論哈代綜合悲劇觀的體現(xiàn)和形成原因及論外宣翻譯的譯者主體性

OnHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedyandtheReasonsforItsFormationAbstract:ThomasHardyisthemostfamouswriterof19thcentury,calledas“thefatheroftragedy”.Inhisseriesofnovels,hemainlycriticizesthecapitalistcivilization.IntheVictorianperiod,capitalistinvasionofruralareasmadepeasantsconfrontbankruptcy.Asaresult,thelifeofthepeopleinthevillageswasverymiserable.Hardywitnessesthetragicscenesofthepeopleintheruralareasandhesupposesallofthescenesarecausedbythecapitalism.Asahumanist,Hardywantstosearchforawaytorescuethepeople,butbecauseofthelimitationsofthesocietyandHardyhimself,hecan’tfindacorrectway,thusHardy’sthoughtsalsoexperienceaseriesofchanges.HeisaffectedbyTheTheoryOfEvolutionandTheTheoryOfTheSocialEvolution,meanwhileheformshisowntheory.Insteadoffindingacorrectway,hegraduallyformsthetragicattitude.TessisoneofthemostfamousnovelsbyHardy,andHardy’scomprehensiveconceptoftragedywastotallyexpressedinTess.ThethesismainlyanalyzesTess’stragicfateandthereasonsoftheformingofHardy’scomprehensiveconceptoftragedy.KeyWords:fataltragedy;charactertragedy;socialtragedy;comprehensivetragedy論哈代綜合悲劇觀的體現(xiàn)和形成原因摘要：托馬斯哈代是19世紀(jì)英國著名的小說家，哈代中后期的小說帶有濃重的悲劇色彩，因此哈代被譽(yù)為“悲劇之父”。他對(duì)資本主義文明的發(fā)展采取了堅(jiān)決批判的態(tài)度。在19世紀(jì)中葉，資本主義侵入農(nóng)村，資本主義機(jī)器文明的侵入致使農(nóng)村大量的手工業(yè)者面臨破產(chǎn)的境界。哈代親眼目睹了這一切，作為一個(gè)人道主義者，哈代想要找到一條出來解決這一情況，但由于時(shí)代和自身的局限性，哈代并沒有找到解決辦法，他接受了達(dá)爾文的進(jìn)化論以及叔本華的社會(huì)進(jìn)化論，并從中形成了自己的理論-在哈代這一系列的探索中，哈代逐漸形成了自己的悲劇觀，在哈代的小說《苔絲》中，這種悲劇色彩尤為明顯。本文旨在通過對(duì)苔絲悲劇命運(yùn)的解析，來闡述哈代的綜合悲劇觀以及深入探討分析哈代的綜合悲劇觀形成的原因，以及其具體表現(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞：命運(yùn)悲劇；性格悲??；社會(huì)悲劇；綜合悲劇觀CONTENTSTOC\o"1-3"\h\zIntroduction 11. BriefIntroductionofThomasHardyandTessoftheD’udbervilles 11.1TheMainContentofTessOfTheD’udbervill 11.1.1TheBriefIntroductionoftheCreation 11.1.2TheEvolutionofTessofTheD’udbervilles 22.ThomaHardy’sExpressionofComprehensiveConceptofTragedyinTessofTheD’udbervilles 22.1ThomasHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedyEmbodyedinTess’sFatalTragedy 32.2.ThomasHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedyEmbodyedinTess’sSocialTragedy 42.3.ThomasHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedyEmbodyedinTheTragedyofTess’sCharacter 53.TheReasonsofThomasHardy’sFormationofTheComprehensiveConceptofTragedy 63.1GrowthEnvironment’sAffectionofHardyonFormingHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedy 63.2TheSocialChanges’AffectiononFormingHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedy .63.3TheReligionsandSomeFamousTheories’affectiononFormingHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedy……………..84.Conclusion …………….8Bibliography………………..……………11PAGE浙江科技學(xué)院學(xué)士學(xué)位論文IntroductionThomasHardyisthefamouswriterin19thcentury,called“thefatherofthetragedy”.Inhisseriesofnovels,hecriticizesthecapitalismcivilization.Heistheauthoracrosstwocenturies,andtheearlyandmid-fictionworksmainlyinheritandcarryforwardtheliterarytraditionoftheVictorianperiod,histwilightyearswithexcellentpoetrypioneering20thcenturyBritishliterature.IntheVictorianperiod,capitalisminvadesofruralareas,andthepeasantsoftheareasconfrontbankruptcy.Hardywitnessesthemiserablescenes,hewantstofindawaytosavethepeople.Butbecauseofthelimitationofthesocietyandhimself,hecan’tfindthecorrectway.Intheprocessesofsearchingfortheway,histhoughtsalsoexperiencealotofchanges,meanwhileheacceptedthetheoryofevolutionandthelifetragedyofSchopenhauer’sphilosophy.Thus,heformshisowntheory.TESSisHardy’srepresentativenovel.Inthenovel,Tessasatragicfigure,thewholeofherlifeisfullofmisery.FromthenovelofTESS,wecanknowthatHardyisapessimist.Inthethesis,wewillstudythecomprehensiveconceptoftragedy;howitisexpressedinthenovelofTESS,andexplorewhatisHardy’sexpressionofcomprehensiveconceptoftragedyandhowthecomprehensiveconceptoftragedyforms.1.BriefIntroductionofThomasHardyandTessofTheD’udbervillesThomasHardy(ThomasHardy,1840-1928)isoneofthegreatBritishwritersandpoets.Heistheauthorwhospannedacrosstwocenturies,andhisearlyandmid-fictionworksmainlycarryforwardtheliterarytraditionoftheVictorianera;inhistwilightyears,hewroteexcellentpoetrypioneering20thcentury’sBritishliterature.InhisyouthHardywasanarchitects,afterthataprofessionalwriterforhalfofhislife,andhelivesinthecountryside.Hisnovelsaboutvillagesaresubjecttothetitle"Wessexnovels,"forhishometownofWessex.Thisancientnamewasusedasthebackgroundofhisnovels.1.1TheMainContentofTessofTheD’udbervilles1.1.1TheBriefIntroductionoftheCreationThenovelTessoftheD'urbervilles,waswrittenbythefamousEnglishnovelistandpoetThomasHardy(1840-1928).ThestoryhappensinasmallvillageWessex.ItisHardy’shometown’sancientname.ThisnovelisaboutavillagegirlTess’sfataltragedy.Tesswishestomakealivingbyherself,topursuethehappiness,andtogaintherightsoftheindividual,butsocialforcesdidnotletgo,Finally,shewasledtothetragedy.Thenovelstronglydefendsthereligious,andhasthetendencyofanti-bourgeoislegalsystematthattimeoftheBritishupperclasses,despiteconfrontingthecommunity'sopposition,butitstillwasthegeneralreaders’favorite.Thepublicationwassoontranslatedintomanylanguages,andthisnovelontothescreenonseveraloccasions,meanwhileincreasesHardy’sreputationintheworld.1.1.2TheEvolutionofTessofTheD’udbervillesTessoftheD'urbervillesisafamousEnglishnovelcreatedbyfamousEnglishnovelistandpoetThomasHardy.Althoughthenovelhasbeenfor100years,theheroineTesshasstilllongestablishedinthegalleryamongtheworldliterature.Thisisnotonlybecausetheheroinehasbeyondthetraditionalmorality,butalsobecausetheheroineownsthedepthsofhumannatureastheheroine’ssoulofgreatcharmmakesitthemosttouchingoneofthefemaleimages.Tess'stragicfateistheselectionofcertainfactors,butthistragedyitselfisinevitablebecauseitistheresultofsocialfactors,thedestinyofthefactors,personalityfactorsandtheoccasionalnon-rationalfactors.2.ThomasHardy’sExpressionofComprehensiveConceptofTragedyinTessofTheD’udbervillesThomasHardyiscalledthe“pessimist”,andafull-bodiedtragicbeingisembodiedinhisworks.IntheVictorianperiod,capitalisminvadedtheruralareas,andthepeasantsfacedbankruptcy.Hardywitnessesthemiserablescenes,hewantstofindawaytosavethepeople.Butbecauseofthelimitsofsocietyandhimself,hecan’tfindthecorrectway.Intheprocessofsearchingfortheway,histhoughtsalsoexperiencealotofchanges,heacceptedthetheoryofevolutionandthelifetragedyofSchopenhauer’sphilosophy.Thus,heformshisowntheory.However,theformationofHardy’scomprehensiveconceptoftragedyisbynomeanscontingency.Instead,itiscloselyrelatedwiththehistoricalbackgroundandlivingsurroundingswhichhelivedin.Hardybelievesinfatalismandhethinkseverythingintheearthhasbeenarrangedandnoonecanescapefromthefate.Especiallyinhisarts,healwaysbaseshisworkonthepoorpeopleofthelowerclasses.Hewantstodescribetheirpuzzleandmiseryinhisnovels,buttheendsofthestoriesarealwaystragic.InhisfamousnovelTESS,heregardsTessasakind,pureandbravewoman.Sheisbraveenoughtodefendherselfagainsttheevilpowerandshedoesn’tyieldtotheevilpower.ButinHardy’sinner—heart,hethinksitistherevengewhichGodarrangesbecauseTesshastheancestryofnobilityandtheyhadconstrictedthepoorpeople.AlthoughHardydefendsthetraditionalreligions,hestillcan’tescapefromthetraditionalthoughts.Inhisheart,hesympathizethemiserableexperiencesofTess,buthecan’tacceptthefactofTesslosinghervirginity.Hardy’stragedyisinheritedfromtheGreektragedies,andimitatesShakespear’stragedy.ItisespeciallyinheritedfromtheGreektragedies.InHardy’snovels,wecanseetheheroalwayshavethecouragetoresisttheviciouspower.AnditisverysimilartotheformandpessimismexpressedinGreek’stragedies.Inanotheraspect,HardyimitatesShakespear’scomplicatedtragedycreatedmethods.InHardy’snovels,therearealwayscomplicatedandintricateplots.MeanwhileHardyalsoformshisownstyle,namely“environmentandfigures”.WeshouldknowthatHardyisnotapurepessimist.Inhislife,heexperienceddifferentsteps,atlast,duetoallkindsofthereasons,Hardyformshistragiccharacters.Hardy’stragiccharactersmainlyexpresshisfatalisticviewpoint.InhisnovelswealwayscanfindthatGodcontrolseverythingandthehumanbeingispowerless.ThecomplicatedandcontradictorythoughtsformHardy’scomprehensivetragedies.2.1ThomasHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedyEmbodiedinTess’sFatalTragedyInthewholelifeofTess,herfatelookstohavebeenchangedbytheGod.Weknowthatfromthefollowing:Tess’sfatherJohnwastoldbyParsonTringhanthatheisthelinealrepresentativeoftheancientandknightlyfamilyoftheD’Urbervilles.Johnisaheavydrinker,andfinallyheistoodrunktogetup.ThenitisthesuddendeathoftheironlyhorsePrince.Havingnootherchoice,TesshastoclaimkinshipandgotoworkforAlecD’Urbervilles.Severalmonthslater,AlecseizesachanceandfinallyseducesTess,beforethatTessalwaysavoidedAlec.UnfortunatelythesexmakesTesspregnant.Tess’sbabydiesininfancyTessmeetsAngel,sherefusesAngelseveraltimes,asanormalman,hemusthavealreadydecidedtogiveupTess,butitisnotfightoffAngel.Finally,TesswasmovedandpromisedAngle.TesswritesAngelaletterandslipsitunderhisdoorway,butGodknows,Angeldoesn’tfindtheletteruntilthedayoftheirwedding.TessvisitsEmminstertoasktheClaresforassistance.WhilereturningtoFlintcomb-Ash,TesshappenstomeetAlec.AfterthedeathofJohnDurbeyfield,thefamilylosestheirlordandmustfindaccommodationselsewhere.Angeldoesn’timmediatelyfindTess’sletterandgoesbacktofindher.TessandAngeltogetherspendafewshorthappydayswithoutbeingfound.FinallyonedaywhenAngelwakesuphefindstheyarearrestedbythepolice.“Hardyheldthattheuniverseisindifferenttothefateofhumanity,evenhostiletoit,thathumanbeingsareignorantandcareless,andthattheyusuallygetthemselvesintoworsepredicamentsthantheywoulddoiftheyexercisedreasonablecaution,anddidnotalwaysblindlyhopeforthebest.”(Zhang＆Long:66).SoinTessoftheD’Urbervilles,Hardy’severyplanputsTess’sfatetoatragicendingandtheplanscannotbealtered.Sometimeshisplansseemtoupunintelligible.HardythoughtthatTess’stragedywasarrangedbyfate.BytheendofTessoftheD’Urbervilles,Hardywrotethat“‘Justice’wasdone,andthePresidentoftheImmortalshadendedhissportwithTess.”(Hardy:678)AndinTessoftheD’UrbervillesHardyoftenstateshispessimisticideas,thereisasuchparagraph“Intheill-judgedexecutionofthewelljudgedplanofthingsthecallseldomproducesthecomer,themantoloverarelycoincideswiththehourforloving.Naturedoesnotoftensay‘See!’toherpoorcreatureatatimewhenseeingcanleadtohappydoing;orreply‘Here!’toabody’scryof‘Where!’tillthehideandseekhasbecomeanirksome,outworngame.”2.2.ThomasHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedyEmbodiedinTess’sSocialTragedyBytheendofthe19thcentury,theVictorianshadexperiencedfundamentalchanges.

TessoftheD’Urbervillesissetinsuchanage“whenthepastoralvillagelifeisonitswayoutandtheencroachingfeetofmoderncivilizationhavemovedin.agricultureanddairyfarmsarebeingreplaced,andtherailwayliesasolidmenaceonthefringeofthevillage—thebackboneofrurallife.”(Chang:291)Atthattime,capitalismprevailedinthewholeEnglandthatmadebroadmassesofpeasantswentbankrupt,andthentheyhadtoliveinpoverty.InTessoftheD’Urbervilles“thereisanapparentnostalgictouchinHardy’sdescriptionofthesimpleandbeautifulthoughprimitiverurallife,whichwasgraduallydeclininganddisappearingasEnglandwasmarchingfastintoanindustrialcountry.”(Zhang＆Long:63).Tessisjustlivinginsuchanenvironment,andfromherwecanseeclearlythehintofthatspecialperiod.InHardy’sopinion,Tess’stragedyisfirstlycausedbytheepoch.Tessisapoorpeasant’seldestdaughter.Inoneaccident,theironlyhorseiskilled.Thedeathofthehorsedestroysthefamily’slivelihoodandfinishesthefamily’shaulingbusiness.Inordertosurvives,Tessisforcedtoclaimkinshipwhichbeginshertragedy.Inthenovel,therearemanydescriptionsofTessworkinginthefield.Shefirstworkedonadairyfarm.Atthebeginning,thelivingconditionsonthefarmquiteacceptable.“Sheappearedtofeelthatshereallyhadlaidanewfoundationforherfuture.”(Hardy:182)Tessisfullofexpectations.ThenafterAngelabandonsher,shecannotreturntofarmagain.Tessreturnshome,whereherfamilyremainsimpoverishedandTesshasnoplacetostay.Inordertoearnalivingbyherown,TessjourneystoFlintcomb-Ash.ThereTessworksasaSwede-hacker.Flintcomb-Ashisreallyabarrenandroughplace.Herjobisto“grubupthelowerorearthyhalfoftheroot”(Hardy:482)because“theupperhalfofeachturniphadbeeneatenoffbythelive-stock.”(Hardy:482)Sometimesitrains,buttheycouldnotstopworking,foriftheydidnotworktheywouldnotbepaid,sotheyworkson.Andbecause“itissohighasituationthattherainhasnooccasiontofall,butracedalonghorizontallyupontheyellingwind,stickingintothemlikeglasssplinters,tilltheywerewetthrough.”（Hardy:483）Sometimeswhenthereisfrosteventheirthickleatherglovescouldnotpreventthefrozenmassestheyhandledfrombitingtheirfingers.Fromtheabovedescription,wecangetavividpictureofTess,whoisexhaustedwithmanuallabor,butstillcouldhardlysupportherfamily.Theself-supportingpeasantsweredisplacedandimpoverished.Hardysuccessfullyrevealed“thetragicfateofthesimpleruralfolkwhenconfrontingtheintrusionandinfluenceoftheurbancivilizationthatisdegeneratedbythebourgeoisie.”2.3ThomasHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedyEmbodiedinTess’sCharacterTragedyTessisapureandbravewoman.HardydescribesTessasowningmultiplecontradictorycharacters.Inherinner-heart,sheispure,kindandverybrave.WhenAlecseducedTess,heneverthoughtofmarryingherformoralreasonsandberesponsibleforhisconduct.Tessdeterminedtogobackhome,andshedoesn’twanttobeamistresstoAlec.Butinanotheraspect,whenshegoesbackherhometown,shedoesn’tdaretogooutindaytime,andonlyatnight,canshegototheriversidetopouroutherheart.Namely,inherinner-heart,shecan’tacceptthetruthofloosinghervirginity.Shedoesn’tthinksheisavictim.Sheblamesherselfdeeplyandthinksshedoesn’tdeservehappiness.ThesereflectthatTessisboundbytheconventionalthoughtsandreligion.Atlast,shemeetsAnglesandfallsinlovewithhim.ButinTess’sheart,shesupposesthatsheisnotpure,sosheseriouslysuffersinherheart.ShewantstotellAngleseverything.Finally,shetellshimeverything.ButAnglecan’tforgiveher.IfTessdidn’ttellherhusbandallofthethings,maybeeverythingwillbeokay,butTessissopureandhonest,shecan’tcheattheotherpeople.Tess’scharacteriscontradictorytosociety.Beingabeautiful,innocent,honest,andhard-workingcountrygirl,sheiseasilytakeninandabusedbythehypocriticalbourgeoisie,constantlysuppressedbysocialconventionsandmoralvaluesoftheday,andeventuallyexecutedbytheunfairlegalsystemofthesociety(Zhang,Long:65).3.TheReasonsofThomasHardy’sFormationofTheComprehensiveConceptofTragedy3.1GrowthEnvironment’sAffectionofHardyonFormingHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedyThomasHardy‘sfatherwasaarchitect.In1856,Hardyleftschoolbecomeanapprenticearchitect.Hisfatherisveryfrankandopen,andhelovesfolkmusicanddancingInHardy’schildhood.,hisfamiliesfinancialsituationisnotverygood,HisfatheroftengoestoperformancewithHardy,soHardyisconnectedwiththecommonpeopleofthesociety,andHardycanrealizethesufferingsofthecommonpeople.Hardy’smotherhasagreateffectonHardy’slife.HismotherisfondofliteratureincludingLatinclassicalpoems,Frenchknightliteratureandtragedy,shebutparticularemphasizesonHardy’seducation.Thus,inHardy’sboyhood,heisgraduallyinfluencedbythefamousworksandwasmovedbythecontentsoftheworks.Hardyhasadeepemotionforhishometown,soinhisnovels,heusuallymakeshishometownthebackground.Hardy’slife-workreflectsclearlythecountrylifeofhisday.HisboyhoodandyouthinthecountrysideandsmalltownofDorsetshireprovidetheimaginativeseedbedforhisbestwork.Hisgreatestachievementsinlifeishisportrayalofnature,ofwhichhecanshowthepowerandimmensityaswellasthetinest,delicatedetail;inhispicturesofgenuinedialogueofcountryfolk;inhisuseofthedramatic,sometimestragic,incidentsofaclosedsociety;inhisfeelingforthehistoricalfoundationsofthissocietyandhisdislikeforthechangescominguponit;andinhissympatheticmoralsensitivity.Heisfamousforhiscompassionate,oftencontroversialportrayalofruralyoungwomen,victimizedbytheself-righteousrigidityofEnglishsocialmoralities;andhismostfamousportrayalofsuchayoungwomanwasTess.3.2TheSocialChanges’AffectionsonFormingHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedyBytheendofthe19thcentury,theVictorianserahadexperiencedfundamentalchanges.Atthattime,capitalismprevailedinthewholeEnglandforcingbroadmassesofpeasantsintobankruptcyandtheyhadtoliveinpoverty.InTessoftheD’urbervilles,thereisanapparentnostalgictouchinHardy’sdescriptionofthesimpleandbeautifulthoughprimitiverurallife,whichwasgraduallydeclininganddisappearingasEnglandwasmarchingfastintoanindustrialcountry.”(Zhang＆Long:63).Tessisjustlivinginsuchanenvironment,andfromherwecanseeclearlythehintofthatspecialperiod.InHardy’sopinion,Tess’stragedyisfirstcausedbythecomingofanewepoch.Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,newinventionsanddiscoveriesingeology,astronomy,biologyandanthropologydrasticallyshookpeople’sreligiousconvictions.”(Zhang:242).Whenthemoderncivilizationspreadtothecountryside,ittookbroadmassesofpeasantsintoabitterlivingcondition,naturestopsbeingbenevolentandcaring,andsodoesGod.“Lifebecomescoldandindifferent,man’sethicalbeingdwindles,andhumansareaspowerlessasaresomanyflies.”ThecomprehendtragedyofHardyisthetragedyofonesociety,isthetragedyoftheeconomy,politicsandmoralityinbourgeoissociety.Thehypocriticalmoralityofthebourgeoissocietycanbeseeneverywhereinthenovels,especiallyinTESS,Alecisavillain;hedoesn’tthinkwoman’srightsshouldberespected.Heisthoroughlysensual,violentandheadstrong,anddeterminedongettinghisownwayatallcosts.HetreatsTessjustasatooltosatisfyhisdesireforsex.AfterseducingTess,heisneverthoughtofmarryingheroutofmoralconvictionreasonandberesponsibleforhisconduct.AngelmentallydestroysTess.BeforeTess’sconfession,AngelsthinksTessisperfect,andtrieshisbesttogainTess’slove.Onaweddingnight,Angelfirstconfesseshisfault.HeadmitsthathehadashortaffairwithastrangerinLondon.Hedoesn’tthinkthatitisaseriousmatter.ButafterTess’sconfession,Angel’sattitudetowardsTesschangesthoroughly.Hishypocriticalmoralityrevealshistrueself.Heholdstheviewthatonlymencanmakemistakes,andonemancanhaveseveralwomen,butasawoman,sheshouldbepure,havingnoflaw,andbeforeherweddingsheshouldbeavirgin,hedoesn’tforgiveTesseventhoughshewasnotwillingtoseducebyAlec.Heshouldnotattributeanotherman’sfaulttoTess.Histhoroughchangeofattitudeexposeshishypocriticalmorality.Tesshasdonenothingwrong,butAlecblameher“‘Ifearyouatmoments-farmorethanyouneedfearmeatpresent;andtolessenmyfear,putyourhanduponthatstonehand,andswearthatyouwillnevertemptme-byyourcharmsorway.’”(Hardy:528)ItisAlecwhoseducedTessbutheattributesallhisfaultstoTess.AngelalsoblamesTess“OTess,forgivenessdoesnotapplytothecast!Youwereoneperson:nowyouareanother.”(Hardy:387)TheyallattributethefaultstoTess,andtheyneverthinkthatagirlcannotlosehervirginitywithoutaman.Hardy’scompressiveconceptoftragedyisforminginthechangingsociety.Insociety,Hardycan’tfindawaytorescuethecommonpeople,andhetriesmanyways,butfinallyfails.Thus.,Hardyexpresseshisemotionsthroughwritingnovelsandinhisnovelshisheroinesalwayshavetragicendings.3.3TheReligionsandSomefamousTheories’affectionsonFormingHardy’sComprehensiveConceptofTragedyHardy'sreligiousthoughtsexperiencedthreephasesofpiousfaith.skepticismandrejection.Seimihistoricalsocialtransformation,developmentofscienceandthepublicationofDarwin'stheoriginofevolutionhadadecisiveeffectonHardy'salterationofhisreligiousoutlook.Hardywasborninareligiousfamily,andinhisboyhood,hewasproficientintheBible,religiousprinciplesandtheology.HisfatherandunclearetraditionalChristians.Hardyhadbeendreamingofbecomingaclergyman.Justlikehisfatheranduncle.Fromtheabovewecanseethatatthattime,HardyisadevoutChristian.ButwithalongSeismichistoricalsocialtransformationDevelopmentofscience,HardybeginstosuspectwhetherGodisomnipotentIntheVictorianperiod,Bytheendofthe19thcentury,theVictorianshadexperiencedfundamentalchanges.“Therapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,newinventionsanddiscoveriesingeology,astronomy,biologyandanthropologydrasticallyshookpeople’sreligiousconvictions.”(Zhang:242).Whenthemoderncivilizationspreadthecountryside,ittookbroadmassesofpeasantsintobitterlivingconditions,naturestopsbeingbenevolentandcaring,andsodoesGod.“Lifebecomescoldandindifferent,man’sethicalbeingdwindles,andhumansareaspowerless,asaresomanyflies.”Thesharpcontradictionofclasses,complicatedsocialproblems,andtheintenseculturalconflictsmakeHardyloseconfidenceinreligion.Thedevelopmentofthesciencealsoexpressestheuntruthandtheunreasonableandusesfacttodenythetrustworthymessofthereligioushistory.Especiallyafterindustricalrevolution,Darwin’sTheOriginofSpeciescomingouttotallysmashesthetheoryoftheChristianityandendsthelong-termdominionofpeople’sthoughts.BecauseHardyisanantitheist,hedoesn’tbelieveatGodexists,andeveniftheGodexists,heisveryincapable.Thus,Hardyhimselfcan’tfindthecorrectwaytorescuethepeople,andhecan’tplacehopeinGod,heisverydepressed.Therefore,heexpresshisemotioninhisnovels,andinhisnovels,youcanseethetragicendings.4.ConclusionHardyisthefamouswriterin19thcentury,andhisartsisresearchedbymanyscholars.Heisnotapurepessimist,andinhisnovels,youcanseehiscontradictoryandcomplicatedemotions.Heacceptedadvancedthoughtsandtheory,andyoucanseethethoughtsandthetheoryexpressedinhisarts,heisoneofthemostfamouswritersatthattime.Inthisnovel,youcanseeHardy’sthoughts,theoriesandhislifephilosophy.Hardy’scomprehensiveconceptoftragedyisexpressedtotallyinTess.ThroughtheheroineTess,youcanseethecomprehensiveconceptoftragedyexpressedinherlife,thesocietyshelivesinandherowncharactertragedy.AndmeanwhilewecanresearchthereasonsfortheformationofHardy’scomprehensiveconceptoftragedy,fromhisgrowthenvironment,hissocialenvironmentandsoon.Bibliography[1]Browning,R.Pippa‘sSong,PoemsandLyrics[M].NewYork:ThePeterPauperPress,1985,:[2]Howe,I.ThomasHardy[M].Exter:D.R.Hillman&SonsLtd,1966[3]Millgate,Michael,ed.ThomasHardy:SelectedLetters[M].Oxford:ClarendonPress,19904]Fairbanks,Carol.PrairieWomen:ImagesinAmericanandCanadianFiction[M].NewHaven:YaleUniversityPress,1986.[5]Berry,Foose&T.Jones.UpfromtheCradleofJazz:NewOrleansMusicSinceWorldWarII[M].Athens:UniversityofGeo