英語(yǔ)北師大版選擇性課件UNIT3SectionATOPICTALKLESSON1

UNIT3SectionA

TOPICTALK&LESSON1英語(yǔ)2021內(nèi)容索引課前篇自主預(yù)習(xí)課堂篇互動(dòng)探究晨讀晚誦素養(yǎng)導(dǎo)航

晨讀晚誦The

Sixth

Mass

ExtinctionAsthehumanpopulationhasrisento7.5billion,ourspecies’

enormous①footprintonplanetEarthhashadashockingimpactonmammals,birds,insects,and’vedriventhousandsofspeciestotheedgeofextinctionthroughhabitatloss,overhuntingandoverfishing,theintroductionofinvasive②speciesintonewecosystems,toxic③pollution,andclimatechange.Inthepast40years,thenumberofwildanimalshasdecreasedby50percent,a2019studyfound.AndtheWorldWildlifeFund(WWF)estimatesthatthepopulationofvertebrates④havefallenbyanaverageof60percentsince1970.Thepast20yearshavebroughta90percentdecreaseinthenumberofmonarchbutterfliesinAmerica,alossof900million,andan87percentlossofrustypatchedbumblebees.Only3percentoftheoriginalpopulationsoftheheavilyfishedPacificbluefintuna(藍(lán)鰭金槍魚)remaininthesea.“Wearesleepwalkingtowardtheedgeofacliff,”saidMikeBarrett,executivedirectoratWWF.

Whataretheconsequences?Potentiallyenormous.Thelossofspeciescanhavecatastrophic⑤effectsonthefoodchainonwhichhumanitydepends.Oceanreefs,whichsustain⑥morethan25percentofmarinelife,havedeclinedby50percentalready—andcouldbelostaltogetherby2050.Thisisalmostcertainlycontributingtothedeclineofglobalmarinelife,down—onaverage—by50percentsince1970,accordingtotheWWF.Insectspollinate⑦cropshumanseat.“Thisisfarmorethanjustbeingaboutlosingthewondersofnature,desperatelysadthoughthatis,”theWWF’sBarrettsaid.“Thisisactuallynowdangerousforthefutureofpeople.Natureisnot‘nicetohave’—itisourlife-supportsystem.”詞海拾貝①enormousadj.巨大的;龐大的②invasiveadj.侵入的;侵略性的;攻擊性的③toxicadj.有毒的④vertebraten.脊椎動(dòng)物⑤catastrophicadj.災(zāi)難性的⑥sustainv.支持;承受;維持⑦pollinatev.給……授粉典句欣賞Thepast20yearshavebroughta90percentdecreaseinthenumberofmonarchbutterfliesinAmerica,alossof900million,andan87percentlossofrustypatchedbumblebees.譯文:在過(guò)去的20年里,美國(guó)的帝王蝶數(shù)量銳減了90%,損失了9億只,長(zhǎng)著鐵銹色斑紋的大黃蜂損失了87%。分析:這是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句。句中Thepast20years是無(wú)生命的物體作主語(yǔ);alossof900million是a90percentdecrease的同位語(yǔ);and連接a90percentdecrease和an87percentloss兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)。理解誘思Whatisthefinalresultofthesixthmassextinction?(nomorethan5words)答案Thefallofmankind.課前篇自主預(yù)習(xí)Ⅰ.知識(shí)體系圖解重點(diǎn)詞匯

1.plasticadj.

2.miningn.

3.itemn.

4.unrecyclableadj.

5.informativeadj.

6.hornn.

7.massadj.

8.solaradj.

9.hatchvi.&vt.

塑料制的采礦業(yè)一項(xiàng),一條

不可回收的

有教育意義的;知識(shí)性強(qiáng)的(牛、羊等頭上的)角大量的太陽(yáng)光(能)的(使)孵化10.

n.保護(hù)

11.

vt.破壞;毀掉

12.

vi.&vt.再利用,回收利用

13.

n.威脅;(災(zāi)難等壞事)發(fā)生的可能

14.

vi.&vt.轉(zhuǎn)換,改變

15.

adv.非法地,違法地

16.

vi.&vt.獵取,獵殺

17.

adj.滅絕的,絕種的

18.

adv.非常地,極端地

conservation

destroy

recycle

threat

switch

illegally

hunt

extinctincredibly

19.

adj.緊急的,急迫的

20.

n.物種,種

21.

vt.擦;拭

22.

adj.異常的;不平常的

23.

adj.各種各樣的,形形色色的

24.

vi.&vt.減少n.減少;減少的量

25.

vt.責(zé)怪,指責(zé)

26.

vt.影響

27.

adj.瀕危的

28.

vt.(使)恢復(fù)

urgent

species

wipeunusual

varied

decrease

blameaffect

endangered

restore重點(diǎn)短語(yǔ)

1.

起某種作用

2.

盡自己的職責(zé)3.

消失;絕跡,滅絕4.

處境危險(xiǎn),受到威脅5.wipeout

6.betoblame

havearole

doone’spart

dieoutbeatrisk

徹底毀滅把……歸咎于重點(diǎn)句式

1.Theyfoundthathumanactivityiscausingspeciestodieout1,000timesfasterthannormal.2.Withoutforests,wewouldhavenoairtobreathe,andwithoutcleanwaterwewouldbeunabletosurvive.重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法

限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句

Ⅱ.閱讀導(dǎo)學(xué)A.閱讀P52-53文章,判斷正(T)誤(F)。1.Over90percentofalleverlivingspeciesareextinctin500millionyears.2.Itisnaturalforspeciestodieoutusually.3.Ifasixthmassextinctionoccurs,entirespecieswillbewipedout.4.Inordertoavoidthesixthextinction,weneedtostoptravelingaround.答案1~4FTFFB.閱讀P52-53文章,選出最佳選項(xiàng)。1.Whatisoneofthereasonsforextinction?A.Sleepofvolcanoes.B.Changesinsealevels.C.Theincreaseoftheoxygen.D.Thedecreaseintemperature.

答案

B2.Whatarescientistsmainlyconcernedaboutastoreasonsforspecies’dyingout?A.Ages. . D.Rates.3.Whywouldwehumansbeatriskofdyingoutif75%ofallspeciesonEarthdieout?A.Wewillhavenocleanairorwater.B.Wewillkillallspeciesforfood.C.Wewillhavenofactoryfarming.D.Wewillkilloneanotherforwater.答案

D答案

A4.Howcanweavoidthesixthextinction?A.Byproducingmorespecies.B.Bystoppingdestroyingtheplanet.C.Bytakingactiontoprotectourselves.D.Bymovingtoanotherplanetimmediately.答案

BⅢ.單句語(yǔ)法填空1.Hegaveusanotherpieceofadvice,

Ithinkisofgreathelptotheresearchwork.

2.Thebook

myclassmatelentmeisveryuseful.

3.Thereisalwayssomething

wearenotsatisfiedwithinourlife.

4.Wetalkedaboutthepeopleandthings

werememberedinourprimaryschool.

5.I’dliketomakefriendswiththose

arerichinexperienceandknowledge.

which

which/thatthat

that

who6.Therearestillsomepeople

livingconditionsareterrible.

7.Thisisthebestfilm

Ihaveeverseentheseyears.

8.HaveyouseenthefilmTitanic,

leadingactorisworld-famous?

9.Whoisthatman

isgoingtogiveusalecture?

10.Thisistheplace

Igrewup.

whose

that

whose

that

where課堂篇互動(dòng)探究重點(diǎn)詞匯1WaysWeDestroyNature我們破壞自然的方式(P50)【詞匯精講】destroy用作及物動(dòng)詞,意為“破壞;毀掉”。Theearthquakedestroyedalmosttheentirecity.那次地震幾乎毀滅了整個(gè)城市。Thatwilldestroythereputationofourproducts.那將毀了我們產(chǎn)品的聲譽(yù)?！驹~語(yǔ)辨析】destroy,damage與ruindestroy作動(dòng)詞,表示“毀壞”,通常指徹底的毀掉或毀滅,往往暗示無(wú)法或很難修復(fù),有時(shí)用于比喻用法中;也可用于損壞抽象的東西,如名譽(yù)、計(jì)劃等damage可作動(dòng)詞或名詞,表示“損害,損壞”,通常是指部分性的損壞,往往暗示損壞后價(jià)值、效率、功能等會(huì)降低,有時(shí)用于比喻用法中ruin可作動(dòng)詞或名詞,表示“毀壞,破壞”,強(qiáng)調(diào)毀滅的徹底性,并且是一次性的行為。這種毀滅也許沒(méi)有多大力量,但其嚴(yán)重性卻使其不能修復(fù)。這種毀滅強(qiáng)調(diào)長(zhǎng)期損壞過(guò)程所導(dǎo)致的結(jié)果【微寫作】IntheearthquakethathappenedonAugust3,2014,allthehousesandbuildingsweredestroyed,andgreatdamagewascausedtoYunnan.AtthattimeLudianwasalmostinruins.在2014年8月3日發(fā)生的那場(chǎng)地震中,所有的房屋和建筑物都被摧毀了,(這場(chǎng)地震)給云南造成了巨大的損失。那時(shí)的魯?shù)閹缀醭闪艘黄瑥U墟。Thedestructionofsuchspecieswasdestroyedlargestdestroyer2Afterthelecture,Icanseethattheuseofoilandcoalisoneofthebiggestthreatstoourplanet.

聽(tīng)了講座后,我可以看到石油和煤炭的使用是我們星球最大的威脅之一。(P108)【詞匯精講】在本句中threat用作名詞,意為“威脅;(災(zāi)難等壞事)發(fā)生的可能”。Asthemonthswentby,therabbitssawthatIwasnothreatanddidn’tescape.幾個(gè)月過(guò)去了,兔子們看出來(lái)我對(duì)它們沒(méi)有威脅,也不再逃走了?！驹~匯拓展】athreattosb/sth對(duì)某人/某物構(gòu)成威脅threatenv.

威脅threatensb(withsth) (用某物)威脅某人threatentodosth 恐嚇要做某事threatenedadj.

受到威脅的However,othersareinfavouroftheinclusionbecauseitishardtosaywhetheritwillthreatentheChineselanguage.但是,其他人贊成收錄(英語(yǔ)單詞),因?yàn)楹茈y說(shuō)這是否會(huì)威脅到漢語(yǔ)。【遷移應(yīng)用】完成句子(1)那個(gè)農(nóng)場(chǎng)主威脅說(shuō),無(wú)論哪條狗,如果咬死他的一只羊,他就要開槍打死它。Thefarmer

thatkilledoneofhissheep.

(2)污染對(duì)這一物種的繼續(xù)生存造成了威脅。Pollutionis

thecontinuedexistenceofthisspecies.

(3)盡管戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)一觸即發(fā),人們?nèi)韵衿綍r(shí)一樣工作。Despite

,peoplewentabouttheirworkasusual.

threatenedtoshootanydogathreattothethreatofwar3Wedefinitelyneedtoswitchtodifferentformsofpowerassoonaspossible.

我們確實(shí)需要盡快轉(zhuǎn)換到不同形式的能源。(P108-109)【詞匯精講】在本句中switch用作動(dòng)詞,意為“轉(zhuǎn)換,改變”;它還可以用作名詞,意為“開關(guān);轉(zhuǎn)換”。Newtechnologymadeaswitchtooilpossible.新技術(shù)使得改用石油成為可能?！驹~匯拓展】switchon接通,打開switchoff(=turnoff) 把……關(guān)掉,關(guān)上switchover(tosth) 轉(zhuǎn)換頻道;轉(zhuǎn)變switch(fromsth)to... 從……轉(zhuǎn)變到……switchroles 轉(zhuǎn)換角色switchAwithB 把A與B交換【遷移應(yīng)用】完成句子(1)桌子上面有一臺(tái)開著的便攜式小型電視機(jī)。Therewasalittleportabletelevision

onthedesk.

(2)夜間請(qǐng)務(wù)必將所有的燈關(guān)掉。Pleasemakesurethatallthelights

atnight.

(3)五年后,父親改行教書了。Fiveyearslater,Father

teaching.

switchedonareswitched/turnedoffswitchedoverto單句語(yǔ)法填空(4)Doyoumindme

(switch)overtoChannelOne?I’dliketoseewhattheweatherwillbeliketomorrow.

switching4Weallhave

a

roletoplayinprotectingtheenvironment.Ifwealldo

our

part,wecanliveahealthierlifeonEarth.在保護(hù)環(huán)境方面,我們大家都可以發(fā)揮作用。如果我們都盡自己的一份力,我們就能在地球上過(guò)上更健康的生活。(P109)【詞匯精講】在本句中havearole意為“起某種作用”,還可以意為“充當(dāng)角色”;doone’spart意為“盡自己的職責(zé)”。Everyonehad

a

roleintheshow’ssuccess.每個(gè)人都對(duì)節(jié)目的成功起了作用。Everystudentoughttodo

his

parttomakesteadyprogress.每個(gè)學(xué)生都應(yīng)盡本分以求平穩(wěn)的進(jìn)步?！驹~匯拓展】playanimportantrole/partin...在……中起重要作用/擔(dān)任重要角色playtheroleofsb=play/actthepartofsb

(在劇中)扮演……角色playtheleadingrole起帶頭/主要作用formypart 至于我,對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)onone’spart 由某人做出;就某人而言takepartin 參加……,參與……活動(dòng)Hehasplayed

an

important

part

incarryingthroughthewholeplan.他在整個(gè)計(jì)劃的實(shí)行中扮演了重要的角色?！具w移應(yīng)用】完成句子(1)在維護(hù)世界和平方面,中國(guó)正在起著越來(lái)越重要的作用。China

safeguardingworldpeace.

(2)他在上周的戲劇中扮演了哈姆雷特。Heplayed

Hamletintheplaylastweek.

(3)媒體在影響人們的觀念方面起著很重要的作用。Themedia

ininfluencingpeople’sopinions.

isplayinganincreasinglyimportantpart/roleintherole/partofplaysaveryimportantrole/part(4)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō),到哪兒吃飯都無(wú)所謂。

,Idon’tmindwhereweeat.

Formypart5Yes,manyanimalsareillegally

huntedforsomethingtheyhave.

是的,許多動(dòng)物因?yàn)樗鼈儞碛械臇|西而被非法獵殺。(P109)【詞匯精講1】在本句中illegally為副詞,意為“非法地,違法地”。(2020全國(guó)卷Ⅱ)Nutriaareillegallyhunted.海貍鼠被非法獵殺?！驹~匯拓展1】illegaladj.違法的,非法的legaladj.

法律許可的,合法的legallyadv.

法律上,合法地【遷移應(yīng)用1】完成句子(1)未經(jīng)允許看別人的私人信件是不合法的。

toreadpeople’sprivateletterswithoutpermission.

(2)鑒于她已經(jīng)到了法定的結(jié)婚年齡,我想象不出你怎么可以阻止她。Seeingthatshe’s

togetmarried,Idon’tseehowyoucanstopher.

(3)上屆政府的行為是非法的。Thepreviousgovernmenthadacted

.

It’sillegallegallyoldenoughillegally【詞匯精講2】在本句中hunt用作動(dòng)詞,意為“獵取,獵殺”;它還可以意為“搜索;驅(qū)趕”;hunt也可以用作名詞,意為“狩獵;追捕;搜尋”。ThehuntersandIhunttheanimalsoutofthegarden.獵人和我把動(dòng)物趕出花園。Thedogwastrainedforthehunt.這只狗受過(guò)狩獵訓(xùn)練?！驹~匯拓展2】huntafter追獵(某動(dòng)物);追逐(某物)huntfor 尋找某人/某物huntup (在報(bào)紙上、書上等)找到(資料等)Doyouapproveofhunting

afterfoxes?你贊成獵捕狐貍嗎?Hehasbeenhunting

forajob.他一直在找工作。【遷移應(yīng)用2】完成句子(1)你須在字典里查找這個(gè)字。You’llhaveto

thewordinthedictionary.

(2)很多人一生追逐名利,但是總不能成功。Manypeople

fameintheirlivesbutneverfindit.

(3)附近的鄰居都在尋找那個(gè)失蹤的孩子。Thewholeneighbourhoodhavebeen

themissingchild.

huntuphuntafterhuntingfor6That’sanincrediblyurgentmatter...這是一件非常緊急的事情……(P109)【詞匯精講】在本句中urgent用作形容詞,意為“緊急的,急迫的”,還可以意為“堅(jiān)持要求的”。They’vemadeanurgentrequestforinternationalaid.他們緊急請(qǐng)求國(guó)際援助?！驹~匯拓展】urgevt.催促;極力主張n.

強(qiáng)烈的欲望、沖動(dòng),迫切的要求urgesbtodosth/urgesbintodoingsth催促/敦促某人做某事urgethat/Itisurgedthat...堅(jiān)決主張……(用虛擬語(yǔ)氣)have/feelanurgetodosth

渴望做某事;有做某事的沖動(dòng)/欲望satisfyanurge 滿足欲望urgencyn.

緊急;急事;催促urgentlyadv.

緊急地,急迫地Weurged

thatthebill(should)bepassed.我們強(qiáng)烈要求通過(guò)那項(xiàng)議案。Sheurgedhimtostay.她力勸他留下。Theyurged

thatthelibrary(should)bekeptopenduringthevacation.他們要求圖書館假期開放。Ifelt

an

urge

togooutandbuyabigbunchofflowerstodecoratethelivingroom.我有一股沖動(dòng),想去買一大束鮮花裝點(diǎn)起居室。Thisisamatterofsomeurgency.這件事相當(dāng)緊迫?！具w移應(yīng)用】完成句子(1)爸爸不停地督促我在結(jié)冰的路上開車要謹(jǐn)慎。Fatherkept

carefullyontheicyroads.

(2)我害怕那個(gè)男孩,很想跑開。IwasafraidoftheboyandI

torunawayfromhim.

urgingmetodrivehadanurge用urge的適當(dāng)形式填空(3)Iwillnotusemysavingsunlessamatterof

happens.

(4)Manypeopleintheearthquake-strickenareaarein

needoffoodandwater.

(5)Thetwocountries

toputanendtothewar,whichhadlastedovereightyearsandcausedgreatsufferingandlosses.

urgency

urgent

wereurged7Extinctions,whereentirespeciesarewiped

out,arenotunusualinourEarth’shistory.

在地球的歷史上,整個(gè)物種的滅絕并不罕見(jiàn)。(P52)【詞匯精講】在本句中wipeout意為“徹底毀滅”。Doctorsaresearchingforacurethatwillwipe

outcancer.醫(yī)生們正在尋找消滅癌癥的醫(yī)療方法。Fivehundredyearsagotheplaguealmostwiped

outthepopulationoftheisland.五百年前,瘟疫幾乎消滅了這個(gè)島上所有的人?！驹~匯拓展】wipe...with...用……擦……wipesthaway/off/up 擦掉/擦凈某物wipesthoff/from... 把某物從……處擦掉(消除掉)wipesthfrom/offone’smind/memory

有意忘記某事物Wipeyourtearsawaywithasofttowel.用柔軟的毛巾擦去你的淚痕。Iliketowipethewindowswithaverysoftcloth.我喜歡用非常柔軟的布擦窗子。Hewipedthesweatfromhisforehead.他擦掉額頭上的汗水。【遷移應(yīng)用】完成句子(1)這些措施將有助于在農(nóng)村地區(qū)消滅貧困。Thesemeasureswillhelpto

inruralareas.

(2)她彎下腰,用一塊干布把鞋上的泥土擦掉了。Shebentdownand

usingadrycloth.

wipeoutpovertywipedthedirtoff/fromhershoes(3)我?guī)状蜗氚堰@件事忘掉,但就是做不到。Itriedseveraltimesto

,butIjustcouldn’t.

(4)現(xiàn)如今所有的人普遍希望消除貧困,過(guò)上幸福生活。Itisnowadaysamatterofuniversaldesirethatpoverty

andallpeopleliveahappylife.

wipeitoff/frommymind/memoryshouldbewipedout8Thereasonsforextinctionsarevaried.滅絕的原因多種多樣。(P52)【詞匯精講】在本句中varied用作形容詞,意為“各種各樣的,形形色色的”。Yet,outdooractivitiesarevariedandtemptingintheUSA.而各種各樣的戶外活動(dòng)在美國(guó)則引人入勝。【詞匯拓展】varietyn.多種樣式;不同種類;多變性avarietyofstyles 各種風(fēng)格varietyinone’slifestyle 生活方式的多樣化varietyshow 綜藝節(jié)目varyvi.&vt.變化,改變variousadj.

各種各樣的;多方面的(=avarietyof)(2020天津卷)Restaurantscanofferachoiceofmusicalongwiththevariousfoodchoicesonthemenu.餐館可以提供多種音樂(lè)和菜單上各種各樣的食物選擇。*溫馨提示:(1)表示“多種多樣”的表達(dá)還有:all

sorts

of

people各種各樣的人all

kinds

of

reasons各種各樣的原因many

types

of

goods多種產(chǎn)品(2)variety作“種類,品種”解時(shí)為可數(shù)名詞,作“多樣化”解時(shí)為不可數(shù)名詞。(3)“a

variety

of

+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù);“the

variety

of

+復(fù)數(shù)名詞”作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)。A

variety

of

books

have

been

published.出版了各種各樣的書?！具w移應(yīng)用】用vary的適當(dāng)形式填空(1)Susan’sideaoffreedomwastohave

inherlifestyle.

(2)Theislandofferssuchawide

ofsceneryandwildlife.

(3)Itisessentialthatyourdietis

andbalanced.

variety

variety

varied9Accordingtoscientists,theyincludevolcaniceruptions,asteroidshittingtheEarthfromspace,changesinsealevels,thedecreaseoftheoxygencontentoftheseaandglobalwarming.根據(jù)科學(xué)家的說(shuō)法,它們包括火山爆發(fā)、小行星從太空撞擊地球、海平面的變化、海洋含氧量的減少和全球變暖。(P52)【詞匯精講】在本句中decrease用作名詞,意為“減少;減少的量”;還可以用作動(dòng)詞,意為“減少”。Soevenifemissionsweretobegintodecreasetoday,wewouldstillfacethechallengeofadaptingtoclimatechange.因此,即使今天的排放量開始減少,我們?nèi)匀灰鎸?duì)適應(yīng)氣候變化的挑戰(zhàn)。【遷移應(yīng)用】完成句子(1)Thenumberofnewstudents

(減少到)800thisyear.

(2)Thepriceofwheathas

(降低了)10%.

(3)Therehasbeen

(下降)inpopulation.

decreasestodecreasedby

adecrease10Thistime,humanactivitywillbetoblame.這一次,人類活動(dòng)將是罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?P52)【詞匯精講】在本句中blame用作動(dòng)詞,意為“責(zé)怪,指責(zé)”。WetendtoblameTV,hesays,forproblemsitdoesn’treallycause,overlookingourownrolesinshapingchildren’sminds.他說(shuō),我們傾向于把責(zé)任歸咎于并非真正原因的電視而忽略了我們自己在塑造孩子思想上產(chǎn)生的影響?！驹~匯拓展】betoblame(forsth)應(yīng)該為(某事)負(fù)責(zé)任,應(yīng)該(為某事)受責(zé)備blamesthonsb/sth 把某事歸咎于某人/某事blamesbfor(doing)sth 因(做)某事而責(zé)備某人blamen.

過(guò)失;責(zé)備put/lay/placetheblame(forsth)onsb

把某事歸咎于某人Sheblamedherparentsforthefailureofhermarriage.=Sheblamedthefailureofhermarriageonherparents.她把自己婚姻的失敗歸咎于父母。Citizensarelaying

the

blame

onthegovernmentforactingtoolate.市民們責(zé)怪政府反應(yīng)遲緩。*溫馨提示:be

to

blame是主動(dòng)形式表示被動(dòng)意義。I

feel

it

is

your

husband

who

is

to

blame

for

the

spoiled

child.我認(rèn)為孩子被慣壞是你丈夫的責(zé)任?！具w移應(yīng)用】完成句子(1)老師因那個(gè)學(xué)生犯了如此愚蠢的錯(cuò)誤而責(zé)怪他。Theteacher

makingsuchsillymistakes.

(2)就是那位教授而不是他的助理們應(yīng)對(duì)實(shí)驗(yàn)室里所發(fā)生的事情負(fù)責(zé)。Itwastheprofessorratherthanhisassistantswho

forwhathadhappenedinthelab.

blamedthestudentforwastoblame(3)健康專家們把疾病的傳播歸咎于惡劣的居住條件。Healthexperts

thespreadofthediseaseonpoorhousingconditions.

(4)失敗要怪你自己,不是其他任何人的錯(cuò)。Itisyouyourselfwho

’snotthefaultofanyoneelse.

put/lay/placetheblameforaretoblame11Althoughitisnotunusualforspeciestodie

outnaturally,therateatwhichthisisnowhappeningiscauseforconcern.雖然物種自然滅絕并不罕見(jiàn),但現(xiàn)在這種情況發(fā)生的速度令人擔(dān)憂。(P52)【詞匯精講】dieout在本句中意為“消失;絕跡,滅絕”。Infact,halfofthe6,000-7,000languagesspokenaroundtheworldtodaywilllikelydie

outbythenextcentury,accordingtotheUnitedNationsEducational,ScientificandCulturalOrganization(UNESCO).實(shí)際上,根據(jù)聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文組織報(bào)告,到下個(gè)世紀(jì),世界上現(xiàn)有使用的6000~7000種語(yǔ)言中有一半將可能消失?！驹~匯拓展】dieaway

(聲音、風(fēng)、光等)逐漸消失dieoff (一群生物)相繼死去diedown (慢慢地)熄滅;平息下來(lái)Allhisangerdied

down.他滿腔的怒氣漸漸平息下來(lái).【遷移應(yīng)用】完成句子(1)我們?cè)僖部床坏竭@種動(dòng)物了,或許它早就滅絕了。Wenolongerseethisanimal—maybeithas

.

(2)工廠使用童工的做法已經(jīng)幾乎絕跡了。Thepracticeofchildrenworkinginfactorieshasnearly

.

(3)汽車的響聲消失在遠(yuǎn)處。Thesoundofthecar

inthedistance.

(4)盡管風(fēng)停了,但是雨還在下,因此你仍需要帶上一件雨衣。Althoughthewind

,therainremainssteady,soyoustillneedaraincoat.

diedoutdiedoutdiedawayhasdieddown12ItisclearthathumanactivityhasnegativelyaffectedallotherspeciesonEarth,includinganimalsandplants.

很明顯,人類活動(dòng)已經(jīng)對(duì)地球上所有其他物種產(chǎn)生了負(fù)面影響,包括動(dòng)物和植物。(P53)【詞匯精講】在本句中affect用作動(dòng)詞,意為“影響”,它還可以意為“感染;打動(dòng)”。Itnotonlyaffectsoureverydaylife,butmayalsothreatenpeople’slives.它不僅影響我們的日常生活,而且也可能威脅人們的生命。In

effect,theonlythingfasterthanthespeedofourthoughtsisthespeedofourforgetfulness.實(shí)際上,唯一比我們思想速度快的就是我們健忘的速度?！驹~語(yǔ)辨析】affect,effect與influence(1)affect指產(chǎn)生的影響之大足以引起反應(yīng),著重“影響”的動(dòng)作,有時(shí)含有“對(duì)……產(chǎn)生不利影響”的意思。Theslightchangeofweathercanaffectherpoorhealth.天氣稍有變化就會(huì)影響她那虛弱的身體。(2)effect作“影響”講時(shí),通常用作名詞,構(gòu)成haveaneffecton/upon,意為“對(duì)……有影響”。Modernfarmingmethodscanhave

anadverseeffect

ontheenvironment.現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)方法可能會(huì)對(duì)環(huán)境產(chǎn)生不利影響。(3)influence有動(dòng)詞和名詞兩個(gè)詞性,指通過(guò)說(shuō)服、舉例對(duì)行動(dòng)、思想、性格等產(chǎn)生不易覺(jué)察到的、潛移默化的影響。Thewaytheguestsweretreatedinthehotelinfluencedtheirjudgementoftheservice.客人在酒店里受到的待遇影響了他們對(duì)酒店服務(wù)的評(píng)價(jià)?！具w移應(yīng)用】用affect,effect與influence的適當(dāng)形式填空(1)Inspiteofallthesedifferences,evidenceshowsthatrecentlifestylechangesmaybe

Frencheatinghabits.

(2)

byahighschoolbiologyteacher,hetookupthestudyofmedicine.

(3)Whatparentssayanddohasalifelong

ontheirchildren.

(4)Thenewtaxlawdoesn’t

meatallbecauseIamstillastudent.

affecting

Influenced

effectaffect13Ofcourse,aswehumansdependonsomanyspeciesforoursurvival,wewouldalsobeat

riskofdyingout.

當(dāng)然,由于我們?nèi)祟愐揽咳绱硕嗟奈锓N生存,我們也會(huì)有滅絕的危險(xiǎn)。(P53)【詞匯精講】在本句中atrisk意為“處境危險(xiǎn),受到威脅”。Thediseaseisspreading,andallyoungchildrenareat

risk.疾病正在傳播,所有的幼兒都有危險(xiǎn)。【詞匯拓展】riskvt.冒……的危險(xiǎn)n.

冒險(xiǎn);危險(xiǎn)的人或物riskone’slife 冒著生命危險(xiǎn)riskdoingsth 冒險(xiǎn)做某事reduce/increasetheriskof降低/增加……的危險(xiǎn)attheriskofdoingsth 冒著做某事的危險(xiǎn)run/taketheriskofdoingsth

冒著做某事的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)riskyadj.

危險(xiǎn)的;大膽的;冒險(xiǎn)的Smokingcanincreasetheriskofdevelopingheartdisease.吸煙會(huì)增加患心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。ButSimondecidedtorisk

his

lifetosavethedrowningchild.但是西蒙決定冒著生命危險(xiǎn)去救那個(gè)溺水的小孩。Heisnotwillingtotake

the

risk

oflosinghismoney.他不愿冒賠錢的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。*溫馨提示:risk后面跟動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ)。另外enjoy、finish、practise、feel

like、avoid、mind、suggest、imagine、keep等動(dòng)詞(短語(yǔ))也要用動(dòng)詞-ing形式作賓語(yǔ),不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式。【遷移應(yīng)用】完成句子(1)我不能得罪我的老板,因?yàn)槲也荒苊笆ミ@份工作的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。Ican’tannoymybossbecauseIwon’trisk

.

(2)我是不會(huì)讓你冒險(xiǎn)的,畢竟,小心一點(diǎn)好,以免以后后悔。Iwon’tletyou

.Afterall,itisbettertobesafethansorry.

(3)到戶外曬曬太陽(yáng)是有益的,但過(guò)分在陽(yáng)光下暴曬會(huì)使你的身體面臨危險(xiǎn)。It’snicetogetoutinthesun,butifyouoverdoit,youcouldputyourlife

.

losingmyjobtakesuchrisksatrisk(4)他們冒著失去生命的危險(xiǎn)阻止了一次嚴(yán)重的鐵路事故。Theypreventedaseriousrailwayaccident

losingtheirownlives.

(5)如果不采取更加有力、更加有效的措施,空氣污染會(huì)變得更嚴(yán)重,威脅到人們的健康。Unlessstrongerandmoreeffectivemeasuresaretaken,theairpollutionwillgetworse,puttingpeople’shealth

.

attheriskofatrisk重點(diǎn)句式1They

found

that

human

activity

is

causing

species

to

die

out

1,000

times

faster

than

normal.

他們發(fā)現(xiàn),人類活動(dòng)導(dǎo)致物種滅絕的速度是正常情況下的1000倍。(P53)【句式剖析】句中1,000timesfasterthan意為“比……快一千倍”,表示倍數(shù)。Theresearchersfoundthatlaptopuserstooktwiceasmanynotesasthosewhowrotebyhand.研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),筆記本電腦用戶記的筆記是那些手寫者的兩倍。(3)Ais...timesthelength/width/height/size/depth...ofB.如:Chinaisalmosttwicethesizeoftheircountryinarea.在面積上中國(guó)差不多是他們國(guó)家的兩倍。Thisropeismorethanfivetimesthelengthofthatone.這根繩的長(zhǎng)度是那根繩的五倍多。(4)Ais...times+what從句.如:Thelengthoftheroadisdoublewhatitwasthreeyearsago.這條路的長(zhǎng)度是三年前的兩倍。Thedictionarycoststhreetimeswhatitdidbefore.這本字典的價(jià)錢是過(guò)去的三倍。(5)Ahasincreased/decreased/reduced/goneup/risenby...times.如:Thepriceofmeathasgoneupbythreetimes.肉價(jià)上漲了三倍。Thecostshavebeenreducedby20%afterthenewequipmentwasbroughtin.新設(shè)備引進(jìn)后,成本已經(jīng)減少了20%。【遷移應(yīng)用】完成句子(1)亞洲的面積是歐洲的四倍。Asiais

Europe.

(2)這塊大石頭的重量是那塊的三倍。Thisbigstoneis

thatone.

fourtimesaslargeas/fourtimestheareaofthreetimesasheavyas/threetimestheweightof(3)這個(gè)國(guó)家的新鮮蔬菜真貴。這些卷心菜花了我十美元,是在國(guó)內(nèi)時(shí)的三倍。Freshvegetablesinthiscountryareexpensiveindeed.Thesecabbagescostme$10,

astheydoathome.

(4)據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),男性死于皮膚癌的可能性是女性的兩倍以上。Accordingtostatistics,amanismorethantwiceaslikelytodieofskincancer

awoman.

threetimesasmuchas2Without

forests,we

would

have

no

air

to

breathe,and

without

clean

water

we

would

be

unable

to

survive.

沒(méi)有森林,我們將沒(méi)有空氣呼吸,沒(méi)有干凈的水,我們將無(wú)法生存。(P53)【句式剖析】句中without和no構(gòu)成雙重否定,用以加強(qiáng)語(yǔ)氣。without還可以表示“如果沒(méi)有”,用于虛擬語(yǔ)氣,相當(dāng)于butfor。Withouthiswartimeexperiences,Hemingwaywouldn’thavewrittenhisfamousnovelA

Farewell

to

Arms.沒(méi)有戰(zhàn)時(shí)的經(jīng)歷的話,海明威就不可能寫出《永別了,武器》這部名著。Pleasedon’tleavewithoutme.請(qǐng)讓我和你一起去。Theynevermeetwithoutquarreling.他們一見(jiàn)面就要吵嘴。without

without

重點(diǎn)語(yǔ)法限制性定語(yǔ)從句限制性定語(yǔ)從句對(duì)被修飾的先行詞有限定制約作用,使該詞的含義更具體,更明確,因而不能被省略,否則句意就不完整。1.關(guān)系代詞:that,which,who,whom,whose(1)that既可指代事物也可指代人,which指代事物,在從句中均可作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ),作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)?？墒÷浴hefilm(that/which)wesawlastnightwasverywonderful.昨晚我們看的那部電影非常棒。(2)who和whom引導(dǎo)的從句用來(lái)修飾人,who可以作從句的主語(yǔ)和賓語(yǔ),whom只能作賓語(yǔ)。Heknewtheteacherwho/whomwemetyesterday.他認(rèn)識(shí)我們昨天遇見(jiàn)的那個(gè)老師。(3)whose是關(guān)系代詞,修飾名詞作定語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于所修飾成分的前置所有格。它引導(dǎo)的從句可以修飾人和物。Isawaboystandingonthegroundwhosehatwasred.我看見(jiàn)一個(gè)男孩站在地上,他的帽子是紅色的。(4)“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”指人時(shí)關(guān)系代詞用whom,指物時(shí)用which。SheisthegirlwithwhomIwentthere.她就是和我去那兒的女孩。2.關(guān)系副詞:where,when,why(1)where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示地點(diǎn)。IwenttotheZhongshanParkwhereIspentthewholemorningwithmystudents.我去了中山公園,在那里我整個(gè)上午都和我的學(xué)生在一起。(2)when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示時(shí)間。I’llneverforgetthedaywhenImetyou.我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記遇見(jiàn)你的那天。(3)why引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句表示原因,先行詞一般為reason等。Thereasonwhytheinjectionneedsrepeatingeveryyearisthattheviruschanges.每年需要重復(fù)注射的原因是病毒發(fā)生了變化。3.定語(yǔ)從句中只用that不用which的情況(1)當(dāng)先行詞是all,any,anything,everything,nothing或被它們修飾時(shí)。IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?有什么我可以為你做的嗎?Allthatcanbedonemustbedone.凡是能做的都必須做。(2)當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞的最高級(jí)或序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí)。Thatisoneofthemostinterestingbooksthataresoldinthebookshop.那是這家書店出售的最有趣的書之一。Thefirstthingthatweshoulddoisgetsomefood.我們?cè)撟龅牡谝患率桥c(diǎn)吃的。(3)當(dāng)先行詞有theonly,thevery,thesame,thelast等修飾時(shí)。Mynecklaceisnottheonlythingthat’smissing.我的項(xiàng)鏈不是丟掉的唯一的東西。(4)當(dāng)主句以who或which開頭時(shí)。Whoisthegirlthatiswearingaredcoat?正穿一件紅色外套的女孩子是誰(shuí)?(5)當(dāng)先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)。Thewriterandhisnovelthatyouhavejusttalkedaboutarereallywell-known.你剛才談起的那位作家以及他的小說(shuō)確實(shí)很著名。非限制性定語(yǔ)從句非限制性定語(yǔ)從句在句中主要起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明作用,在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間往往有逗號(hào)隔開,獨(dú)立存在,缺失也不會(huì)影響整個(gè)句子的意思。1.which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,說(shuō)明前面整個(gè)句子的情況或主句的一部分。Thenovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.這本小說(shuō)很動(dòng)人,我已讀了三遍。2.who引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,作從句的主語(yǔ)。Ourguide,whowasaFrenchCanadian,wasanexcellentcook.我們的導(dǎo)游是法裔加拿大人,他是個(gè)出色的廚師。3.whom引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,指人,在句中作動(dòng)詞