英國文學(xué)培根課件

ABriefHistoryof

EnglishLiteratureABriefHistoryof

EnglishL1.Theline“What'spastisprologue”isfrom________________’sTempest.

凡是過去，皆為序章?！侗╋L(fēng)雨》1.Theline凡是過去，皆為序章?！侗?.Theline“What'spastisprologue”isfrom________________’sTempest.

凡是過去，皆為序章?！侗╋L(fēng)雨》凡是過去，皆為序章。1.Theline凡是過去，皆為序章?！侗?.Thefamousaphorism,“Knowledgeispower”,isfoundintheMeditationsby_______________.FrancisBaconFrancisBacon3.Theaphorism“Awisemanwillmakemoreopportunitiesthanhefinds”isby_______________.智者創(chuàng)造機會，而不是等待機會。FrancisBacon3.Theaphorism智者創(chuàng)造機會，而FrancisBacon

弗朗西斯培根(1561-1626)SirFrancisBaconFrancisBacon弗朗西斯培根(1561-1Astatesman,scientist,philosopher,andessayistofthelateRenaissanceEngland(1561-1626)ContemporaryofShakespeare,ElizabethI,GalileiandGuiYouguangAstatesman,(1561-11.MetQueenElizabethI(9)LifeFamouslyreplied“TwoyearsyoungerthanYourMajesty’shappyreign”2.EnteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge

(12)1.MetQueenElizabethI(9)L3.In1584,electedtoParliament(23).4.In1603,Knighted(42),5.In1617,becameLordKeeperoftheGreatSeal (highestpossibleposition)(56)6.In1618,madeLordChancellorLife7.In1618,elevatedtopeerage(Britishnobles)8.In1621,chargedwithcorruptionandbribery(60)9.In1626,diedindisgrace(65)3.In1584,electedtoParliamBacon’sliterarypowerandsuccessfindfineexpressionchieflyinhisbestknownliteraryworkEssays.Shortastheyare,theseessaysshowBacon’sprofundityinunderstandingmanandsociety.Bacon’sliterarypowerandsucThefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature;AnimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.FrancisBacon,thefirstmajorEnglishessayist,commentsforcefullyin

OfStudies

onthevalueofreading,writing,

andlearning.NoticeBacon'srelianceon

parallelstructures

(inparticular,

tricolons)throughoutthisconcise,

aphoristic

essay.ThefirstexampleofthatgenrBacon’sEssaysHisEssaysisthefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliterature,whichhasbeenrecognizedasanimportantlandmarkinthedevelopmentofEnglishprose.Bacon’sessaysarefamousfortheirbrevity,compactnessandpowerfulness.Andtheneatness,thepreciseness,thegravity,andtheweightinessaretheessentialqualitiesofhiswritings.Balanceandoppositionarethemostcommonstrategiesheusestoachieveboththeappearanceofbalanceandtheconcealmentofhisownopinionsunderthecloakoftheopposingalternatives.

Bacon’sEssaysHisEssaysisthEssay:ADefinitionItisarelativelyshortliterarycompositioninprose,inwhichawriterdiscussesatopic,usuallyrestrictedinscope,ortriestopersuadethereadertoacceptaparticularpointofview.Essay:ADefinitionItisarelAnAnalysisofOfStudiesAnAnalysisofOfStudies

OfStudies:MainideaItdiscussesthebenefitsofstudying.Studyingisapplyingthemindtolearningandunderstandingasubject,especiallythroughreading,whichisperhapswhyby‘studying’,SirFrancisBaconmostlyreferstoreading.Inthisshortessay,hestrivestopersuadeustostudy,andtellsushowtostudyifwearetomakethebestofwhatweread.OfStudies:Main

OfStudies:Details1.Whatdostudiesservefor?2.Whatattitudesandwaysareadoptedbydifferentpeopletostudy?3.Howdostudiesinfluencehumancharacter?(1)theuseandabuseofstudies(2)theproperandimproperwaystopursueone’sstudies(3)theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacterOfStudies:Detai(1)theuseandabuseofstudies(2)theproperandimproperwaystopursueone’sstudies

(3)theeffectofthedifferentkindsofstudiesuponhumancharacter(1)theuseandabuseofstudi最廣為流傳的譯作是論學(xué)習(xí)》等，該譯語言精煉優(yōu)美傳神，為廣大讀者視為是最權(quán)威的版本。王佐良(1916-1995)浙江上虞人。詩人、翻譯家、教授、英國文學(xué)研究專家。最廣為流傳的譯作是論學(xué)習(xí)》等，該譯語言精煉優(yōu)美傳神，為廣大讀1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.

讀書足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以長才。其怡情也，最見于獨處幽居之時；其傅彩也，最見于高談闊論之中；其長才也，最見于處世判事之際。1.Studiesservefordelight,1.Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.

Studyasanactivity,inwhateverform,bringsusjoyandenhancesourthinking,speakingandwritingability,addingcharmtoourpersonality.1.Studiesservefordelight,2.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.

練達之士雖能分別處理細事或一一判別枝節(jié)，然縱觀統(tǒng)籌，全局策劃，則舍好學(xué)深思者莫屬。2.Forexpertmencanexecute,2.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.

Itenablesthelearnedmen,whohavestudiedextensively,tocriticallyexamineissues,andarriveattherightconclusion.Theycangarnerdata,factsandargumentsoragainstaparticularviewrationally.Suchintelligentanalysisoffactsimprovesthesoundnessandqualityoftheirjudgment.2.Forexpertmencanexecute,3.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.

讀書費時過多易惰，文采藻飾太盛則矯，全憑條文斷事乃學(xué)究故態(tài)。Becarefulnottooverindulgeinstudyasthisleadstolaziness,pretentiousnessorinsularity.3.Tospendtoomuchtimeins4.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyning,

bystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.

讀書補天然之不足，經(jīng)驗又補讀書之不足，蓋天生才干猶如自然花草，讀書然后知如何修剪移接，而書中所示，如不以經(jīng)驗范之，則又大而無當(dāng)Knowledgeimprovesexperienceandexperienceimprovesknowledge4.Theyperfectnature,andar5.Craftymencondemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.有一技之長者鄙讀書，無知者羨讀書，唯明智之士用讀書，然書并不以用處告人，用書之智不在書中，而在書外，全憑觀察得之。5.Craftymencondemnstudies,5.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Peoplewhoarecunninganddeceitfulhavenoappreciationforstudiesastheyaccomplishtheirobjectivesthroughmanycrookedways.Simplefolks,however,greatlyvaluetheroleofstudiesinhumanlife.Wisepeopleinherentlydrawupontheideasobtainedfromtheirstudieswhilesolvinglife’smyriadproblems.5.Craftymencontemnstudies,6.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.讀書時不可存心詰難讀者，不可盡信書上所言，亦不可只為尋章摘句，而應(yīng)推敲細思。Theaimofreadingandacquiringknowledgemustnotbetoaggressivelyrefuteother’sviewsoracceptthewriter’sviewsasgospeltruth.Itshouldalsonotbetoengageinpointlessdiscussionandargumentation.Studyingshouldenableustoweighfactsandanalyzethemrationally.6.Readnottocontradictand7.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.

書有可淺嘗者，有可吞食者，少數(shù)則須咀嚼消化。換言之，有只需讀其部分者，有只須大體涉獵者，少數(shù)則須全讀，讀時須全神貫注，孜孜不倦。7.Somebooksaretobetasted7.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.

Booksofvaryingcontentandgenrearetobemadeuseofdifferently.Somemaybegivenacursoryreading,someotherscanbequicklysiftedthrough.Otherimportantbooksaretobereadslowlyandminutelysoastotrulyfathomthemeaningandunderlyingsense.

7.Somebooksaretobetasted8.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.

書亦可請人代讀，取其所作摘要，但只限題材較次或價值不高者，否則書經(jīng)提煉猶如水經(jīng)蒸餾，淡而無味。8.Somebooksalsomayberead8.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks,elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.

Onecanaskanassistanttoreadabookandprepareashortsummaryofit.Butsuchpracticeshouldbefollowedforobtainingguidanceonmattersoflesserimportance.Therearesomebookswhichare,infact,shortenedalready.8.Somebooksalsomayberead9.Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Readingaddsperfectiontoaman’spersonality.

讀書使人充實，討論使人機智，筆記使人準(zhǔn)確。Discussingwithothersaboutthecontentsofabookimpartsspecialpracticalskillstothereader.Writingremovesalltheresidualweaknessesandignorancefromthepersonandenableshimtorememberthecontentsofabook.

9.Readingmakethafullman;10.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit:andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.

因此不常做筆記者須記憶力特強，不常討論者須天生聰穎，不常讀書者須欺世有術(shù)，始能無知而顯有知。So,writinghelpstomemorizefacts.Ifapersonisbashfulsoasnottodiscusshisreadingwithothers,hewillnotbeabletoimprovehiswit.Ifhedoesnotread,hewillremainasomewhatstupidperson.

10.Andtherefore,ifamanwr11.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores.

讀史使人明智，讀人靈秀，數(shù)學(xué)使人周密，科學(xué)使人深刻，倫理學(xué)使人莊重，邏輯修辭之學(xué)使人善辯；凡有所學(xué)，皆成性格。11.Historiesmakemenwise;p11.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmores.

Studyinghistorymakesamanwiser,studyingpoetrymakesamanwittier:mathematicsgivessoundlogicalsense,andphilosophyimpartsvaluablelessonsonmorality.Studiespassintoandinfluencemanners.11.Historiesmakemenwise;p12.Nay,thereisnostondorimpedimentinthewitbutmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies;likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;

shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.

人之才智但有滯礙，無不可讀適當(dāng)之書使之順暢，一如身體百病，皆可借相宜之運動除之。滾球利睪腎，射箭利胸肺，慢步利腸胃，騎術(shù)利頭腦，諸如此類。12.Nay,thereisnostondor13.Soi