中外文化交流1000字

中外文化交流1000字篇一：中外文化交流論文

CultureofAncientEgypt

【Abstract】AncientEgyptisoneofthemostfascinatingoftheancientcivilizations.ThispapermainlycentersonthecultureofancientEgypt,anditintroducesancientEgyptianpharaohs,ancientEgyptiangods,ancientEgyptianpyramids,ancientEgyptianhieroglyphics,historyofancientEgyptandsoon.ItmakesusknowancientEgyptfromamultipleanglesandmaybeanewdiscoveryonyourpathtobroadeningyourknowledge.

【KeyWords】ancientEgypt;pharaohs;history;hieroglyphics

TheHistoryofAncientEgypt

AncientEgyptenjoyedalongandvariedhistory.AncientEgyptwasamongtheearliestcivilizations.AndTheCultureofEgypthasfivethousandyearsofrecordedhistory.ScholarsdividethehistoryofEgyptintoperiodsanddynasties.

PredynasticPeriod(c.5300-3000B.C.)

NeolithicThefirstpartofthePredynasticperiodistheNeolithicperiod.AgriculturebecamethemainfoodsourceintheNileValleyandmunitiesworkedtogethertoraisefood.Egyptologistsdiscoveredpitsusedtostoregrain.TheyalsofoundBeadsandcosmeticpalettesinNeolithictombs.

BadarianCultureThisculturemarkssomeoftheearliestexamplesofagricultureinUpperEgyptandmostofitsrelicsefromcemeteries.Thesecemeteriesshowsignsofsocialdivisionsbecausewealthygraveswereinonearea.Allthebodieswereinthesamepositionandfacedinthesamedirection.SomeexamplesofBadarianpotteryhavethinwallsthatlaterculturesdidnotemulate.Thejewelryfoundtodateisusuallymadeofboneorivory.

EarlyDynasticPeriod(c.3000-2686B.C.)

1stDynastyand2ndDynastyThepharaohscreatedstategoods,shownbylabels,usedaspartofataxationsystem.Officialsappointedbythekingoversawirrigationandbeganstandardizinghieroglyphicwriting.Theyalsohelpedsupportthefuneralprogramsandreligioussites.Priestsusedcertainfuneralritesforthepharaohonlyduringthisperiod.TheEarlyDynasticPeriodwasatimewhenEgypt's

governmentformedandbuiltthesociety’sfoundations.ThepharaohsestablishedtradewiththeSinai,Palestine,Lebanon,NubiaandtheEasternDesert.WritinghelpedtheEgyptianstateorganizeandthepharaohwasEgypt'sultimateauthority.

OldKingdom(c.2686-2125B.C)

3rdDynasty,4thDynasty,5thDynasty,6thDynasty,7thand8thDynasties.FirstIntermediatePeriod(c.2160-2055B.C.)

9thDynasty,10thDynasty,11thDynasty.

MiddleKingdom(2055-1650B.C.)

11thDynastyThe11thDynastycontinuedintotheMiddleKingdomafterMentuhotepIIre-unitedEgypt.Heruledfor51yearsanddeifiedhimselftoshowhisrighttoruleEgypt.MentuhotepIIappointedgovernorstooverseetheadministrationsofUpperandLowerEgypt.Thepharaohswhofollowedhimreinstitutedthecultofkingshipandbuilttemplesandchapels.

12thDynasty,13thDynasty.

SecondIntermediatePeriod(1650-1550)

14thDynasty,15thDynasty,16thDynasty,17thDynasty.

NewKingdom(1550-1069B.C.)

18thDynasty,19thDynasty,20thDynasty.

ThirdIntermediatePeriod(1069-664B.C.)

21stDynasty,22ndDynasty,23rdDynasty,24thDynasty,25thDynasty.

LatePeriod(664-332B.C.)

26thDynasty,27thDynasty,28thDynasty,29thDynasty,30thDynasty,SecondPersianPeriod.

PtolemaicPeriod(332-30B.C.)

Arab-MuslimPeriod(beganin642A.D.)

In642A.D.,ArabiclanguageandculturereplacedEgyptianlanguageandculture.EgyptwasoneoftheIslamicworld’sculturalandintellectualcenters.AsuccessionofcaliphatesruledEgyptuntilNapoleonconqueredEgypt.Atthistime,scholarsrekindledinterestinthelanguageandcultureofEgypt.Today,theArabnationofEgyptisatouristdestinationforthoseinterestedinEgypt’shistory.

AncientEgyptianpharaohs:

Definition:thewordpharaohreferstothetitleoftheancientEgyptiankings.Thetitle“pharaoh〞meansthe“greathouse〞andreferstotheroyalpalace.

AncientEgyptianpharaohswereconsideredtobebothdivinedeitiesaswellasmortalrulers.Throughoutthe30+dynastiesinancientEgyptianhistory,itisspeculatedthatsome170ormorerulersreignedoverthegreatlandofEgyptduringathreethousandyeartimespan.

PharaohswerethegodkingsofancientEgyptwhoruledbetween3150B.C.and30B.C.(whenRomeconqueredEgypt).Eachtimeanewfamilytookcontrolofthethrone,anewkingdombeganinthehistoryofthisfascinatingnation.Whilerulersoftenintermarriedwithdaughters,granddaughters,sistersandbrotherstokeepthethronewithinthefamilythethronestillmanagedtoshifthandsmultipletimes;creatingadynamicandplexpharonichistory.

AncientEgyptiangods:

ExceptforabriefperiodoftimewhenAkhenatentriedtoinstillamonotheisticdedicationtoonegod,Egyptwasruledbynumerousgodsandgoddess.TheancientEgyptianreligionwaspolytheistic,meaningtheancientEgyptiansworshipedmanygods(thereareabout2000knowngodsandgoddesses).

ThegodsplayedimportantrolesinthedailylivesoftheancientEgyptians.Thereweretwolevelsofgods:localgodsandnationalgods.Peoplelookedtothegodsforhelpwitheverythingfrombearingchildrentoasafejourneyintheafterlife.Thereweredailyritualsforcaringforthegodsandfestivalscelebratingspecificgods.

SomeoftheMostImportantEgyptianGodsandGoddesses:

AmunwasacreatorgodwhobecameanationalgodafterthepharaohsmovedtheircapitaltothecityofThebes.HewaslaterbinedwithRa,whowasasun-god,acreatorgodandthekingofthegods.ThepeoplesawAmun-Raasthecreativepowerbehindtheexistenceofalllife.Hewasprimarilyconsideredtobethegodofthepharaohsandrepresentedwind,fertilityandsecrets.

RaistheancientEgyptiansungod.Heisthefatherofthegodsandisusuallydepictedwiththebodyofahumanandtheheadofafalcon.

Hathorwasacowgoddessandacosmicgoddess.Shenourishedalllifewithhermilkandhernamemeant“HouseofHorus〞.Somelegends,nameHathorastheconsortofHorusandsheformedaTriadwithhimandtheirsonIhi.

Horuswasasungodandthekingofthegods.“ThelivingHorus〞wasoneofthepharaoh’stitlesandemphasizedhisrighttoruleEgyptlikeHorusruledthegods.HisemblemwasthefalconandhewasoneofthefiveOsiriangodsalongwithOsiris,Isis,SetandNephthys.OneofthemostwellknownsymbolsassociatedwithEgyptistheEyeofHorus,whichsymbolizedpower.

Isiswasafertilitygoddessandamothergoddess.Thegoddesswith10,000nameswasoneofhertitlesemphasizinghermanyrolesandnames.Shewasthesister-wifeofOsirisandthemotherofHorus.OneofthemostfamouslegendsinvolvesIsisputtingthebodyofherhusbandbacktogetherafterhewaskilledbySet,impregnatingherselfwithhisbodyandgivingbirthtotheirsonHorus.

Ma’atwastherepresentationofmoralandphysicallaw.SomescholarsconsiderherthemostimportantgoddessofAncientEgypt.Ma’at’sworshipspreadthroughoutEgyptbecauseshehelpedjudgethedead.

Osiriswasthegodofthedeadandresurrection.HewastheruleroftheTuatandpeoplewouldappealtohimtocarefortheirdepartedancest