英語(yǔ)寫作技巧課件

MakingCorrectandEffectiveSentencesCorrectSentencesCoordinationandSubordinationEffectiveSentencesMakingCorrectandEffective1CorrectsentencesTherequirementsofacorrectsentence：Itshouldbestructurallycomplete.Itshouldbeginwithacapitalletter.Itshouldendwithafullstop,oraquestionmark,oranexclamationmark.Itshouldexpressasinglecompleteidea.CorrectsentencesTherequireme2CompletenessinStructure

Anormalsentencemustcontainasubjectandapredicateverb.

Sometimesanounwithsomemodifyingwords,oraclause,orasentencewithsomeelementsmissingmaybeusedlikeacompletesentenceforspecialeffect.CompletenessinStructure3TheRightSubjectWehavekeptthenonfiniteverbsandchangedthesubjectsintheoriginalsentence.Thesesentencesshowthatthesubjectofasentenceshouldbeproperlyrelatedtothenonfiniteverbsbeforeit.TheRightSubject4AgreementBetweentheSubjectandthePredicateVerbThepredicateverbofasentencehastoagreewiththesubjectinpersonandnumber.Collectivenounslikefamilyandaudiencemaybeneithersingularorplural,dependingonthemeaninginwhichtheyareused.Whentwosubjectsrefertodifferentpersonsoraredifferentinnumber,theverbshouldagreewiththesubjectclosetoit.Wordstogetherwith,inadditionto,besides,etc.,areobjectsofprepositions;theydonotaffectthenumberofthesubject.Asubjectclausegenerallytakesasingularverb,butawhat-clausewhichclearlyreferstomanythingscantakeapluralverb.AgreementBetweentheSubject5AgreementBetweenPronounandAntecedent

Afteracompoundantecedentwithor,nor,either…or,neither…nor,notonly…butalso,apronounagreeswiththenearerpartoftheantecedent.Asingularpronounfollowsacollectivenounantecedentwhenthemembersofthegroupareconsideredasaunit;apluralpronoun,whentheyarethoughtofindividually.Forsuchsingularantecedentsaseach,either,neither,whichmayrefertobothmaleandfemale,sheorhe,hisorher,himorher,orthepreferredpluralpronounthey,theirorthemareused.AgreementBetweenPronounand6ClearPronounReferenceWhenweusepersonalandrelativepronouns,weshouldmakesurethattheirreferenceisclear.ClearPronounReference7EndingSentenceswithFullStops

TojointwoormorecompletesentenceswithcommasmaybepossibleinChinese,butitiswronginEnglish.Thereisanameforsuchamistake:thecommafaultorthecommasplice.Weshouldrememberthatacompletedeclarativesentencealwaysendswithafullstop.EndingSentenceswithFullSto8JoiningClausewithConjunctionsWhentwoormoresentencesarecloselyconnectedinmeaning,theywillbecomeclauseswhichshouldbejoinedtogetherwithproperconjunctionsorotherwords,likerelativepronouns.Weshouldlearntodistinguishbetweenconjunctionsandadverbs,suchasbutandhowever,soandtherefore.Wecanjoincoordinateclausewithacommaandaconjunction,orwithasemicolon,orwithasemicolonandanadverb.JoiningClausewithConjunctio9

AMainClauseinaComplexSentence

InaComplexsentencetheremustbeamainclause,whetheritisatthebeginningorattheendofthesentence.英語(yǔ)寫作技巧ppt課件10ProperUseofComparisonsAdjectivesoradverbsofthecomparativedegreeshouldbeusedonlywhenthereiscomparison.Butweshouldnotuseadjectivesoradverbsofthecomparativedegreewhenthereisnocomparison,explicitorimplied.Inaddition,weshouldrememberthatonlythingsofthesamekindcanbecompared.ProperUseofComparisons11CorrectUseoftheTense

Sinceapredicateverbmustbeusedinacertaintense,weshouldlearntousethetensescorrectly.Tensestelltheactionoftheverbtakesplace.Wheneverwemakeasentence,weshouldaskourselveswhenthethingmentionedinthesentencehappens,andusetherighttensetoreportit.Whenwetalkaboutsomethingthathappenedinthepast,butitsresultremainsatpresent,weshouldusethepresentperfect.CorrectUseoftheTense12CoordinationandSubordinationWhenwementiontwoormorethingsorideasofequalimportance,weoftenusecoordinationclausejoinedwithacoordinatingconjunction(and,but,or,nor,yet,so,or,for).Thisformormethodiscalledcoordination.Whenweexpressanimportantideainamainclauseandoneormorelessimportantideasinsubordinateclauses,weareusingmethodofsubordination.Thereisonethingweshouldpayattentionto:theuseofconjunctiveverbssuchashowever,therefore,nevertheless,moreover,andbesides.Shortsentencesarenotonlyemphatic,buteffectiveindescribingaseriesofquickmovementsandactions.CoordinationandSubordination13EffectiveSentences

Correctnessalonecannotmakeagoodsentence.Ithastobeeffectiveatthesametime.Effectivesentenceshavesomeorallthefollowingqualities.EffectiveSentences14UnityUnityreferstotwoqualities:thereisonlyonemainideainasentence,andthatideaiscomplete.Thisdoesnotmeanthatallsentenceshavetobeshortandsimple.Itisoftennecessarytowritealongsentencewithmanypartsinit.Suchasentenceexpressesacentralideasupportedormodifiedbyvarioussubordinateideas,ortwoormorerelatedparallelideas.Inotherwords,ideasthatarecloselyconnectedcanbeexpressedinonesentence,whileideasthatarenotcloselyconnectedshouldnotbeputintoonesentence.UnityUnityreferstotw15CoherenceCoherencemeansclearandreasonableconnectionbetweenparts.Asentenceiscoherentwhenitswordsorpartsareproperlyconnectedandtheirrelationshipsunmistakablyclear.Itisnotcoherentifithasfaultyparallelconstructions,pronounswithambiguousreference,danglingormisplacedmodifiers,confusingshiftsinpersonandnumber,orinvoice,tense,andmood.CoherenceCoherencemea16Conciseness

Oneoftherulesofsentence-makingistouseonlythenecessarywords,orasfewwordsaspossiblesolongasthemeaningisfullyexpressed.Hereareafewhintsformakingconciseandclearsentences:UseapronouninsteadofrepeatinganounUseawordinsteadofaphrasewiththesamemeaning,anduseaphraseinsteadofaclausewiththesamemeaningDonotrepeatwordsorphrases,ifpossible,inasentenceorinonethatfollowsDonotusedifferentwordsorphraseswithsimilarmeaningsinthesamesentenceDonotrepeatthesameideaindifferentsentencesexceptforemphasisConcisenessOneofthe17

EmphasisWhenwetalk,weemphasizeanimportantideabyraisingourvoicesormakingagesture.Whenwewrite,wealsohavewaystolayemphasisoncertainwordsorphrases.PlacingTheendandthebeginningofasentenceusuallyattractthereader’sattention,soimportantelementsofasentenceshouldbeputatthesetwoplaces,especiallytheend.ClimacticsequenceInenumeratingthingsorideas,weshouldstartfromtheleastimportantandendwiththemostimportant,orintheclimacticsequence.TheuseofverbsintheactivevoiceVerbsaregenerallymoreemphaticthannounsoranyotherpartofspeech.SubordinationWehavetalkedaboutsubordinationandcoordination.Subordinatingapartofasentenceisawayofgivingemphasistothemainideainthesentence.RepeatingimportantwordsRepetitionasaruleshouldbeavoided,butoccasionallyimportantwordscanberepeatedforthesakeofemphasis.Emphasis18ShortsentencesShortsentencesareoftenemphatic,especiallyafterlongerones.BalancedsentencesAbalancedsentenceisonethatconsistsoftwopartsofthesamestructureandroughlythesamelength,andwithcontrasted(orsimilar)ideas.PeriodicsentencesAperiodicsentenceisonethatisnotcompleteinstructureormeaninguntilitreachesthelastword,whichisthemostimp