非謂語動(dòng)詞（全國一等獎(jiǎng)）

非謂語動(dòng)詞知識(shí)梳理非謂語動(dòng)詞指不能單獨(dú)作謂語，但仍保留動(dòng)詞的某些特征的動(dòng)詞形式。非謂語動(dòng)詞包括不定式、動(dòng)詞-ing形式和過去分詞。它們沒有人稱和數(shù)的變化，但可以有自己的邏輯主語、賓語、狀語等。一、非謂語動(dòng)詞的各種形式非謂語動(dòng)詞

主動(dòng)式被動(dòng)式動(dòng)詞-ing形式一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendone不定式一般式todotobedone進(jìn)行式tobedoing/完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone過去分詞done二、如何確定非謂語動(dòng)詞的形式首先要找出相應(yīng)的邏輯主語。作表語、狀語和主語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是句子的主語；作定語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是它所修飾的詞；作賓語補(bǔ)足語時(shí)，其邏輯主語是句子的賓語。如果非謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作與邏輯主語之間是主謂關(guān)系，應(yīng)該用動(dòng)詞-ing形式或不定式的主動(dòng)式；如果是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，即邏輯主語是非謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作的承受者，應(yīng)該用過去分詞或不定式的被動(dòng)式。

非謂語動(dòng)詞的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前，進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。非謂語動(dòng)詞的一般式與謂語動(dòng)詞的關(guān)系如下：1.

不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作可能發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之后，也可能與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：

Ihopetoseeyouagain.Wouldyouhelpmeputthingsinorder?2.

動(dòng)詞-ing形式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作可能發(fā)生在謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作之前或之后，也可能與謂語動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生。如：

Climbingtothetopofthetower,wesawfantasticscenery.Larrywentoutshuttingthedoorbehindhim.Walkingdownthestreet,IranintoBen.三、非謂語動(dòng)詞的一些用法1.

動(dòng)詞-ing形式和不定式作主語和賓語通常，動(dòng)詞-ing形式著重進(jìn)程，不定式著重結(jié)果。但有時(shí)二者有下列不同之處：1)動(dòng)詞-ing形式的邏輯主語可能泛指人們，而不定式的邏輯主語則常是句子中的名詞或代詞。2)動(dòng)詞-ing形式可表示一般或抽象的多次性的動(dòng)作，而不定式則往往表示具體的或一次性的動(dòng)作。3)有些動(dòng)詞后常跟不定式作賓語。這類動(dòng)詞常見的有agree,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,intend,learn,plan,manage,offer,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,threaten,wish等。4)有些動(dòng)詞后常跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語。這類動(dòng)詞常見的有admit,dislike,appreciate,avoid,enjoy,bear,escape,stand,deny,consider,mind,miss,finish,resist,imagine,risk,practice,suggest等。2.

非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語1)不定式作定語

a.

作定語的不定式與它所修飾的名詞或代詞在邏輯上可能是主謂關(guān)系，也可能是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系。如：

Youaretherightpersontodothisjob.Doyouhaveanysuggestionstooffer?b.

名詞前有only,last,next，序數(shù)詞或形容詞最高級(jí)時(shí)，其后常用不定式作定語。如：

MissBrownwasthenextpersontorisetospeak.Johnwasthesecondmantohearthenews.It’snotthebestplacetoliveifyouwishtodevelopyourknowledgeandloveofmountains.c.

有些名詞的同根動(dòng)詞后常跟不定式，因而它也常跟不定式作定語。如：

Theyplannedtoproduceenergyfromwastematerial.Theymadeaplantoproduceenergyfromwastematerial.2)動(dòng)詞-ing形式作定語可表示正在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作，也可表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的或短暫的動(dòng)作以及經(jīng)常存在的狀態(tài)。如：

WhoisthewomantalkingtoJim?Therewere220childrenstudyingintheartschool.3)過去分詞作定語常表示被動(dòng)或已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。如：

Intheend,theprogramofferedbyWilson\wasadopted.3.

非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語1)不定式作狀語，常表示目的、結(jié)果等。作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)，常用“only+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)，表示未曾預(yù)料到的或令人不快的結(jié)果。如：

Afriendofminecametoseemetonight.Ijumpedwithjoytohearit.Iarrivedonlytofindthattheothershadalreadyleft.2)動(dòng)詞-ing形式或過去分詞作狀語時(shí)，可以表示時(shí)間、原因、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、方式、伴隨情況等。其前可用連詞while,when,once,if,unless等。如：

Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn‘tgetintouchwithher.Convincedthattheyweretryingtopoisonher,sherefusedtoeatanything.Shewasoftennervouswhenfacingthecamera.I'msureIvanwillcomeifasked.4.

非謂語動(dòng)詞作表語不定式作表語，常用來說明主語的具體內(nèi)容。如：

Thepurposeofthismeetingistoelectanewcaptain.2)過去分詞作表語，常表示主語的性質(zhì)、特征或狀態(tài)。如：

Weweredelightedtoreceiveyourletter.Hisclotheswerecoveredwithdust.3)動(dòng)詞-ing形式作表語，可用于說明主語的內(nèi)容，常指一般性、經(jīng)常性的動(dòng)作；也可表示主語所具有的特征或?qū)傩?。如?/p>

Herjobwastendingthesheep.Thearticlewasmisleading,andthenewspaperhasapologized.5.

非謂語動(dòng)詞作補(bǔ)語1)動(dòng)詞-ing形式表示正在進(jìn)行的活動(dòng)或反復(fù)的動(dòng)作，而不定式則表示整個(gè)活動(dòng)或事件的全過程。如：

Iseehimpassingmyhouseeveryday.IaskedGeorgetoconveymybestwishestohismother.2)感官動(dòng)詞和使役動(dòng)詞后要接省略to的不定式作賓語補(bǔ)足語，但用于被動(dòng)語態(tài)時(shí)，需把to補(bǔ)出來。如：

Didyouseeanyoneenterthehouse?Achildwasseentoenterthehouse.四、非謂語動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)非謂語動(dòng)詞可有其獨(dú)立的邏輯主語，這種邏輯主語常常是名詞或代詞，置于非謂語動(dòng)詞之前，二者構(gòu)成非謂語動(dòng)詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)。這種獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)常用作狀語。如：

Theplanwasthatthetwopartiesshouldfirstreachanagreementonthebasicprinciples,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.Thedaybeingfine,wedecidedtogoswimming.They’llsendyouthebookfor$2.75,postageincluded.高考鏈接Ⅰ.用括號(hào)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空。1.Ittookyearsofwork________(reduce)theindustrialpollutionandcleanthewater.【2014新課標(biāo)全國卷I】2.Onemorning,Iwaswaitingatthebusstop,worriedabout______(be)lateforschool.【2014新課標(biāo)全國卷II】3.Forthosewithfamilymembersfaraway,thepersonalcomputerandthephoneareimportantinstaying________(connect).【福建2014】toreducebeingconnected4.Listeningtomusicathomeisonething,goingtohearit______________(perform)liveisquiteanother.【浙江2015】5.Heisthought____________(act)foolishly.Nowhehasnoonebuthimselftoblameforlosingthejob.【江西2014】6.Inartcriticism,youmustassumetheartisthasasecretmessage________(hide)withinthework.【江蘇2016】beingperformedtohaveactedhidden7.Toreturntotheproblemofwaterpollution,I’dlikeyoutolookatastudy_________(conduct)inAustraliain2012.【浙江2016】8.Therearestillmanyproblems___________(solve)beforewearereadyforalongstayontheMoon.【北京2014】9.Lastnight,thereweremillionsofpeople________(watch)theopeningceremonyliveonTV.【北京2014】10.________(make)iteasiertogetintouchwithus,you'dbetterkeepthiscardathand.【北京2016】conductedtobesolvedwatchingTomake11.________(order)overaweekago,thebooksareexpectedtoarriveanytimenow.【北京2016】12.Thecoolingwindsweptthroughourbedroomwindows,________(make)airconditioningunnecessary.【天津2016】13.Anxiously,shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton,only______(find)itdidn'tfit.【天津2014】OrderedmakingtofindⅡ.單項(xiàng)選擇。1.【2015·北京】______theearlyflight,weorderedataxiinadvanceandgotupveryearly.A.Catching. B.Caught. C.Tocatch.D.Catch【解析】為了趕上早班的飛機(jī)，我們提前叫了出租車并且起得很早。這里邏輯主語是we，空中用不定式作目的狀語，表示提前叫出租車并早起的目的。2.【2015·湖南】Whentheclerksawakindoffacewrinkledinanapologeticsmile,shestoodrootedtotheground,______whetherto

stay

or

leave.

A.

wondering

B.

wonder

C.

to

wonder

D.

wondered【解析】當(dāng)?shù)陠T看到一張漂亮的臉上擠出一副抱歉的笑容時(shí),她像扎根似地定在了那里,想著是去還是留。she與動(dòng)詞wonder構(gòu)成主動(dòng)關(guān)系,因此用v.-ing形式作伴隨狀語。3.【2015·天津】______fortwodays,Stevemanagedtofinishhisreportonschedule.A.Towork B.WorkedC.Tobeworking D.Havingworked【解析】工作了兩天，史蒂夫成功地按時(shí)完成了他的報(bào)告。句中的邏輯主語為Steve,與work之間為主動(dòng)關(guān)系,故用現(xiàn)在分詞,這里用havingworked,表示動(dòng)作的先后性。4.【2015·福建】InrecentyearsanEnglishword“infosphere”hasappeared,______thesenseof“information”and“atmosphere”.A.combine B.combined C.combing D.beingcombined【解析】最近幾年，一個(gè)叫做“infosphere”的英語單詞出現(xiàn)了，結(jié)合了“信息”和“氣氛”這兩個(gè)單詞的意義。這里的結(jié)合與前面新出現(xiàn)的單詞的關(guān)系是主動(dòng)的。5.【2015·江蘇】Muchtime______sittingatadesk,officeworkersaregenerallytroubledbyhealthproblems.A.beingspent B.havingspent C.spent D.spending【解析】上班族們坐在辦公桌前太久，一般會(huì)受到健康問題的困擾。分詞的邏輯主語和后面主句的主語不一致，應(yīng)用獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。分詞主語和分詞動(dòng)作之間構(gòu)成選輯上的動(dòng)賓關(guān)系，且已完成，用過去分詞。6.【2015·重慶】_______inthepoorestareaofGlasgow,hehadalong,hardroadtobecomingafootballstar.A.Beingraised B.Raising C.Raised D.Toraise【解析】由于在格拉斯哥最窮的地方長大，他要想成為足球明星還有很長的路要走。raise的邏輯主語是he，他在這個(gè)地方長大(被撫養(yǎng)長大)，是被動(dòng)關(guān)系，且是一個(gè)已完成的動(dòng)作。鞏固練習(xí)I.用括號(hào)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞的正確形式填空。1.Withexams___________(approach),it'sagoodideatoreviewyourclassnotes.2.Allafternoon,Peterworkedwiththedoor________(lock).3.________(see)fromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.4.Jackwonfirstplaceinthe100-metreraceinthesportsmeeting,________(set)anewrecord.approachinglockedSeensetting5.Thisvillageismadeupof490families________(belong)tofivenationalities.6.Thedoorofthehouse________(close)alldaylongburstopenjustnow.7.Theplay________(put)onbytheteacherswasabigsuccess.8.Anoldman,________(bring)hisownequipment,volunteeredasaguideforus.belongingclosedputbringingII.根據(jù)括號(hào)內(nèi)的漢語提示補(bǔ)全下面句子。1.Simonwas____________________________________(唯一抱怨的人).Doyouthinkhedeservesahighersalary?2.________________________(所有的事都考慮在內(nèi)),hisplanseemsbetterthanalltheothers.3.____________________________(當(dāng)被問到她是誰),shesaidshewasMr.Johnson'sfriend.theonlyonetocomplainAllthingsconsideredAskedwhoshewas4.Fromthedates___________________________________(金幣上標(biāo)記的),thescientistslearntthatitwasmadefivehundredyearsago.5.Sherefusedtodiscussherdecision____________________________(退出這個(gè)組).6.Mrs.Lishowedherstudents______________________________(一些借來的舊照片)fromthecitylibrary.markedonthegoldcointooldphotosborrowedquitthegroupsome7.WithMother'sDayaroundthecorner,Ihavetakensomemoneyoutofthebank_____________________(去買禮物)formymum.8.Ihave____________________________(許多事要做)today,soI'mafraidIcan'tgoshoppingwithyouthisevening.9.Thediningroomiscleanandtidy,with____________________________(已經(jīng)擺好的桌子)foramealtobeserved.tobuygiftsmanythingstodoatablealreadylaidⅢ.用非謂語動(dòng)詞短語補(bǔ)全下面句子，使每組句子的意思相同或相近。1.Ifoundthefrontdoorlocked.Iwentroundtheback.___________________________________,Iwentroundtheback.2.Iwasshortofmoney.Icouldn'taffordtobuyanewcar.____________________________,Icouldn'taffordtobuyanewcar.FindingthefrontdoorlockedBeingshortofmoney3.Thepaintingwaslostformanyyears.Itturnedupatanauction.____________________________,thepaintingturnedupatanauction.4.Themeatwascookedforseveralhours.However,itwasstilltough.Although____________________________,themeatwasstilltough.5.Therewassomuchnoise.Icouldn'thearwhatwasgoingon.___________________________________,Icouldn'thearwhatwasgoingon.LostformanyyearscookedforseveralhoursTherebeingsomuchnoiseⅣ.用括號(hào)內(nèi)動(dòng)詞的正確形式完成下面短文。AInasplitsecond,withnoone1._______(pay)attention,thetwoprisonersescapedfromthebackofthepolicecar.Theywerehandcuffed(給……戴上手銬)toeachother.Itwasminutesbeforeapolicemansawthem2.___________(run)downthestreet.“We'llfollow,”twopolicemensaid.“Havethedriverbringthecartotheendoftheroad.payingrun/runningTellhim3.________(let)themgetaway.Ifwe’renotcareful,we’llhavethewholeneighborhoodcomplainingthatwe'vebeencareless.”Theprisonerswerestillrunningsidebyside.Thepolicemensawthem4.__________(race)upthehilland5.________(disappear)roundacorner.“We’llnevercatchthemnow!”oneofthepolicemensaid.“Iaskedyou6.__________(leave)themunattended.”nottoletrace/racingdisappearnottoleaveTheprisonerswererunningattopspeed.Suddenly,theysawalamppost(柱)infrontofthem.“Goleft!Goright!”theyeachshoutedatthesametime,7.________(run)oneithersideofthelamppost.Thepolicefoundthemfinally,8.______(lie)onthepavement,unhurt,dazed(眩暈的),andwithsillysmilesontheirfaces.runninglyingB

While1.________(prepare)amealforherguests,Mrs.Grantgotratherworriedaboutsome

unusualmushroomswhichakindfriendhadsent

herfromthecountry.2._______(feel)suspicious

(懷疑的),shegaveamushroomtoherdog.

3._________________(see)thatthedogateitwithnoill

effects,Mrs.Grantdecided4.________(cook)the

mushroomsforherguests.preparingFeelingSeeing/HavingseentocookThateveningtheguestsgreatlyenjoyedthemushrooms,5.___________(comment)ontheir

unusualflavor.Theyquicklychangedtheirminds

whenMrs.Grant’sdaughter,Jill,burstintothe

diningroomandannouncedthatthedogwasdead.

6.________(shock),Mrs.GrantphonedDr.

Craig,whocameroundimmediatelyandpumped

outthestomachsofallthosewhohadeatenthe

mushrooms—averyunpleasantexperiencefor

them.commentingShocke