統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)

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第一章統(tǒng)計(jì)方法基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)第一節(jié)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法及其用途第二節(jié)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量波動(dòng)第三節(jié)統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)及其分類第四節(jié)總體與樣本第五節(jié)隨即抽樣方法第六節(jié)統(tǒng)計(jì)特征數(shù)第七節(jié)兩類錯(cuò)誤和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)返回目錄第一節(jié)統(tǒng)計(jì)方法及其用途一、什么是統(tǒng)計(jì)方法二、統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的性質(zhì)三、統(tǒng)計(jì)方法的用途一殃、散什端么遺是建統(tǒng)瀉計(jì)菠方赴法統(tǒng)評(píng)計(jì)嗽方榜法：戀是幫指絡(luò)有赴關(guān)牢收興集致、自整瞧理知、扯分茂析墨和速解嘗釋烏統(tǒng)金計(jì)麗數(shù)慌據(jù)糞，沖并定對(duì)粥其旨所塌反叉映俱的鴿問努題淺作勺出晨一重定尾結(jié)區(qū)論復(fù)的貸方椅法古。描帳述便性稅統(tǒng)裕計(jì)規(guī)方且法銹：—少—是毛對(duì)沸統(tǒng)康計(jì)層數(shù)坡?lián)哆M(jìn)突行侍整賄理丘和語描讀述親的檔方寇法左；—鋒—常令用疊曲來線犁、序表交格憶、摔圖燙形維等似反霜映般統(tǒng)疤計(jì)辜數(shù)釋據(jù)草和既描刑述塌觀塞測嬸結(jié)騰果悉，穿以國使漠?dāng)?shù)癥據(jù)首更硬加季容陜易美理隙解掃，鉛例徹如氏，甜可北將副統(tǒng)鄰計(jì)樸數(shù)凡據(jù)腦整計(jì)理裁成澇折尤線欠圖匠、忽曲策線陵圖瓦和林頻女?dāng)?shù)饒直負(fù)方賺圖療等房誠。推暖斷敢性貨統(tǒng)妥計(jì)纖方意法校：—擠—是糖在午對(duì)烘統(tǒng)飲計(jì)捷數(shù)巡壽據(jù)勉描類述剖的疾基幸礎(chǔ)礙上折，硬進(jìn)蛋一毛步勾對(duì)酸其宋所翼反宏映床的恨問度題圾進(jìn)畏行松分暈析品、刻解棉釋蘋和扔作趙出蔽推晝斷妻性咱結(jié)驅(qū)論悠的聚方青法萄；—貢—二膊、博統(tǒng)雅計(jì)碼方爛法思的長性擺質(zhì)1寺.描吳述饒性—衛(wèi)—利船用映統(tǒng)乎計(jì)玩方滑法啦對(duì)帳統(tǒng)誓計(jì)已數(shù)薪據(jù)次進(jìn)程行齒整隔理濃和碎描拘述絡(luò)，稱以賺便砍展巧示棕統(tǒng)壁計(jì)慕數(shù)郊據(jù)鋸的湖的洗規(guī)勇律桃；—頂—統(tǒng)請(qǐng)計(jì)流數(shù)夕據(jù)風(fēng)可不用溜數(shù)綢量鐮值昆加躁以括度貫量烤，荒如汁平絡(luò)均羞數(shù)研、揮中買位圈數(shù)褲、駕級(jí)致差些和鮮標(biāo)木準(zhǔn)玩差皂等系，步亦高可村用妹統(tǒng)距計(jì)卵圖煩表疾予叼以竿顯通示闊，擊如念條也形醋圖徑、恰折投線去圖驕、渡圓止形敏圖垂、儲(chǔ)頻嚴(yán)數(shù)宗直戚方印圖跟、茫頻獵數(shù)申曲蛋線鎖等纖。2仿.推育斷病性—幻玉—統(tǒng)淋計(jì)催方盛法園都綿要耍通潤過吸詳輛細(xì)海研秋究級(jí)樣怕本理來垂達(dá)索到千了弊解辛、艱推慢測召總掛體投狀劉況肉的釣?zāi)扛竦娜@因主此素它陪具睛有蔥由春局歇部賊推饑斷腐整激體改的閥性址質(zhì)布。3撇.風(fēng)蒙險(xiǎn)緩性—?jiǎng)瘛y(tǒng)景計(jì)慘方撞法拐既蒸然松要狡推染斷禾用叉部素分才整愚體凝，秧那芝么詞這沒種怒由疤推丈斷告而訓(xùn)得敢出巴的豆結(jié)爺論握就獵不遺會(huì)政是帝百索分餐之度百陪正筒確往，談即類可事能旦有炊錯(cuò)藝誤宴。杯犯駛錯(cuò)畫誤挪就認(rèn)要柳擔(dān)謠風(fēng)檔險(xiǎn)長。三恒、臘統(tǒng)枕計(jì)泡方協(xié)法翠的避用訓(xùn)途1黑.提肺供萌表叮示庫事鴉物逆特恭征投的夫數(shù)收據(jù)曲；(平至均債值偏、冰中逮位走數(shù)指、華標(biāo)卻準(zhǔn)易偏濤差所、胖方艷差冰、潛極慘差)2杏.比薄較傲兩物事拌物可的滾差抗異越；（資假府設(shè)去檢膨驗(yàn)綁、襯顯猶著須性蜻檢蠅驗(yàn)雅、低方概差梅分傍析時(shí)、倦水箭平譜對(duì)趕比出法貌）3造.分銹析訂影例響賓事幻玉物例變雅化蛋的圖因凈素漏；（勤因廁果候圖妨、貼調(diào)門查生表繡、解散腹布承圖疊、著分好層謊法脂、喊樹辱圖袍、動(dòng)方貌差辮分榜析感）4莊.分莖析冶事貼物蓄之掃間只的劣相卷互坐關(guān)事系矮；（原散麗布未圖燥、臂試慮驗(yàn)瓶設(shè)貌計(jì)另法補(bǔ)）5刺.研纖究叔取解樣永和矩試畏驗(yàn)調(diào)方搞法店，在確讓定丟合言理毛的定試穴驗(yàn)牢方蛾案封；（范抽級(jí)樣敲方低法左、蜘抽沖樣緒檢鑰驗(yàn)蝴、命試鍵驗(yàn)滲設(shè)街計(jì)找、慮可舍靠消性蜘試窩驗(yàn)?zāi)?明.發(fā)高現(xiàn)袖質(zhì)幣量缸問焦題鄉(xiāng)豐，掠分序析置和躁掌診握膛質(zhì)梯量獅數(shù)息據(jù)減的叉分灑布源狀討況寸和迷動(dòng)接態(tài)亦變絲式化秒；（榆頻例數(shù)抬直巡壽方喘圖采、稀控獎(jiǎng)制禍圖命、綿排福列瓜圖識(shí)）7險(xiǎn).描巖述皆質(zhì)遮量糕形怎成循過涼程額。（恨流貿(mào)程封圖姿、田控怖制舉圖偏）第鄙二盜節(jié)床產(chǎn)收品頭質(zhì)稱量潑波球動(dòng)一神、堪正升常釋波竄動(dòng)二身、送異必常燈波勞動(dòng)一惜、屬正強(qiáng)常鐮波其動(dòng)—?jiǎng)荨Ｗ植ㄖ駝?dòng)崇是桌由禍隨堪機(jī)炸原土因壤引廊起剝的貪產(chǎn)離品抬質(zhì)肅量蜂波懸動(dòng)扎；—絞—僅拘有匹正筋常捎波瞇動(dòng)失的疫生猜產(chǎn)塊過母程譜稱切為佛處榆于愚統(tǒng)會(huì)計(jì)雕控州制雄狀諒態(tài)晉，佛簡茄稱舉為襖控皮制疼狀議態(tài)射或答穩(wěn)色定懶狀蓋態(tài)癥。二尤、剃異嘗常零波東動(dòng)—夏—異臉常丈波蹈動(dòng)攏是獲由弟系裙統(tǒng)呼原嫌因聲引憤起駝的亡產(chǎn)量品恐質(zhì)軍量射波應(yīng)動(dòng)引；—綢—有揉異如常仁波橡動(dòng)饑的鹿生鍵產(chǎn)雪過姑程統(tǒng)稱油為銳處扔于類非溝統(tǒng)舊計(jì)羞控局制攀狀出態(tài)純，槐簡蓬稱版為年失奮控咱狀易態(tài)丈或腸不禾穩(wěn)伯定無狀欲態(tài)鉆。引芝起洞產(chǎn)小品甩波仿動(dòng)恢的便原蜂因晶主社要相來高自扛六輕個(gè)檢方券面引（5均M婚1烤E）詞：人途（M協(xié)a急n）離：文操注作株者環(huán)的鳴質(zhì)倘量洗意夏識(shí)謙、朝技柔術(shù)狐水圣平蓮、塞文香化元素晚養(yǎng)犧、捧熟吊練莖程桶度踏、減身胞體捆素算質(zhì)竊等謹(jǐn)；機(jī)久器蜘（M朗a悼c總h埋i翻n尼e）耍：定機(jī)即器街設(shè)貫備剖、豎工涼夾獵具映的粥精瓣度淚、擔(dān)維磁護(hù)鉆保厘養(yǎng)羨狀潮況燈等計(jì)；材啟料跌（M陵a面t妨e付r環(huán)i缸a游l）場：拉材訓(xùn)料省的隸化烏學(xué)手成羊分眨、塵物購理殖性拆能艙和高外尚觀敘質(zhì)過量早等最；方微法汗（M架e屯t挪h笨o椒d）由：棕加狡工圍工寫藝疤、近操象作貍規(guī)獄程暑和泄作加業(yè)頂指巖導(dǎo)結(jié)書卵的銹正繭確缸程把度議等騙；測牢量釋（M雄e麗a劣s賢u豬r衣e）料：護(hù)測途量港設(shè)俊備奶、刮試校驗(yàn)牲手輝段扛和低測皮試艇方垃法輕等芝；環(huán)耳境摟（E敵n豈v苗i歲r師o緒n裝m旨e波n副t）裹：股工桶作麗場降地退的濾溫鑒度洞、陶濕魄度很、喜含茫塵殘度攜、絲式照談明碎、滾噪葡聲擇、萌震低動(dòng)株等狠；第型三酒節(jié)境統(tǒng)械計(jì)香數(shù)充據(jù)燦及努其捧分障類一愧、寺計(jì)尊量掌數(shù)搶據(jù)二澡、它計(jì)煎數(shù)噸數(shù)尸據(jù)一窯、坊計(jì)逃量摔數(shù)消據(jù)—積—凡興是夜可增以岸連免續(xù)致取塞值溪的員，挪或以者徹說演可正以頑用宮測掙量劑工剃具殊具貫體漢測模量軍出甘小傅數(shù)棗點(diǎn)況以方下陸數(shù)蓄值耍的連這糊類中數(shù)奴據(jù)艘。良如暫：搖長賊度駱、醬容煙積框、嶼質(zhì)他量糞、公化停學(xué)插成快分陡、桐溫賢度叫、蝦產(chǎn)隱量評(píng)、故職私工脆工緞資撕總根額頓等太?！亍?jì)訂量艙數(shù)敵據(jù)鼓一荷般那服活從丹正勁態(tài)驚分維布做。二閱、紋計(jì)抗數(shù)乞數(shù)凈據(jù)—裙—凡畏是牌不研能房誠連養(yǎng)續(xù)欠取秒值堡的御，幕或瓦者嗽說窄即赴使語使崖用側(cè)測欄量辣工騎具逗也偉得腎不簽到填小扮數(shù)潔點(diǎn)凍以兇下微數(shù)弊值憶，浪而怕只灣能炒得祝到0或1，2，3?淋?顧?等仙自進(jìn)然迅數(shù)餐的閉這選類浙數(shù)統(tǒng)據(jù)碰。—索—計(jì)她數(shù)忘數(shù)部據(jù)嗽還摧可槽細(xì)顆分協(xié)為禮記栽件要數(shù)腥據(jù)殿和因記截點(diǎn)棄數(shù)株據(jù)剝。陜記詠件足數(shù)沈據(jù)暴是哪指全按軟件秋計(jì)錢數(shù)便的挎數(shù)鞏據(jù)凳，凳如脖不照合論格女品還數(shù)丸、概彩彩色伙電熱視誓機(jī)往臺(tái)屈數(shù)濕、盞質(zhì)陪量奸檢延測戚項(xiàng)忘目伸數(shù)新等嘉；招記傷點(diǎn)彈數(shù)珠據(jù)樹是攏指槳按祥缺按項(xiàng)彎點(diǎn)趟（決項(xiàng)狂）假計(jì)徹?cái)?shù)頃的寬數(shù)驕據(jù)餓，叼如嶄疵斤點(diǎn)讓數(shù)清、蝕砂鍛眼裹數(shù)君、冶氣弦泡案數(shù)接、曾單躺位賴（搞產(chǎn)咽品挖）淚缺沸陷煉數(shù)疊等皆?！I—記衛(wèi)件燃數(shù)拼據(jù)御一顆般襖服口從沒二馳項(xiàng)騰式寺分撿布真，梅記剖點(diǎn)皂數(shù)瘋據(jù)軌一府般號(hào)服濟(jì)從舉泊絞松決分鬧布稱。—?！?dāng)淘數(shù)拾據(jù)男以藥百害分龍率世表柄示把時(shí)視，逆要甚判叫斷黃它遮是市計(jì)馳量家數(shù)巴據(jù)喚還嘗是撲計(jì)鴉數(shù)賊數(shù)驕據(jù)驕，肉應(yīng)魄取剖決峰于母給全出遼數(shù)魯據(jù)芝的喉計(jì)斗算題公敗式鉤的效分燒子。第素四鬼節(jié)渴總旱體選與溫樣棋本總藥體饅（泉母宮體科）扛：股是前指晃在烈某扛一妨次戀統(tǒng)字計(jì)中分萬析砌中霞研遵究燈對(duì)撿象涌的貝全兵體郊。個(gè)晶體慈：呀組團(tuán)成革總冒體欣的蕩每迎個(gè)余單吊元落（蕩產(chǎn)框品輛）滴叫盾做畜個(gè)粥體申。有矛限講總叨體朵：傲被掙研躍究悟?qū)θ氏篝~是抵有法限內(nèi)的畜，今如段一堅(jiān)批奪產(chǎn)醬品完的繡總佩數(shù)穩(wěn)；無粒限皂總環(huán)體滾：救被屠研踏究樹對(duì)接象膨是謎無宇限欲的伯，普如哨某角個(gè)留企墨業(yè)元、碰某乞個(gè)裂生弟產(chǎn)步過林程度從溪前乏、榆現(xiàn)基在眉、杏將生來旅生橫產(chǎn)晉的撲全帽部齊產(chǎn)紙品虜?？偫p體雖含險(xiǎn)量炒（城總精體禿大漆小勤）碌：逆總簽體隸中詞所畢含潔的丸個(gè)你體迎數(shù)針，憤常注用N表觸示侵。第堆四產(chǎn)節(jié)堡總奸體饒與夏樣旋本樣姓本橡（惱子虎樣鉤）陶：已是馳指騎從店總諒體仍中冠隨佩機(jī)怠抽椒取格出進(jìn)來武并臥且袋要千對(duì)譽(yù)它組進(jìn)背行敞詳坑細(xì)餓研給究絕分息析舍的永一贈(zèng)部浪分節(jié)個(gè)曲體就（苗產(chǎn)叛品促）脹；鏡樣被本津是羨由1個(gè)雀或攻若度干鹿個(gè)季樣涂品辦組狀成兔的毯。樣盯本敏容鴿量夏（禿樣礦本瓶大著小原）犯：笨樣簡本杯中勺所灶含剛的他樣屢品壞數(shù)街目票，編常宜用n表際示勸。抽遵樣醒：泥是置指斬從筋總河體崇中剪隨吼機(jī)設(shè)抽漲取搞樣鼻品帆組絮成扣樣然本緊的口活檔動(dòng)矩過厭程稍。隨是機(jī)初抽雖樣遍：黨是塵指銅要竊使銳總忙體召中組的帳每漆一沖個(gè)仰個(gè)趁體厘（筍產(chǎn)寫品愧）改都涌有嘴同監(jiān)等微機(jī)山會(huì)軍被當(dāng)抽浸取綠出璃來煎組薯成串樣脅本快的恒活硬動(dòng)凱過久程扮。第歸四惕節(jié)椒總災(zāi)體電與克樣鐘本數(shù)假據(jù)膽、替樣敏本遮和惕總缸體裳的恩關(guān)勞系無和限蠅總羨體有紐奉限岡總緩體工母序一饞批產(chǎn)悟品一外批半敏成腳品樣翼本樣運(yùn)本數(shù)奏據(jù)數(shù)指據(jù)判獎(jiǎng)斷判白斷目的總體樣本數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)工序進(jìn)行分析控制對(duì)一批產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量進(jìn)行判斷，確定是否合格第叼五醋節(jié)掀隨去即芽抽勺樣棵方旁法一欠、這簡械單傳隨尾機(jī)冠抽態(tài)樣味法二碰、答系杏統(tǒng)淡抽頸樣爹法三鍬、殃分赴層快抽滅樣樸法四妄、耐整砍群注抽恨樣蔑法一囑、璃簡兵單株隨晴機(jī)職抽敵樣甩法—股—又辱叫遞隨蒸機(jī)苦抽舊樣窯法亦，捐是她指否總脹體揉中緣瑞的現(xiàn)每考個(gè)界個(gè)殼體斤被家抽徒到諒的紀(jì)機(jī)民會(huì)嘗是腐相沾同陡的捆。優(yōu)唉點(diǎn)拒：溉抽聽樣迎誤垮差推小缺猛點(diǎn)帖：勁抽完樣著手玻續(xù)白比缺較夜繁動(dòng)雜蘇。二喪、叮系片統(tǒng)竄抽握樣忽法—圾—又假叫談等鑄距盾抽率樣懶法狐或矛機(jī)吳械齒抽慣樣爛法昌。優(yōu)姓點(diǎn)喘：友操扣作寫簡格便飽，媽實(shí)幕施嫌不銷易障出砌差織錯(cuò)改。缺領(lǐng)點(diǎn)擇：伍容叔易找出抹較堪大左偏全差顫。適悲用尺場血合艷：紐奉總遷體秒發(fā)脊生禮周都期鉆性伶變拐化匙的曉場闊合碧，長不攻宜間使素用拒這豎種岔方不法省。三廉、惱分窩層氏抽瞧樣粗法—川—也皂叫導(dǎo)類晶型碼抽撈樣慎法診。界它溉是弱從距一糊個(gè)廣可賞以沉分拾成員不強(qiáng)同刊于游總寺體絨的劈燕總睬體而（的或材稱棒為搜層屢）沸中廚，姜按充規(guī)棍定悲的熊比籌例跟從異不跟同扯層揮中課隨瘋機(jī)毒抽名取莫樣偶品漂（鑰個(gè)苗體兇）齊的語方睜法報(bào)。優(yōu)關(guān)點(diǎn)齊：處樣陽本鼻的穩(wěn)代蟻表培性悶比頃較較好刻，漲抽塑樣謎誤晨差蓄比電較慌小變。缺堅(jiān)點(diǎn)竭：扎抽稅樣銳手再續(xù)察較秧簡雖單刻隨殘機(jī)積抽潮樣奸還赴要應(yīng)繁不雜閣。適遲用伍場陜合彈：鋒常舞用撐于歡產(chǎn)鄉(xiāng)豐品旗質(zhì)蔑量重驗(yàn)戴收蜜。四窮、受整賄群泥抽榜樣前法—床—又懲叫膀集鼻團(tuán)歪抽脈樣青法知。陡是梁將趴總菊體給分輸成萄許細(xì)多槽群寺，瓶每妥個(gè)費(fèi)群姨由鴿個(gè)排體在按塞一伏定封方質(zhì)式卻結(jié)筒合榆而步成喬，保然栗后蹈隨監(jiān)機(jī)居抽伶取嗽若休干嫩群厭，諒并尺由虧這澤些蛋群強(qiáng)中壞的兩所狹有棉個(gè)絹體怒組犯成聽樣喊本架。優(yōu)敵點(diǎn)瞇：嬌抽尊樣虹實(shí)君施蒼方翻便凈。缺舊點(diǎn)赤：陳代緞表啄性妖差謠，喝抽暈樣諸誤錢差反大戚。適經(jīng)用俯場觀合螞：債常爭用挪在疤工職序院控舌制齡中料。案欺例某身種除成機(jī)品徑零菠件最分諷裝群在2恰0個(gè)膜零內(nèi)件員箱奶裝肌，慮每椒箱松各犯裝5叔0個(gè)扣，蹄總礙共皺是1形0絨0優(yōu)0個(gè)碌。波如樓果煌想沾從里中弄取1拆0州0個(gè)仆零田件躍作齒為惡樣斜本琴進(jìn)頑行放測腔試賺研唱究跌。簡偷單病隨籃機(jī)拿抽井樣：嘆將2諒0箱笛零去件奶倒雞在閣一跳起煤，溪混斜合享均廁勻役，濫并鴨將靠零淺件眉從1～1掃0捷0月0編此號(hào)擋，夸然麥后際用撞查據(jù)隨槍機(jī)婦數(shù)打表戰(zhàn)或留抽醉簽避的跡辦累法牙從朋中作抽吊出傷編鋪號(hào)斃毫川無尸規(guī)別律調(diào)的1文0序0個(gè)乳零仙件株組農(nóng)成御樣促本扣。系霸統(tǒng)料抽餃樣：籃將2縫0箱疊零找件況倒截在殊一吩起并，矛混膽合桃均扁勻純，女并廚將佩零溫件燃從1～1霜0疾0呈0編呼號(hào)亞，據(jù)然逃后制用屈查忽隨閥機(jī)廳數(shù)鳥表富或嘗抽巴簽斷的刺辦駝法狂先胃決投定說起莫始奮編監(jiān)號(hào)戀，睡按并相嫩同設(shè)的付尾輛數(shù)類抽病取1棒0廣0個(gè)拜零瞇件霸組難成冷樣帆本銷。分洗層網(wǎng)抽寨樣：2管0箱欺零業(yè)件盆，除每慘箱瓶都鴨隨泥機(jī)啞抽站取5個(gè)貫零含件衛(wèi)，噴共1趙0技0個(gè)功組瞧成烈樣標(biāo)本虧。整穩(wěn)群乳抽境樣：源先蹈從2巨0箱挎零眾件韻隨辮機(jī)求抽政出2箱逝，刻該2箱集零輛件單組威成旺樣赴本嗎。第爬六殊節(jié)修統(tǒng)錄計(jì)控特鑒征鴿數(shù)一酒、選樣境本鍵平汪均狀值二抵、忘樣犁本栗中翁位傷數(shù)三艱、晉樣牽本患方址差四勉、國樣望本辜標(biāo)吧準(zhǔn)甚偏藝差五彼、臺(tái)樣浸本受極司差表腐示甩數(shù)類據(jù)頭的床集封中泄位嗚置表攝示融數(shù)臟據(jù)羞的板離辰散必程憶度一需、文樣估本雹平壺均毀值如賽果觀從即總陣體鞋中港抽慘取梯一蛋個(gè)遠(yuǎn)樣娛本邁，悟得腔到答一庸批繪數(shù)疑據(jù)X1，X2，X3…漿.Xn