專業(yè)英語-第1部分無機化學命名課件

PartINomenclatureofInorganicCompounds第一部分無機物的命名[in?:g?nik]['k?mpaund]PartINomenclatureof第一部1一、元素與單質的命名“元素”和“單質”的英文意思都是“element”，有時為了區(qū)別，在強調“單質”時可用“freeelement”。因此，單質的英文名稱與元素的英文名稱是一樣的。下面給出的既是元素的名稱，同時又是單質的名稱。一、元素與單質的命名“元素”和“單質”的英文意2Neon[?

lju:min?m]35.溴Br

Bromine['br?umi:n]

53.碘I

Iodine['ai?di:n]Neon[?lju:min?m]35.溴Br3

Fe:Iron

[ai?n]

Mn:Manganese

[m??ɡ?ni:z]

Cu:CopperZn:Zinc

Ag:

Silver

Au:GoldCr：Chromium

['kr?umj?m]

Hg：Mercury['m?:kjuri]Ba:

Barium

['b??ri?m]CommonTransitionElememtFe:Iron[ai?n] Comm4二、化合物的命名化合物的命名順序都是根據化學式從左往右，這與中文讀法順序是相反的。表示原子個數時使用前綴：

(1)mono-(2)di-(3)tri-(4)tetra-(5)penta-(6)hexa-(7)hepta-(8)octa-(9)nona-(10)deca-(mono-和tetra-以后的前綴中的a,o在后元音字母之前省去)但是在不會引起歧義時，這些前綴都盡可能被省去。二、化合物的命名化合物的命名順序都是根據化學式從51.Namingmetalions(cations)

for

metaloxides,basesandsaltsforexample:Na+SodiumMg2+MagnesiumAl3+AluminumK+PotassiumCa2+Calcium(1)SinglevalenceionsCation’sname=Element[?

lju:min?m]['k?tai?n]

1.Namingmetalions(cations6說明：對于有變價的金屬元素，多采用羅馬數字來表示金屬的氧化態(tài)，或用后綴-ous表示低價，-ic表示高價。(2)MultivalenceionsCation’sname=Element(N)Forexample:Fe2+Iron(II)orFerrous

Fe3+Iron(III)orFerricCu+Copper(I)orCuprousCu2+Copper(II)orCupric

Cr2+Chromium(II)Cr3+Chromium(III)Mn2+Manganese(II)Mn4+Manganese(IV)羅馬數字：I,II,III,IV,V,VI,VII,VIII,IX,XTraditionalrulesofnomenclatureStocksystem說明：對于有變價的金屬元素，多采用羅馬數字來表示金屬的氧化態(tài)7Hg+(Hg22+)Mercury(I)orMercurousHg2+Mercury(II)orMercuricSn2+Tin(II)orStannousSn4+Tin(IV)orStannicAs3+Arsenic(III)orArsenousAs5+Arsenic(V)orArsenic[m?:'kju?rik]

[a:s?nik]['m?:kjur?s][d]Hg+(Hg22+)Mercury(I)orM82.Namingnonmetalions(anions)(1)

MonatomicanionsAnion’sname=Element’sroot-ideForexample:Cl-ChlorideO2-Oxide

Br-BromideH-HydrideI-IodideCN-CyanideS2-SulfideOH-HydroxideHHydrogenOOxygenSSulfurFFluorineClChlorineBrBromineIIodine['sai?naid]說明：這些名稱既是離子的名稱，也是該類化合物的統稱。[‘?nai?n]2.Namingnonmetalions(anion9(2)PolyatomicoxyanionsAnion’sname=CentralElement’sroot-atei.Acidradicalsfornormalsalt(正酸根-ate)forexample:SO42-

SulfateNO3-NitratePO43-

Phosphate

CO32-CarbonateClO3-ChlorateBrO3-BromateIO3-IodateS2O32-

ThiosulfateSSulfurNNitrogenPPhosphorusCCarbonClChlorineBrBromineIIodine說明：這些名稱既是離子的名稱，也是該類化合物的統稱。(2)PolyatomicoxyanionsAnion’10Anion’sname=Centralelement’sroot-iteii.Acidradicalsformeta-salts(亞酸根-ite)forexample:SO32-SulfiteNO2-NitritePO33-PhosphiteClO2-Chlorite

BrO2-BromiteIO2-Iodite

SSulfurNNitrogenPPhosphorusClChlorineBrBromineIIodineAnion’sname=Centralelement11Anion’sname=Per-centralElement’sroot-ateiii.Acidradicalsforpersalts(高酸根Per-ate)forexample:ClO4-

Perchlorate

BrO4-

PerBromateIO4-

PeriodateMnO4-

Permanganate

ClChlorineBrBromineIIodineMnManganeseAnion’sname=Per-centralEle12Anion’sname=Hypo-Centralelement’sroot-ite

iv.Acidradicalsforhypo-salts(次酸根-ite)forexample:ClO-

Hypochlorite

BrO-

HypobromiteIO-

HypoioditePO23-

Hypophosphite

PPhosphorusClChlorineBrBromineIIodineAnion’sname=Hypo-Centrale133.Namingcompounds(1)

MetaloxideMetaloxide=Cation+oxideForexample:FeOFe2O3Fe3O4Na2O2Iron(II)oxide(Ferrousoxide)Iron(III)oxide(Ferricoxide)FerroferricoxideSodiumperoxide3.Namingcompounds(1)Metalo14(2)

NonmetaloxideNonmetaloxide=n-Nonmetalelement+n-oxide

orNonmetalelement(N)+oxide

Forexample:COCO2

SO3N2O3P2O5N2O4有些物質常用俗稱:如:NO:nitricoxideN2O:nitrousoxideCarbonmonoxideCarbondioxideSulfurtrioxideDinitrogentrioxideDiphosphoruspentoxideDinitrogentetroxideCarbon(II)oxideCarbon(IV)oxideSulfur(VI)oxideNitrogen(III)oxidePhosphorus(V)oxideNitrogen(IV)oxideTraditionalrulesofnomenclatureStocksystem(2)NonmetaloxideNonmetaloxi15(3)非金屬氫化物除了水和氨氣使用俗稱water，ammonia以外，其它的非金屬氫化物都用系統名稱，命名規(guī)則根據化學式的寫法不同而有所不同。（1）對于鹵族和氧族氫化物，Ｈ在化學式中寫在前面，因此將其看成與另一元素的二元化合物。舉例：HFhydrogenfluorideHClhydrogenchlorideHBrhydrogenbromideHIhydrogeniodide

H2ShydrogensulfideH2Sehydrogenselenide

['selinaid]H2Tehydrogentelluride['teljuraid]（2）對于其它族的非金屬氫化物，Ｈ在化學式中寫在后面，可加后綴-ane，氮族還可加-ine舉例：PH3:phosphine或phosphane AsH3:arsine或arsane胂SbH3:stibine或stibaneBiH3:bismuthane?CH4:methaneSiH4:silaneB2H6:diborane乙硼烷(3)非金屬氫化物除了水和氨氣使用俗稱wat16(4)Acidsi.Per-,normalacid(itssalt-ate)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ic+acidForexample:H2CO3H2SO4H3PO4HNO3HClO3HClO4SSulfur

NNitrogenPPhosphorusCCarbonFFluorineClChlorineBrBromineIIodineCarbonic

acidSulfuric

acidPhosphoric

acidNitric

acidChloric

acidPerchloric

acid(4)Acidsi.Per-,normalacid(17ii.

Meta-andhypo-acid(itssalt-ite)Acid=Centralelement’sroot-ous+acidForexample:H2SO3H3PO3HNO2HClO2HClOSulfurous

acidPhosphorousacidNitrousacidChlorous

acidHypochlorousacidii.Meta-andhypo-acid(its18含氧酸與含氧酸根陰離子采用前后綴的不同組合顯示不同價態(tài)的含氧酸和含氧酸根陰離子，價態(tài)相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根陰離子具有相同的前綴，不同的后綴。高某酸per-ic正酸–ic亞酸-ous次酸hypo-ous高某酸根per-ate正酸根–ate亞酸根-ite次酸根hypo-ite其它的前綴還有ortho-正meta-偏thio-硫代舉例：HClO4perchloricacidClO4-perchlorateionHClO3chloricacidClO3-chlorateionHClO2chlorousacidClO2-chloriteionHClOhypochlorousacidClO-

hypochloriteionH2SO4

sulfuricacidSO42-

sulfateionH2SO3

sulfurousacidSO32-

sulfiteionHNO3nitricacidNO3-nitrateionHNO2nitrousacidNO2-nitriteion練習：寫出磷的含氧酸和含氧酸根（鹽）的名稱。含氧酸與含氧酸根陰離子采用前后綴的不同組合顯19forexample:HClHydrochloric

acid

HBr

hydrobromic

acidHIHydroiodic

acid

H2S

hydrosulphuric

acid命名規(guī)則：hydro-詞根-ic

acidiii.

無氧酸（hydro-）forexample:命名規(guī)則：hydro-詞根-ica20(5)BasesBase=Metalcation+hydroxideForexample:Al(OH)3NaOHCa(OH)2Ba(OH)2Fe(OH)2AluminumhydroxideSodiumhydroxide

CalciumhydroxideBariumhydroxideIron(II)hydroxideorFerroushydroxide(5)BasesBase=Metalcation+21(6)

鹽(Salts)Normalsalt=Cation+anioni.Normalsalt

(正鹽)：根據化學式從左往右分別讀出陽離子和陰離子的名稱。Forexample:HgSO4

Hg2SO4KNO3Na2CO3NaClOFeSO4KMnO4Mercury(II)sulfateMercury(I)sulfatePotassiumnitrateSodiumcarbonateSodiumhypochloriteIron(II)sulfatePotassiumpermanganate(6)鹽(Salts)Normalsalt=Cati22Acidicsalt=Cation+hydrogen+anionii.Acidicsalts：同正鹽的讀法，酸根中的Ｈ讀做hydrogen，氫原子的個數用前綴表示。Forexample:NaHSO4Na2HPO4NaH2PO4Ca(HSO4)2NaHCO3

[?'sidik]SodiumhydrogensulfateDisodiumhydrogenphosphateSodiumdihydrogenphosphateCalciumbisulfateSodiumhydrogencarbonateorSodiumbicarbonate

Acidicsalt=Cation+hydroge23Basicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-anioniii.BasicsaltsForexample:Cu2(OH)2CO3Ca(OH)ClMg(OH)PO4Dicopper(II)dihydroxycarbonateCalciumhydroxychlorideMagnesiumhydroxyphosphateBasicsalt=Cation+hydroxy-24Mixedsalt=Cation+cation’+anioniv.Mixedsalts(復鹽)：同正鹽的讀法Forexample:NaKSO3CaNH4PO4

AgLiCO3NaNH4SO4KNaCO3

NaNH4HPO4[?'m?unj?m]n.銨SodiumpotassiumsulfiteCalciumammoniumphosphateSilverlithiumcarbonateSodiumammoniumsulfatePotassuimsodiumcarbonate

SodiumammoniumhydrogenphosphateMixedsalt=Cation+cation’25v.水合鹽：結晶水讀做water或hydrate.Forexample:AlCl3?6H2O:Aluminumchloride6-waterorAluminumchloridehexahydrate

AlK(SO4)2?12H2O:Aluminiumpotassiumsulfate12-water