2023年新托福歷年真題長(zhǎng)難句突破【句式結(jié)構(gòu)分類講解＋句子翻譯＋核心詞匯】

第1章長(zhǎng)難句句式結(jié)構(gòu)分類講解新托福試題的一大特色就是篇幅中有很多長(zhǎng)難句，而所謂的長(zhǎng)難句就是眾多語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)按照一定的語(yǔ)法順序堆砌起來(lái)的句子。1.1長(zhǎng)難句分類1．帶有較多成分的簡(jiǎn)單句簡(jiǎn)單句的句子主干類型有五種：主系表‚主謂ƒ主謂賓④主謂賓賓⑤主謂賓補(bǔ)。在句子主干上進(jìn)行擴(kuò)充，如增添定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)等就構(gòu)成了此類句子。如：A.Forthetime,attention,andmoneyoftheart-lovingpublic,classicalinstrumentalistsmustcompetenotonlywithoperahouses,dancetroupes,theatercompanies,andmuseums,butalsowiththerecordedperformancesofthegreatclassicalmusiciansofthe20thcentury.本句主干是classicalinstrumentalists...competewith...。第一部分是for引導(dǎo)的介詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明目的。第二部分雖然句子很長(zhǎng)，但結(jié)構(gòu)較簡(jiǎn)單，其賓語(yǔ)是由表示遞進(jìn)關(guān)系的關(guān)聯(lián)詞組notonly...butalso連接的兩部分，ofthe20thcentury做后置定語(yǔ)修飾musicians。B.Theemphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttotheanalysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportantsocialscience.這句話的一個(gè)顯著特點(diǎn)就是主語(yǔ)很長(zhǎng)，主語(yǔ)其實(shí)是兩個(gè)并列的結(jié)構(gòu)用combinedwith來(lái)連接。2．含有多個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句的并列句兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句用并列連詞連在一起構(gòu)成的句子，叫做并列句，其基本結(jié)構(gòu)是“簡(jiǎn)單句+并列連詞+簡(jiǎn)單句”。并列連詞有：and,but,or,so等。并列句中的各簡(jiǎn)單句意義同等重要，相互之間沒(méi)有從屬關(guān)系，是平行并列的關(guān)系。它們之間用連詞連結(jié)。如：A.Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsago,andtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.本句的句子結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，是由and連接的并列句。B.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychips,computerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantools,relaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-television,anddigitalagewillhavearrived.這是一個(gè)由四個(gè)并列句組成的句子。equippedwithpersonalitychips作定語(yǔ)修飾dolls。3．含有多個(gè)從句的復(fù)合句此類句子是指一個(gè)從句中嵌套另一個(gè)從句，句子較長(zhǎng)。如：A.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.because引導(dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句，其中包括that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句；該賓語(yǔ)從句中，if引導(dǎo)條件狀語(yǔ)從句。B.Meanwhile,manysettleshadslighterreligiouscommitmentsthanDane’s,asoneclergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewWorldforreligion.as引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句指代前面整個(gè)句子，該定語(yǔ)從句中，who引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾folk，that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句做mocked的賓語(yǔ)。4．含有多個(gè)插入成分的句子此類句子是指，本來(lái)應(yīng)該緊密相連的句子的各成分被分開(kāi)，中間存在其他成分。如：A.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.插入語(yǔ)DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care是hislatestbook的同位語(yǔ)；alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews是插入語(yǔ)，說(shuō)明JohnMcWhorter的身份。B.WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline—afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate-80s—andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthrift,inBritain,atleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintance,wehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives.破折號(hào)中間是插入語(yǔ)，對(duì)前面進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明；第二部分，atleast...acquaintance也是插入語(yǔ)，來(lái)進(jìn)一步補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，為前面講的話留有余地。5．并列復(fù)合句并列復(fù)合句是指并列連詞連接了帶從句的并列句。如：A.Chomsky’sgrammarshouldshowpatternsoflanguagechangethatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit,whereasGreenbergianuniversalitypredictsstrongco-dependenciesbetweenparticulartypesofword-orderrelations.本句是由whereas連接的并列結(jié)構(gòu)。第一部分that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句thatareindependentofthefamilytreeorthepathwaytrackedthroughit修飾patternsoflanguagechange。B.Unhappyparentsrarelyareprovokedtowonderiftheyshouldn’thavehadkids,butunhappychildlessfolksarebotheredwiththemessagethatchildrenarethesinglemostimportantthingintheworld:obviouslytheirmiserymustbeadirectresultofthegapingbaby-sizeholesintheirlives.本句是由but連接的并列句。第二部分themessage之后是that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明message的內(nèi)容。6．倒裝句Andsincethesemessageshaveanagenda—tolureustoopenourwallets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseemunreli