屆江蘇高考專題輔導(dǎo)任務(wù)型閱讀

三、任務(wù)型閱讀1(·江蘇高考)

請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文,并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意:每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞QuietVirtue:TheConscientiousTheeverydaysignsofconscientiousness(認(rèn)真盡責(zé))—beingpunctual,carefulindoingwork,self-disciplined,andscrupulous(一絲不茍的)inattendingtoresponsibilities—are··typicalcharacteristicsofthemodelorganizationalcitizen,thepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould.Theyfollowtherules,helpout,andareconcernedaboutthepeopletheyworkwith.It’stheconscientiousworkerwhohelpsnewcomersorupdatespeoplewhoreturnafteranabsence,whogetstoworkontimeandneverabusessickleaves,whoalwaysgetsthingsdoneondeadline.Conscientiousnessisakeytosuccessinanyfield.Instudiesofjobperformance,outstandingeffectivenessforalmostalljobs,fromsemi-skilledlabortosalesandmanagement,dependsonconscientiousness.Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevelsofanorganization:thesecretarywhosemessagetakingisperfect,thedeliverytruckdriverwhoisalwaysontime.AmongsalesrepresentativesforalargeAmericancarmanufacturer,thosewhoweremostconscientioushadthelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousnessalsooffersabuffer(緩沖)againstthethreatofjoblossintoday’sconstantlychangingmarket,becauseemployeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued.Forthesalesrepresentatives,theirlevelofconscientiousnessmatteredalmostasmuchastheirsalesindeterminingwhostayedon.Thereisanairaroundhighlyconscientiouspeoplethatmakesthemseemevenbetterthantheyactuallyare.Theirreputationfordependabilityinfluencesmanagers’evaluationsoftheirwork,givingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasuresoftheirperformancewouldpredict.Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.Sinceconscientiouspeopledemandsomuchofthemselves,theycanholdotherpeopletotheirownstandards,andsobeoverlyjudgmentalwhenothersdon’tshowthesamehighlevelsofmodelbehavior.FactoryworkersinGreatBritainandtheUnitedStateswhowereextremelyconscientious,forexample,tendedtocriticizeco-workersevenaboutfailuresthatseemedunimportanttothosetheycriticized,whichdamagedtheirrelationships.Whenconscientiousnesstakestheformoflivinguptoexpectations,itcandiscouragecreativity.Increativeprofessionslikeartoradvertising,opennesstowildideasandspontaneity(自發(fā)性)arescarceandindemand.Successinsuchoccupationscallsforabalance,however;withoutenoughconscientiousnesstofollowthrough,peoplebecomemeredreamers,withnothingtoshowfortheirimaginativeness.

本文是說明文,說明認(rèn)真盡責(zé)的特點(diǎn)、重要性和可能產(chǎn)生的問題。71.【解析】strict。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯中的詞組轉(zhuǎn)換。本題考查考生對(duì)原文第一段“self-disciplined(自律的)...Theyfollowtherules”的理解和運(yùn)用能力?！白月伞本褪恰皩?duì)自己要求嚴(yán)格”,故此空填strict。72.【解析】helpful/good。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯中的詞組轉(zhuǎn)換。本題考查考生對(duì)文中第一段“helpout,andareconcernedaboutthepeople”的理解和運(yùn)用能力。根據(jù)helpout可填helpful;根據(jù)areconcernedabout可填寫good。73.【解析】Functions/Roles/Importance/Significance。此題屬于概括性詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)右欄表格信息的高度概括能力。74.【解析】running/working/going/operating/functioning。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查學(xué)生對(duì)原文第一段“themodelorganizationalcitizen,thepeoplewhokeepthingsrunningastheyshould”的信息識(shí)別能力。雖然此處可填原文詞匯running,但有一定的迷惑性。75.【解析】performance(s)。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)原文第二段“Itisparticularlyimportantforoutstandingperformanceinjobsatthelowerlevels...”的信息識(shí)別能力。76.【解析】dismissed/fired/jobless。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯中的句型轉(zhuǎn)換。本題考查考生對(duì)原文第三段“employeeswiththisqualityareamongthemostvalued...theirlevelofconscientiousnessmattered...indeterminingwhostayedon”的理解和概括能力。此處說明,員工盡責(zé)的程度和他們的銷售業(yè)績(jī)一樣決定著他們的去留。77.【解析】problems/troubles。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)原文第五段“Butconscientiousnessintheabsenceofsocialskillscanleadtoproblems.”的信息識(shí)別能力。78.【解析】higher/subjective/unfair/unjust/prejudiced。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)原文第四段“givingthemhigherevaluationsthanobjectivemeasures”的信息識(shí)別能力。原句有higher原詞。此題雖是原文詞匯,但極具隱蔽性。另外,也可填objective的反義詞。79.【解析】bad/poor/tense/damaged。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯中的句意轉(zhuǎn)換。本題考查考生對(duì)原文倒數(shù)第二段“whichdamagedtheirrelationships”的理解和運(yùn)用能力。80.【解析】discourage/affect/damage。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)原文最后一段“itcandiscouragecreativity”的信息識(shí)別能力。2(·江蘇高考)請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文,并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意:每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞。“HappinessAdvantage”EffectInJulyBurt’sBees,apersonal-careproductscompany,wasgoingthroughenormouschangeasitbeganaglobalexpansioninto19newcountries.Inthiskindofhigh-pressure··situation,manyleadersbothertheirassistantswithfrequentmeetingsorfloodtheirin-boxeswithurgentdemands.Indoingso,managerslifteveryone’sanxietylevel,whichactivatesthepartofthebrainthatprocessesthreatsandstealsresourcesfromtheprefrontalcortex(大腦皮層),whichisresponsibleforeffectiveproblemsolving.Burt’sBees’sthen-CEO,JohnWolfgang,tookadifferentapproach.Eachday,he’dsendoutane-mailpraisingateammemberforworkrelatedtoglobalmarketing.He’dinterrupthisownpresentationstoremindhismanagerstotalkwiththeirteamsaboutthecompany’svalues.Heaskedmetofurtherathree-hoursessionwithemployeesonhappinessinthecourseoftheexpansioneffort.Asonememberoftheseniorteamtoldmeayearlater,Wolfgang’semphasisondevelopingpositiveleadershipkepthismanagersactivelyinvolvedandloyalastheysuccessfullytransformedthecompanyintoaglobalone.Thatoutcomeshouldn’tsurpriseus.Researchshowsthatwhenpeopleworkwithapositivemind-set(思維模式),performanceonnearlyeverylevel—productivity,creativity,involvement—improves.Yethappinessisperhapsthemostmisunderstooddriverofperformance.Forone,mostpeoplebelievethatsuccesscomesbeforehappiness.“OnceIgetapromotion,I’llbehappy,”theythink.Or,“OnceIhitmysalestarget,I’llfeelgreat.”Butbecausesuccessisamovingtarget—assoonasyouhityourtarget,youraiseitagain—thehappinessthatresultsfromsuccessdoesnotlastlong.Infact,itworkstheotherwayaround:Peoplewhohaveapositivemind-setperformbetterinthefaceofchallenge.Icallthisthe“happinessadvantage”—everybusinessoutcomeshowsimprovementwhenthebrainispositive.I’veobservedthiseffectinmyroleasaresearcherandlecturerin48countriesontheconnectionbetweenemployeehappinessandsuccess.AndI’mnotalone:Inananalysisof225academicstudies,researchersfoundstrongevidenceofcause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenlifesatisfactionandsuccessfulbusinessoutcomes.Anothercommonmisunderstandingisthatourgenetics,ourenvironment,oracombinationofthetwodetermineshowhappyweare.Tobesure,bothfactorshaveanimpact.Butone’sgeneralsenseofwell-beingissurprisinglyunstable.Thehabitsyouform,thewayyouinteractwithcolleagues,howyouthinkaboutstress—allthesecanbemanagedtoincreaseyourhappinessandyourchancesofsuccess.

本文為說明文。通過兩個(gè)個(gè)案的對(duì)比,即通用的逼迫式的管理方法和現(xiàn)代的以人為本的管理方法及其效應(yīng)的對(duì)比,簡(jiǎn)要探討了積極的思維方式與幸福感之間的正關(guān)系的問題,即“幸福優(yōu)勢(shì)”效應(yīng)。71.【解析】bother/annoy。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)句子“Inthiskindofhigh-pressuresituation,manyleadersbothertheirassistantswithfrequentmeetingsorfloodtheirin-boxeswithurgentdemands.”的理解,考生可直接從句中找到bother一詞。此處tendto后接動(dòng)詞原形。72.【解析】anxiety/concern/worry。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查對(duì)“Indoingso,managerslifteveryone’sanxietylevel...”的理解和概括能力,即這種逼迫式管理方法導(dǎo)致的后果或效應(yīng)之一為“焦慮”的增加。73.【解析】aware/conscious/considerate。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“Eachday,he’dsendoutane-mailpraising...He’dinterrupt...Heaskedmetofurthera...”的理解和概括能力。作者用了三個(gè)具體事例來表明JohnWolfgang以人為本的管理風(fēng)格,表明他關(guān)心員工的感受。74.【解析】loyal/devoted/committed/faithful。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)“kepthismanagersactivelyinvolvedandloyal”的理解能力,可直接從文中找到原詞loyal。75.【解析】difference。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。本題考查考生的綜合概括能力?？忌枰Y(jié)合“通用的逼迫式管理方法”和“現(xiàn)代的以人為本的管理方法”,并進(jìn)行對(duì)比,才能得出“積極的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)對(duì)員工的工作表現(xiàn)會(huì)產(chǎn)生重大的影響”。76.【解析】positively。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。此題考查考生對(duì)文中“Researchshowsthatwhenpeopleworkwithapositivemind-set,performanceonnearlyeverylevel—productivity,creativity,involvement—improves.”的理解能力,關(guān)鍵詞是positive,此處修飾動(dòng)詞的現(xiàn)在分詞thinking應(yīng)用副詞形式。77.【解析】success/achievements。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“Butbecausesuccessisamovingtarget—assoonasyouhityourtarget,youraiseitagain—thehappinessthatresultsfromsuccessdoesnotlastlong.”的理解。78.【解析】strongly。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。此題考查考生對(duì)文中“Inananalysisof225academicstudies,researchersfoundstrongevidenceofcause-and-effectrelationshipbetweenlifesatisfactionandsuccessfulbusinessoutcomes.”的理解,但需將形容詞strong轉(zhuǎn)換為副詞strongly修飾動(dòng)詞的過去分詞(proved)。79.【解析】decided/determined。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)具體信息的識(shí)別和理解能力,即對(duì)句子“Anothercommonmisunderstandingisthatourgenetics,ourenvironment,oracombinationofthetwodetermineshowhappyweare.”的理解。原文是主動(dòng)語態(tài),此處是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。80.【解析】chances/possibilities/opportunities。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)具體信息的識(shí)別能力,從原文最后一句“...allthesecanbemanagedtoincreaseyourhappinessandyourchancesofsuccess.”可以找到chances一詞。3(·江蘇高考)請(qǐng)認(rèn)真閱讀下列短文,并根據(jù)所讀內(nèi)容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一個(gè)最恰當(dāng)?shù)膯卧~。注意:每個(gè)空格只填一個(gè)單詞。WhenShouldaLeaderApologizeandWhenNot?WhyDifficult?

Whenwewrongsomeoneweknow,evennotintentionally,wearegenerallyexpectedtoapologizesoastoimprovethesituation.Butwhenwe’reactingasleaders,thecircumstances··aredifferent.Theactofapologyiscarriedoutnotmerelyattheleveloftheindividualbutalsoattheleveloftheinstitution.Itisaperformanceinwhicheveryexpressionmattersandeverywordbecomespartofthepublicrecord.Refusingtoapologizecanbesmart,oritcanbestupid.So,readinesstoapologizecanbeseenasasignofstrongcharacterorasasignofweakness.Asuccessfulapologycanturnhateintopersonalandorganizationalharmony—whileanapologythatistoolittle,toolate,ortooobviouslystrategiccanbringonindividualandinstitutionalruin.What,then,istobedone?Howcanleadersdecideifandwhentoapologizepublicly?WhyNow?

Thequestionofwhetherleadersshouldapologizepubliclyhasneverbeenmoreurgent.Duringthelastdecadeorso,theUnitedStatesinparticularhasdevelopedanapologyculture—apologiesofallkindsandforallsortsofwrongdoingsaremadefarmorefrequentlythanbefore.Morenewspaperwritershavewrittenaboutthegrowingimportanceofpublicapologies.Morearticles,cartoons,advicecolumns,andradioandtelevisionprogramshavesimilarlydealtwiththesubjectofprivateapologies.WhyBother?

Whydoweapologize?Whydoweeverputourselvesinsituationslikelytobedifficult,embarrassing,andevenrisky?Leaderswhoapologizepubliclycouldbeaneasytarget.Theyareexpectedtoappearstrongandcapable.Andwhenevertheymakepublicstatementsofanykind,theirindividualandinstitutionalreputationsareindanger.Clearly,then,leadersshouldnotapologizeoftenorlightly.Foraleadertoexpressapology,thereneedstobeagood,strongreason.Leaderswillpubliclyapologizeifandwhentheythinkthecostsofdoingsoarelowerthanthecostsofnotdoingso.WhyRefuse?

Whyisitthatleaderssooftenrefusetoapologize,evenwhenapublicapologyseemstobeinorder?Theirreasonscanbeindividualorinstitutional.Becauseleadersarepublicfigures,theirapologiesarelikelytobepersonallyuncomfortableandevenprofessionallyrisky.Leadersmayalsobeafraidthattheadmissionofamistakewilldamageordestroytheorganizationforwhichtheyareresponsible.Therecanbegoodreasonsforhangingtoughintoughsituations,asweshallsee,butitisahigh-riskstrategy.

本文為議論文,說明作為領(lǐng)導(dǎo),什么時(shí)候應(yīng)該道歉,什么時(shí)候不應(yīng)該道歉。文章條理清晰,左邊表格為要點(diǎn),右邊表格為支持性信息。71．【解析】act/performance/activity。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)WhyDifficult?中“Theactofapologyiscarriedout....Itisaperformanceinwhicheveryexpressionmattersandeverywordbecomespartofthepublicrecord.”的識(shí)別和理解能力。從句中可以找到act或performance。72．【解析】easy。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“Refusingtoapologizecanbesmart,oritcanbestupid.”的理解和運(yùn)用能力,此句暗示“在道歉與不道歉之間尋找到一個(gè)平衡點(diǎn)是件不容易的事”,故此空填easy。73．【解析】properly/appropriately/successfully/rightly。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“whileanapologythatistoolittle,toolate,ortooobviouslystrategiccanbringonindividualandinstitutionalruin.”的理解及運(yùn)用能力。注意此空用副詞properly修飾過去分詞offered。74．【解析】urgent。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“Thequestionofwhetherleadersshouldapologizepubliclyhasneverbeenmoreurgent”的識(shí)別能力。從該句中很容易找到urgent一詞。75．【解析】culture。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中信息的識(shí)別與運(yùn)用能力,根據(jù)“theUnitedStatesinparticularhasdevelopedanapologyculture—apologiesofallkinds...”可找到原文詞匯culture。76．【解析】growing/increasing/rising。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中信息的識(shí)別與運(yùn)用能力,即“Morenewspaperwritershavewrittenaboutthegrowingimportanceofpublicapologies.”。從該句中可以找到原文詞匯growing。77．【解析】expected/supposed/required。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)信息的理解與轉(zhuǎn)換能力。原文中“Theyareexpectedtoappearstrongandcapable.”可以轉(zhuǎn)換成“Leadersareexpectedtoappearstrongandcapable.”。78．【解析】public。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。根據(jù)文中“Leaderswillpubliclyapologizeifandwhentheythinkthecostsofdoingsoarelowerthanthecostsofnotdoingso.”此句中的publicly相當(dāng)于此題中的inpublic。注意介詞后接名詞形式。79．【解析】likely。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中信息的識(shí)別能力。根據(jù)最后一段的“theirapologiesarelikelytobepersonallyuncomfortableandevenprofessionallyrisky”可以很容易地找到likely一詞。80．【解析】damage/harm。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中信息的識(shí)別和運(yùn)用能力。根據(jù)最后一段“admissionofamistakewilldamageordestroytheorganization...”,再根據(jù)此題內(nèi)容,可知關(guān)鍵詞是damage/destroy。再根據(jù)此空前有及物動(dòng)詞do可知此空填名詞,故要填damage/harm。熱點(diǎn)考向1原文詞匯1.命題特點(diǎn):此類題考查考生捕捉文中信息的能力。常占總題量的50%~60%,難度不大,關(guān)鍵是信息的定位與篩選。2.解題技巧:(1)有些原文詞匯難度不大,考生只需要結(jié)合題目所在句子在原文中找到句意相同的句子即可。此時(shí)題目所在的句子和原文句子同樣比較簡(jiǎn)短。【典例1】(·江蘇高考)Leaderstendto(71)_______theirassistantstoooften.【點(diǎn)撥】此題的賓語是theirassistants,主語是Leaders。根據(jù)這兩點(diǎn)可以快速在文中定位原句,即“manyleadersbothertheirassistantswithfrequentmeetings...”,因此可以找到關(guān)鍵詞bother,再根據(jù)tendtodosth.詞組,可知此空填動(dòng)詞原形。【典例2】(·江蘇高考)Beingpublicfigures,leadersare(77)_______toappearstrongandcapable.【點(diǎn)撥】此題根據(jù)空格后的toappearstrongandcapable可以快速在原文中將信息定位在“Theyareexpectedtoappearstrongandcapable.”根據(jù)原文可知They指Leaders,因此空格填expected。原文和此題均是被動(dòng)語態(tài)。(2)有少數(shù)原文詞匯題比較復(fù)雜,常表現(xiàn)在題目所在句簡(jiǎn)短而原文所在句很長(zhǎng),或原文和題目所在句均很長(zhǎng)。在這兩種情況下,由于題目所在句是對(duì)原文所在句進(jìn)行了句型轉(zhuǎn)換,意思一樣,但原文詞匯顯得更加隱蔽,基礎(chǔ)差的同學(xué)往往發(fā)現(xiàn)不了。此時(shí),考生要認(rèn)真比對(duì)信息,通過篩選和甄別,最終鎖定原文詞匯?！镜淅?】(·江蘇高考)Suchamanagementstylemayresultingreater(72)______andlessproductivityintheassistants.【點(diǎn)撥】此題是對(duì)原文“Indoingso,managerslifteveryone’sanxietylevel,whichactivatesthepartofthebrainthatprocessesthreatsandstealsresourcesfromtheprefrontalcortex,whichisresponsibleforeffectiveproblemsolving.”的轉(zhuǎn)換。由于該句和題目所在的句子相似單詞少,大大增加了難度。其實(shí)此處的resultingreateranxiety與原句中l(wèi)ifteveryone’sanxietylevel意思一致。當(dāng)然填anxiety的近義詞concern或worry也正確?！镜淅?】(·江蘇高考)Publicapologyismuchmorethanapersonal(71)______.【點(diǎn)撥】此句是對(duì)原文第一段中“Butwhenwe’reactingasleaders,thecircumstancesaredifferent.Theactofapologyiscarriedoutnotmerelyattheleveloftheindividualbutalsoattheleveloftheinstitution.Itisaperformanceinwhicheveryexpressionmattersandeverywordbecomespartofthepublicrecord.”的高度概括,基礎(chǔ)差的同學(xué)可能很難發(fā)現(xiàn)上述表達(dá)的關(guān)鍵詞act和performance。當(dāng)然此題填其同義詞activity也正確。不過,在做任務(wù)型閱讀時(shí),要堅(jiān)持“原文詞匯是第一位”的原則。熱點(diǎn)考向2轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯1.命題特點(diǎn):轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯常涉及單詞和短語的轉(zhuǎn)換(包括詞性、詞形轉(zhuǎn)換、同義詞和反義詞轉(zhuǎn)換、短語轉(zhuǎn)換)、句子的轉(zhuǎn)換(句型轉(zhuǎn)換和信息重新整理)。常占總量的40%~50%。由于學(xué)生英語基礎(chǔ)不扎實(shí),常在此類詞匯上丟分。2.解題技巧:(1)第一類轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯略顯簡(jiǎn)單,即涉及單詞和短語的轉(zhuǎn)換。這時(shí),考生只需根據(jù)題目信息,在原文找到相似的信息,鎖定關(guān)鍵詞,注意詞形變化即可?！镜淅?】(·江蘇高考)Researchfindings:Peopleperformbetterwhenthinking(76)_______.【點(diǎn)撥】此句對(duì)應(yīng)的原文信息是:Researchshowsthatwhenpeopleworkwithapositivemind-set,performanceonnearlyeverylevel—productivity,creativity,involvement—improves.因此,對(duì)比之后,此題空格處填的詞與原文中的positive有關(guān),再根據(jù)其前的thinking可知應(yīng)用副詞形式positively?！镜淅?】(·江蘇高考)Ourearthisabigmagnetandalittlefreely(71)_______magneticneedlelinesitselfwiththeearthmagnettopointnorthandsouth.【點(diǎn)撥】此句對(duì)應(yīng)的原文信息是:Soalittlemagneticneedlethatswingsfreelylinesitselfwiththebigearthmagnettopointnorthandsouth.通過對(duì)比,我們可以很容易地發(fā)現(xiàn)空格處填的詞與swing有關(guān),再根據(jù)此題后有謂語動(dòng)詞lines,所以此空填非謂語動(dòng)詞swinging。(2)第二類轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯則比較難。它涉及句意轉(zhuǎn)換,要求考生具有較強(qiáng)的文章理解能力,并能將相關(guān)信息進(jìn)行概括、整合、提煉,從而完成試題規(guī)定的任務(wù)。考生要想做好此類題,必須具有扎實(shí)的英語基本功,對(duì)英語語法、詞匯熟練掌握,同時(shí),閱讀理解能力要強(qiáng)。這當(dāng)然不是一天兩天能夠形成的,而是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期積累的過程,是一個(gè)從量變到質(zhì)變的過程。該類句意轉(zhuǎn)換的詞匯同樣要注意詞形。【典例1】(·江蘇高考)Positiveleadershipcouldmakeabig(75)_______toemployees’performance.【點(diǎn)撥】要做好此題,考生必須具有較強(qiáng)的語篇意識(shí)和總結(jié)概括能力?？忌挥袑⒌谝粚哟蔚墓芾矸椒?逼迫式管理)和第二層次的管理方法(以人為本的管理)進(jìn)行比較,才能得出結(jié)論:積極的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)藝術(shù)對(duì)員工的工作表現(xiàn)會(huì)產(chǎn)生重大的影響。所以此空填difference?！镜淅?】(·江蘇高考)Apologiesnot(73)________offeredcanbringonindividualandinstitutionalruin.【點(diǎn)撥】此句對(duì)應(yīng)的原文信息是:...whileanapologythatistoolittle,toolate,ortooobviouslystrategiccanbringonindividualandinstitutionalruin.。對(duì)比兩句意思可知“不適宜的道歉會(huì)毀了一個(gè)人和機(jī)構(gòu)”。所以要填properly/appropriately/successfully/rightly。熱點(diǎn)考向3概括性詞匯1.命題特點(diǎn):典型的任務(wù)型閱讀題目設(shè)置分為兩欄,左邊一欄是文章提綱(passageoutline),右欄是支持性細(xì)節(jié)或論據(jù)(supportingdetails)。左欄的概括性詞匯要求能夠最大程度地覆蓋右欄信息,同時(shí)具有簡(jiǎn)潔性。這類題在年和年考題中涉及過。雖然這類概括性詞匯在高考任務(wù)型閱讀中目前出現(xiàn)頻率較低,但在平時(shí)的各類模擬考試中卻是經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的,也不排除今后的高考題會(huì)較多地出現(xiàn)。2.解題技巧:其實(shí)此類概括性詞匯總體難度不大,考生只要認(rèn)真理解右欄信息內(nèi)容就能概括出左欄的詞匯。關(guān)鍵是概括性詞匯的拼寫和形式要正確。有些同學(xué),在平時(shí)的考試中,知道填哪個(gè)概括性詞匯,卻出現(xiàn)拼寫錯(cuò)誤、大小寫錯(cuò)誤或詞形錯(cuò)誤(如單復(fù)數(shù))。因此,對(duì)于此類概括性詞匯要多背多寫,加強(qiáng)訓(xùn)練。【典例1】(·江蘇高考)(73)_______ofconscientiousnessConscientiousnesskeepsanorganization(74)_______

smoothly.Conscientiousemployeesatthelowerlevelsgiveoutstanding(75)_______

.Themostconscientioussalespersonsusuallyhavethelargestvolumeofsales.Conscientiousemployeesarelesslikelytobe(76)_______

.【點(diǎn)撥】表格右欄四點(diǎn)說明“盡責(zé)的重要性/功能/作用”,故填Functions/Roles/Importance/Significance?！镜淅?】(·江蘇高考)The(78)______ofthemagneticstufffortheanimalcompass

Littlerod-likebacteriawerefoundbychancetoswimtogetherinthedirectionof(79)______

.

Someanimalshadachainofdensemagneticparticlesinorclosetothe(80)______

insidetheirbodies.【點(diǎn)撥】右欄內(nèi)容就是說明科學(xué)家的發(fā)現(xiàn)。同時(shí),我們也可從右欄中的found得到暗示。所以第78空填概括性詞匯discovery。

為了幫助同學(xué)們提高概括性詞匯的填詞能力,我們特別總結(jié)了平時(shí)各類考試中?？嫉拇祟愒~匯。類別詞匯因果reasons(for),causes(of),analysis(about)effect,influence,result,consequence,outcome異同difference,similarity優(yōu)劣benefit,advantage,disadvantage,drawback,strengths,weaknesses類別詞匯目的purpose,aim,goal建議advice,suggestion,tip,proposal方式、方法means(of),way,method(of),solution(todoing),approach(todoing),how(todo)總結(jié)、結(jié)論summary,conclusion態(tài)度、觀點(diǎn)attitude(to/towards),idea(on),opinion(on),view,viewpoint(of)特點(diǎn)/征feature,characteristic措施、行動(dòng)measure,action類別詞匯評(píng)論、評(píng)價(jià)comment,remark,assessment問題problem,trouble要求、需求demand,need,requirement,qualification種類kind,type,category,style,form步驟step,procedure,process來源、用途history,source,origin;use,usage,function重要、意義significance(s),importance,meaning(s)定義、主題definition(s),theme(s),topic(s),subject(s)1(·南京模擬)Yousayyouwanttobealone?Thinkagain.Researchershavefoundthatolderpeoplewithfewerhumancontactsaremorelikelytodie—evenifthey’rehappyintheirisolation(孤立狀態(tài))—thanpeoplewithrichersociallives.Thestudyaddstothedebateoverwhetherloneliness,socialisolation,orsomecombinationofthetwoleadstohigherdeathrate.Socialisolationisanobjectiveconditioninwhichpeoplehavelittlecommunicationwithothers.Loneliness,ontheotherhand,isanemotionalstatefeltbypeoplewhoaredissatisfiedwiththeirsocialconnections.Tofindouttheeffectsofbeingaloneversus(比對(duì))justfeelinglonely,SteptoeofUniversityCollegeLondonandhiscolleaguesexamineddatafrom6,500Britonsaged50andupwhohadfilledoutquestionnairesassessingtheirlevelsofloneliness.Themostsociallyisolatedsubjectshada26%greaterriskofdying,evenwhensex,age,andotherfactorslinkedtosurvivalweretakenintoaccount,theresearchersreportonlinetodayintheProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyofSciences.Theythenmadechangesabouttheirmodeltodeterminewhethertheconnectiontodeathwasduetothefactthatisolatedpeopleareoftenlonely.Itwasn’t.Theresearchersthenexploredtheconnectionbetweenlonelinessitselfanddeath.Intenselonelinessalsoappearedtoraisetheriskofdeathby26%—untiltheteamtookintoaccountahostofotherfactorslinkedtosurvival,includingwealth,education,andthepresenceofhealthproblems.Oncetheirimpacthadbeenaccountedfor,thescientistsdiscoveredthatlonelinessonitsowndidn’tmakepeoplemorevulnerable(脆弱的)todeath.Theresearcherssuspectthatolderpeoplewhohavefewsocialtiesmaynotbegettingthecaretheyneed.Nooneisurgingthemtoeatrightortaketheirmedicine,andinacrisisnooneistheretohelp.Otherresearcherspraisethenewworkasrigorous(嚴(yán)密的)andwell-controlled.Buttheysayit’sfarfromclearthatsocialisolation,notloneliness,isalwaystherealcausewhenitcomestoincreasedmortality.Otherstudies,includinganalysisofolderAmericansledbyJohnCacioppo,apsychologyprofessorattheUniversityofChicagoinIllinois,haveshownalinkbetweenlonelinessandahigherdeathrate.CaciopposuspectsthatthedisagreementbetweenhisstudyandthenewresearchcouldliewithculturaldifferencesbetweenSteptoe’sBritishsubjectsandAmericansandthatBritonsandAmericansmaydefinefriendsdifferently,too.HealthpsychologistBertUchinooftheUniversityofUtahinSaltLakeCitypraisesthenewstudy,buthesaysthatresearchersarestillfarfromunderstandinghowthosetwofactorsaffectoneanotherandotherhealth-relatedbehaviors.DangersofIsolationPassageoutlineSupportingdetailsThefindingofanewstudyanditsimpact

Socialisolationmay(1)_______oldpeople’sriskofdeath.

More(2)_______

iscausedoverolderpeople’shigherdeathrate.Thedifferencesbetweensocialisolationandloneliness

Socialisolationmeansthatpeoplehardly(3)_______withothersorstayalone.

Lonelinessmeansthatpeoplearenotsatisfiedwiththeirsocialconnectionsor(4)_______lonely.Theconclusionoftheresearch

Theisolationactuallyledtoagreaterriskofdying,but(5)_______itselfcouldn’tcausethehigherdeathrate.

Thecauseofhigherdeathratemightlieintheirlackofgoodcareandtimely(6)_______.The(7)_______ofotherresearchers

Itwasstill(8)_______thatsocialisolationratherthanlonelinessistherealcauseofhigherdeathrate.

CulturaldifferencesbetweenBritonsandAmericansmightexplainthe(9)_______resultofthestudybyJohnCacioppo.

Thereisstillalongwaytogobefore(10)_______howthosetwofactorsaffectoneanother.1.【解析】increase/raise。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“Researchershavefoundthatolderpeoplewithfewerhumancontactsaremorelikelytodie...和Intenselonelinessalsoappearedtoraisetheriskofdeathby26%”的理解和運(yùn)用能力。從句中的raisetherisk可知。2.【解析】debate。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“Thestudyaddstothedebateoverwhetherloneliness,socialisolation,orsomecombinationofthetwoleadstohigherdeathrate.”相關(guān)信息的識(shí)別能力。3.【解析】communicate。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“Socialisolationisanobjectiveconditioninwhichpeoplehavelittlecommunicationwithothers.”的理解和運(yùn)用能力。根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞communication可知此處要填謂語動(dòng)詞communicate。4.【解析】feel。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“Loneliness,ontheotherhand,isanemotionalstatefeltbypeoplewhoaredissatisfiedwiththeirsocialconnections.”的理解和運(yùn)用能力。原文feltbypeople為過去分詞短語作后置定語,此處feel是謂語動(dòng)詞,與arenotsatisfied并列。5.【解析】loneliness。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“thescientistsdiscoveredthatlonelinessonitsowndidn’tmakepeoplemorevulnerabletodeath”相關(guān)信息的識(shí)別能力。6.【解析】help。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“Nooneisurgingthemtoeatrightortaketheirmedicine,andinacrisisnooneistheretohelp.”的理解和運(yùn)用能力。原句中help是動(dòng)詞,在此句中其前有形容詞timely修飾,故此空填名詞help。7.【解析】opinions/views。此題屬于概括性詞匯。本題考查考生的信息概括能力。根據(jù)表格右欄的內(nèi)容可知此處指“其他研究者的觀點(diǎn)/看法”。8.【解析】unclear/vague/ambiguous。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“Buttheysayit’sfarfromclearthatsocialisolation,notloneliness,isalwaystherealcausewhenitcomestoincreasedmortality.”的理解和運(yùn)用能力。farfromclear意思是“不清晰”。9.【解析】different。此題屬于轉(zhuǎn)換詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中信息“BritonsandAmericansmaydefinefriendsdifferently,too”的理解和運(yùn)用能力。原文differently修飾動(dòng)詞define,此處用形容詞different修飾名詞result。10.【解析】understanding。此題屬于原文詞匯。本題考查考生對(duì)文中“hesaysthatresearchersarestillfarfromunderstandinghowthosetwofactorsaffectoneanotherandotherhealth-relatedbehaviors”的理解和運(yùn)用能力。原文和此題understand均放在介詞后,故均用其-ing形式。2(2016·常州模擬)Doweneedan“IvyLeague(常春藤聯(lián)盟)”?Chinamaysoonhaveitsown“IvyLeague”,withaunionoftopuniversities.ThetermoriginallyreferredtoanathleticconferenceofeighttopuniversitiesinthenortheasternUS.TheChineseversion,whichwasofficiallystartedinmid-October,consistsofninefamousuniversities,includingPeking,Tsinghua,ZhejiangandFudan.Theunionissupposedtoresultinstudentexchangeprograms,recognitionofacademicachievements,andotherjointprograms.ThenewsofthisChinese“IvyLeague”hasreceivedmixedresponsesfromthepublicandpress.Somenegativecriticshavedismisseditasyetanotherexampleofthewishfulcopyingofinternationalpracticeswithoutfullyunderstandingthem.Otherssaythatthe“IvyLeague”isnotnecessarybutthattheunionisagoodidea,onethatcouldpromoteacademicdevelopment.Sowhat’syouropiniononaChinese“IvyLeague”?Doweneedone?Yes.IvyLeagueornot,nineofChina’sbestuniversities’cooperatingisagoodthing.Theseuniversitiescombiningresourcescouldcreateabetterenvironmentforstudentsandforresearch.Itcouldalsosavealotoftimeandresourcesbecauseitwouldmeanfewerunnecessaryinvestmentsforsomeoftheuniversities.Allowingstudentstomovetoorhaveexchangeswithotheruniversitiescouldbroadentheirhorizons,improvetheirsocialskillsandcreatemoreemploymentopportunities.Theresultscouldbemoreimportantthanlessonsan