoencourageacompetitioninlaxity,becausecountriesmayreducethequalityoftheirstandardsinashort-sightedattempttoattractlistingsortoappealtospecialinterests.Noneoftheseconsequencesservestheinterestsoftheglobaleconomyorinvestors.UsersandTheirInformationNeeds.Theusersoffinancialstatementsincludepresentandpotentialinvestors,employees,lenders,suppliersandothertradecreditors,customers,governmentsandtheiragenciesandthepublic.Theyusefinancialstatementsinordertosatisfysomeoftheirdifferentneedsforinformation.Theseneedsincludethefollowing:財務(wù)的使用者包括現(xiàn)在和潛在的投資者、雇員、貸款人、供應(yīng)商和其他商業(yè)債權(quán)人、顧客、政府及其機構(gòu)與公眾。他們利用財務(wù)報表以滿足他們對資料的某些不同需要。這些需要包括：Investors.Theprovidersofriskcapitalandtheiradvisersareconcernedwiththeriskinherentin,andreturnprovidedby,theirinvestments.Theyneedinformationtohelpthemdeterminewhethertheyshouldbuy,holdorsell.Shareholdersarealsointerestedininformationwhichenablesthemtoassesstheabilityoftheenterprisetopaydividends.(1)投資者。風(fēng)險資本的提供者以及他們的顧問關(guān)心他們投資的內(nèi)在風(fēng)險和投資報酬。他們需要資料來協(xié)助他們決定是否應(yīng)當(dāng)買進、持有或賣出。股東們還關(guān)心協(xié)助他們評估企業(yè)支付股利的相關(guān)能力的資料。Employees.Employeesandtheirrepresentativegroupsareinterestedininformationaboutthestabilityandprofitabilityoftheiremployers.Theyarealsointerestedininformationwhichenablesthemtoassesstheabilityoftheenterprisetoprovideremuneration,retirementbenefitsandemploymentopportunities.(2)雇員。雇員及其代表性組織關(guān)心有關(guān)其雇主穩(wěn)定性和獲利相關(guān)能力方面的資料。他們還關(guān)心使他們評估企業(yè)提供報酬、退休福利和就業(yè)機會的相關(guān)能力的資料。Lenders.Lendersareinterestedininformationthatenablesthemtodeterminewhethertheirloans,andtheinterestattachingtothem,willbepaidwhendue.(3)貸款人。貸款人關(guān)心那些能使他們確定自己的貸款和貸款利息在到期時能否得到支付的資料。Suppliersandothertradecreditors.Suppliersandothercreditorsareinterestedininformationthatenablesthemtodeterminewhetheramountsowingtothemwillbepaidwhendue.Tradecreditorsarelikelytobeinterestedinanenteipriseoverashorterperiodthanlendersunlesstheyaredependentuponthecontinuationoftheenterpriseasamajorcustomer.(4)供應(yīng)商和其他商業(yè)債權(quán)人。供應(yīng)商和其他債權(quán)人關(guān)心那些能使他們確定欠他們的款項在到期時能否得到支付的資料。商業(yè)債權(quán)人只要不依賴企業(yè)繼續(xù)作為其主要顧客，其對企業(yè)的關(guān)心在時間上就可能比貸款人要短。Customers.Customershaveaninterestininformationaboutthecontinuanceofanenterprise,especiallywhentheyhavealong-terminvolvementwith,oraredependenton,theenterprise.(5)顧客。顧客關(guān)心有關(guān)企業(yè)延續(xù)性方面的資料，尤其是當(dāng)他們與企業(yè)有長期性聯(lián)系或依賴企業(yè)時。Governmentsandtheiragencies.Governmentsandtheiragenciesareinterestedintheallocationofresourcesand,therefore,theactivitiesofenterprises.Theyalsorequireinformationinordertoregulatetheactivitiesofenterprises,determinetaxationpoliciesandasthebasisfornationalincomeandsimilarstatistics.(6)政府及其機構(gòu)。政府及其機構(gòu)關(guān)心資源的分配，因此也關(guān)心企業(yè)的活動。為了管理企業(yè)的活動、決定稅收政策和作為國民收入等類似統(tǒng)計資料的基礎(chǔ)，它們也需要資料。Public.Enterprisesaffectmembersofthepublicinavarietyofways.Forexample,enterprisesmaymakeasubstantialcontributiontothelocaleconomyinmanywaysincludingthenumberofpeopletheyemployandtheirpatronageoflocalsuppliers.Financialstatementsmayassistthepublicbyprovidinginformationaboutthetrendsandr