環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語課件

環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語陳維芳Autumnsemester,2012

環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語陳維芳推薦教材環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語第二版，華南理工大學(xué)，鐘理主編PrinciplesofEnvironmentalEngineeringandScience,清華大學(xué)出版社英文影印版推薦教材環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語第二版，華南理工大學(xué)，鐘理主編Part1IntroductiontoEnvironmentalEngineeringEnvironmentalEngineeringUsingtheprinciplesofbiologyandchemistry,

environmentalengineersdevelopsolutionsto

environmentalproblemsPart1IntroductiontoEnvironEnvironmentalEngineersInvolvedinwaterandair

pollutioncontrol,recycling,wastedisposal,andpublic

healthissueswithaknowledgeofenvironmentalengineeringlaws.Theyalsostudytheenvironmentalimpactofproposedconstructionprojects.Musthaveastronggraspofmathematics,includingalgebra,geometryand

calculus;sciences,suchasbiology,chemistry,physics

andcomputersystemsetc.EnvironmentalScientistsEnvironmentalScientistsprovidethefundamentaltheoriesusedbyenvironmentalengineerstodesignsolutionsforenvironmentalproblems“Scientistsdiscoverthingsandengineersmakethemwork”EnvironmentalEngineersHistoricalperspectiveTheRomansconstructedaqueductstopreventdroughtandtocreateaclean,healthfulwatersupplyforthemetropolisofRomeMid-1800-mid-1900:sanitaryengineering(waterpurification)Afterlate1960s,modernenvironmentalengineeringHistoricalperspectiveTheRomaEnvironmentalsystemsEcosystemEnvironmentalsystemsEcosystemAfreshwaterecosysteminGranCanaria,anislandoftheCanaryIslands

環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語ppt課件WaterresourcesmanagementsystemWatersupplysubsystemWaterresourcesmanagementsysWastewaterdisposalsubsystemWastewaterdisposalsubsystemAirresourcemanagementAirresourcemanagementSolidwastemanagementSolidwastemanagementMultimediasystems:environmentalproblemscrosstheair-water-soilboundaryMultimediasystems:environmenEnvironmentalproblemsOverpopulation:thepresenceinagivenareaofmorepeoplethancanbesupportedadequatelybytheresourcesavailableinthatareaPollution:areductioninthequalityoftheenvironmentbytheintroductionofimpuritiesconcentrationoforganicwastesintroductionofsyntheticchemicalsintotheenvironmentDepletionofresourcesChangesintheglobalcondition:ozonelayer,globalwarmingWarEnvironmentalproblemsOverpopuSustainability:Howdowemaintainourecosysteminthelightofmajordepletionofournaturalresources.Examples:PollutionpreventionbytheminimizationofwasteproductionLifecycleanalysisofourproductiontechniquetoincludebuilt-infeaturesforextractionandreuseofmaterialSelectionofmaterialsandmethodsthathavealonglifeSelectionofmanufacturingmethodsandequipmentthatminimizeenergyandwaterconsumptionSustainability:HowdowemainEnvironmentallegislationandregulationWildlifeandhabitatprotection(EndangeredSpeciesAct1966)Waterqualitymanagement(CleanWaterAct1977)DrinkingwaterWaterpollutioncontrolAirqualitymanagement(CleanAirAct,1963)Noisepollutioncontrol(NoisePollutionandAbatementAct,1970)Solidwastemanagement(SolidWasteDisposalAct,1965)Hazardouswastemanagement(HazardousandSolidWasteAmendment1984)Atomicenergyandradiationmanagement(Atomicenergy1946)EnvironmentallegislationandEnvironmentalethicsEthics:thecharacterofapersonasdescribedbyhisorheractionsEnvironmentalethicsEthics:thEnvironmentalscienceisfundamentallyastudyofphysics,chemistryandbiologyofnaturalsystemsortheenvironmentChemistryisastudyofmatterMatterisanysubstancethathasmassandoccupiesspaceElement:cannotbebrokendowntosimplersubstancebyanychemicalreactionCompounds:substancescontaintwoormoreelements;organic,inorganicMixture:amaterialwithvariablecompositions,whichcanbeseparatedbyphysicalmeansComponent:ApartofamixtureorsolutionPart2BasicchemicalconceptsEnvironmentalscienceisfundaBasicchemicalconceptsAtoms,elementsandtheperiodictable

atomicnumber（原子數(shù)）：numberofprotonsmassnumber（質(zhì)量數(shù)）:totalnumberofprotonandneutronisotope（同位素）：atomicnumberthesame,differentnumberofneutronatomicweight（原子量）：averageatomicmassnucleuselectronatomprotonneutronBasicchemicalconceptsAtoms,PeriodictableC:carbonH:hydrogenO:oxygenP:phosphorusPb:leadCa:CalciumZn:ZincHg:mercuryMg:magnesiumMn:manganesePeriodictableC:carbonChemicalbondingandintermolecularforcesBondingIonicbond:electrostaticattractionbetweenpositiveandnegativeions(cationandanion)covalentbond:sharingofapairofelectronsbetweenatomsIntermolecularforcesVanderWaalsforces(dipole-dipoleinteraction,dispersionforces)HydrogenbondingChemicalbondingandintermoleRelativestrengthofforcesRelativestrengthofforcesThemole,molarunitsandactivityunit6.02x1023molecules(Avogadro’snumber)ofasubstanceisonemoleMolecularweight(分子量）：theweightofamoleofsubstanceMolarity:thenumberofmoleperliterofsolutionActivity:ameasureofthe“effectiveconcentration”ofaspeciesinamixture

Themole,molarunitsandactiChemicalreactionsandstoichiometryChemicalreactions:reactantsproductsPrecipitation-dissolutionreaction

2CaCl2+Na2CO3-->CaCO3(s)+2Na++2Cl?Acid-basereactions

HA+BOH-->H2O+BAComplexationreactions

Transitionmetal,suchasFe3+,Fe2+,Cu2+,Ag+,

Pt2+etc.+ligands,suchasNH3、H2O,CN-,

SCN-,F-,Cl-

Oxidation-reduction(Redox)reaction

2S2O32?(aq)+I2(aq)-->S4O62?(aq)+2I?(aq)ChemicalreactionsandstoichiChemicalequilibriumk:equilibriumconstantChemicalequilibriumk:equilibChemicalkineticsTherateofreactionrChemicalkineticsTherateofrOrganicchemistryOrganicchemistryWaterChemistryWaterChemistry環(huán)境工程專業(yè)英語ppt課件ConcentrationunitsinaqueoussolutionsMorality(mol/L)Milligramsperliter(mg/L)Partspermillion(ppm),ppb,pptPercentbyweightConcentrationunitsinaqueousAtmosphericchemistryIdealgaslawPV=nRTConcentrationofpollutantsinair:usuallyinvolume-volumebasisParticulatematter:PM2.5(tinyparticlesordropletsintheairthataretwoandhalfmicronsorlessinwidth,μg/m3),PM10PM2.5standard:long-term:15short-term:35AtmosphericchemistryIdealgasVocabularyAnthropogenic:made,orcausedbyhumanactivityoractionsUrbanizationHazardous,deleteriousContaminant,pollutantSyntheticchemicalsLegislationSourcereduction:activitiesdesignedtoreducethevolumeortoxicityofwastegenerated,includingthedesignandmanufactureofproductswithminimumtoxiccontent,minimumvolumeofmaterial,and/oralongerusefullife.Anexampleofsourcereductionisbringingareusablebag

tothegrocerystore.WasteminimizationRecycling,reclamationPollutionpreventionFromcradletotombVocabularyAnthrop