美國(guó)文學(xué)筆記

美國(guó)文學(xué)筆記ColonialPeriod(殖民地時(shí)期)(約1607-1765)TheRevolutionaryperiod(革命時(shí)期):(1765-18世紀(jì)末)BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)TheRomanticperiod (浪漫主義時(shí)期)：(1800-1865)EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)HenryDaivdThoreau(1817-1862)NathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)HermanMelville(1819-1891)WaltWhitman(1819~1892)EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)TheRealismandNaturalism(現(xiàn)實(shí)主義和自然主義)(1865-1918)MarkTwain(1835-1910)HenryJames(1843-1916)StephenCrane(1881-1900)TheModernperiod(現(xiàn)代主義時(shí)期)：佃18-佃45F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)ErnestHemingway(1899—1961)EzraPound(1885-1972)RobertFrost(1847-1963)EugeneO'Neil(1888953)Contemporaryliterature(當(dāng)代文學(xué)):(佃45-)ColonialPeriod(殖民地時(shí)期)(約1607-1765)TheRevolutionaryperiod(革命時(shí)期):(1765-18世紀(jì)末)BenjaminFranklin(仃06-1790):Summary:OneofthegreatestfoundingfathersoftheAmericanNationFirstgreatself-mademaninAmericaTheembodimentofAmericandreamMajorworks:TheAutobiograph《自傳》:thefirstofitskindinliterature,oneoftheclassicsofthegenrePoorRichardsAlmanack《窮人理查德的年歷》TheRomanticperiod (浪漫主義時(shí)期)：(1800-1865)EdgarAllanPoe(1809-1849)Summary:Novelist,poet,criticgoodatwritingGothic(哥特式) anddetectivefictionFatherofwesterndetectivestoriesandpsychoanalyticcriticismMajorworks:PoetryTheRaven《烏鴉》ToHelen《獻(xiàn)給海倫》ShortstoriesHorror(suspense,terror,Insanity,dea，Revengeandrebirth)TheFalloftheHouseofUsher?厄舍古屋的倒塌》TheMasqueoftheRedDeath《紅色死亡的化妝舞會(huì)》TheBlackCat《黑貓》TheCaskofAmontillado一桶白葡萄酒》Ligeia《麗姬婭》Detective/ratiocinative(推理的)(originator)ThePurloinedLetter《竊信案》TheMuderintheRueMorgue《莫格街謀殺案》TheMysteryofMarieRog《瑪麗.羅熱疑案》TheGoldBug《金甲蟲(chóng)》AmericanTranscendentalism(美國(guó)超驗(yàn)主義)(1830s-CivilWar)SummitofRomanticism/AmericanRenaissanceAppearance1836,Nature”byEmersonFeaturesofTranscendentalism.Spirit(思想)/Oversoul(超靈).importaneeofindividualism.nature-symbolofspirit/God;garmentoftheoversoul.focusinintuition(irrationalismandsubconsciousness)RalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882):Summary:Americanessayist,lecturer,poetTheFounderofTranscendentalismMajorworks:Nature《論自然》：themanifestoofAmericantranscendentalismTheAmericanSchola《r論美國(guó)學(xué)者》:American'sDeclarationofIntellectualIndependenceSelf-relianee《論自助》HenryDaivdThoreau(1817-1862)Summary:AmerieanEssayist,Poet,PhilosopherMajorWorksCivilDisobedienee?論公民之不服從?Walden,orLifeinthewoods《瓦爾登湖，或林中的生活》 ：WaldenisarecordofThoreau'stwoyearexperimentoflivingaloneatWaldenpondinaself-builthouseattheedgeofthewoods.LateRomanticismNathanielHawthorne(1804-1864)：Summary：AmericannovelistandshortstorywriterHispointofview:HawthorneisinflueneedbyPuritanism(清教主義)deeply..Evilisatthecoreofhumanlife.wheneverthereissin,thereispunishment.Sinorevileanbepassedfromgenerationtogeneration.Eviledueates..Hehasdisgustinseienee.Onesoureeofevilisoverweening(自負(fù)的)(tooproudofoneself)intelleet.Hisintellectualcharactersarevillains,dreadfulandeold-bloodedMajorWorksTheScarletLette《r紅字》HermanMelville(1819-1891):Novelist,PoetMajorworks:MobyDick《白鯨》,1851Maineharaeters:Ishmael(以實(shí)瑪禾U) :thenarratorAhab(埃哈伯)：theprotagonistMobyDiekWaltWhitman(1819~1892)Summary:Americanpoet,essayist,journalist,andhumanist/Thefatheroffreeverse(自由詩(shī))Majorworks:LeavesofGras《s草葉集》FamouspoemsSongofMysel《f自我之歌》OnesSelfISing《我歌唱一個(gè)人的自己》OCaptain!MyCaptain!《噢，我的船長(zhǎng)！我的船長(zhǎng)！》Writingthemes(almosteverything):equalityofthingsandbeingsdivinityofeverythingImmanence(無(wú)所不在) ofGoddemocracyevolutionofcosmos(宇宙)multiplicityofnatureself-reliantspiritdeath,beautyofdeathexpansionofAmericabrotherhoodandsocialsolidarity(團(tuán)結(jié)一致)(unityofnationsintheworld)pursuitofloveandhappinessStyle: “freev@自由詩(shī))：theversethatdoesnotfollowafixedmetricalpattern,theversewithoutafixedbeatorregularrhymescheme.(".Parallelism(排比).phoneticrecurrenee(同字起句法)(therepetitionofwordsorphrasesatthebeginningoftheline,inthemiddleorattheend).theuseofacertainpronoun “I”(thefirstpersonnarrator).strongtendencytouseoralEnglish.thehabitofusingsnapshots.alooserandmoreopen-endedsyntacticstructure.useofconventionalimage.vocabulary-powerful,colourful,rarelyusedwordsofforeignorigins,someevenwrong.sentences-cataloguetechnique:longlistofnames,longpoemlinesSignificanceofLeavesofGrassLeavesofGrass,eitherincontentorinform,isanepoch-makingworkinAmericanliterature:fItsdemocraticcontentmarkedtheshiftfromRomanticismtoRealism.fItsfree-verseformbrokefromoldpoeticconventionstoopenanewwayforAmericanpoetry.EmilyDickinson(1830-1886)Summary:AmericanpoetShewrotealtogether1775poems,ofwhichonly7appearedinprintinherlifetime.Somefamouspoems:IDiedforBeautyBecauseICan'tStopforDeathANarrowFellowintheGrassIHeardaFlyBuzz—WhenIDiedToMakeaPrairieI'mNobodyThemeMainlybasedonherownexperiences/joys/sorrows(innerworld):.Deathandimmortality.Love—sufferingsandfrustrationcausedbylove.Nature-Kindandcruel.Religion-doubtandbeliefaboutreligioussubjects.Beauty(beauty,truthandgoodnessareultimatelyone).physicalaspectofdesire.freewillandhumanresponsibilityStyle.Poemswithouttitles.Useofcapitalletters—mphasisanddashes-createcadend?暢頓挫).Economyofexpression.(Plainestwords,directness,brevity).Shortpoems,mainlytwostanzas.Freshandstrangeimages.Boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors.Rhetorictechniques:personification—makesomeabstractideasvivid.off-rhyme(半韻)anddefamiliarization(陌生化)TheAmericanRealism現(xiàn)實(shí)主義時(shí)期(1865-1918)ThreeGiantsinRealisticPeriodWilliamDeanHowells-DeanofAmericanRealism”HenryJamesMarkTwainComparison:Theme:Howells-middleclassJames-upperclassTwain-lowerclassTechnique:Howells-smiling/genteelrealismJames-psychologicalrealismTwain-localcolourismandcolloquialismMarkTwain(1835-1910):Summary:Americanwriter,shortstorywriter/HumoristMajorworks:TheCelebratedjumpingFrogofCalaverasCounty(1865)《卡拉維拉縣弛名的跳蛙》InnocentsAbroad(1869)《傻子國(guó)外旅行記》TheAdventuresofTomSawyer(1876)《湯姆.索亞歷險(xiǎn)記》LifeontheMississippi(1883)《密西西比河上》TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn(1886)《哈克貝里.費(fèi)恩歷險(xiǎn)記》:AllmodernAmericanliteraturecomesfromhismasterpiece“TheAdventuresofHuckleberryFinn.”——ErnestHemingwayStyle:.colloquiallanguage(口語(yǔ))，vernacular(本土的)language,dialects.localcolour.syntacticfeature:sentencesaresimple,brief,andsometimesungrammatical.humour.talltales(highlyexaggerated)(荒誕不經(jīng)的故事).socialcriticism(satireonthedifferentuglythingsinsociety)ContributionOneofMarkTwain'sigsnificantcontributionstoAmericanliteratureliesinthefactthathemadecolloquialspeechanaccepted,respectableliterarymediumintheliteraryhistoryofthecountry.HenryJames(1843-1916)Summary:AnAmericanandBritishnovelist,literarycriticFounderofpsychologicalrealismFirstofthemodernpsychologicalnovelistInitiatoroftheinternationaltheme:AmericaninnocenceinfaceofEuropeansophisticationMajorworks:DaisyMiller(1878)《戴茜米勒》ThePortraitofaLady(1881)《貴婦的肖像》TheWingsoftheDove(1902《)鴿翼》TheAmbassadors(1903《)專(zhuān)使》TheGoldenBowl(1904)《金碗》TheArtofFiction(1884)《小說(shuō)的藝術(shù)》HisPointofview.Psychologicalanalysis,forefatherofstreamofconsciousness.Psychologicalrealism.Highly-refinedlanguageStyle-“stylist”.Language:highly-refined,polished,insightful,andaccurate.Vocabulary:large.Construction:complicated,intricateNaturalism(自然主義)Background:.Darwin'stheory:“naturalselection”.Spenser'sidea:“socialDarwinism ”.FrenchNaturalism:ZoraFeatures.environmentandheredity.scientificaccuracyandalotofdetails.generaltone:ironicandpessimistich,opelessness,despair,gloom,uglysideofthesocietyStephenCrane(1881-1900)Summary:Novelist,poetPioneerinthenaturalistictraditionPrecursors(先驅(qū))ofImagistpoetryMajorWorks:Maggie:AGirloftheStreets《街頭女郎麥姬》:thefirstnaturalisticnovelinAmericaTheRedBadgeofCourage《紅色英勇勛章》TheOpenBoat《海上扁舟》AMERICANMODERNISM(1918-1945)

(美國(guó)現(xiàn)代主義)F.ScottFitzgerald(1896-1940)Summary:FamousAmericannovelist,shortstorywriter,andessayisttherepresentativeofthe1920sthespokesmanfortheJazzAgeoneofthe“l(fā)ostgeneration”writersMajorWorksThisSideofParadise(1920)《人間天堂》TalesoftheJazzAge(1922)《爵士樂(lè)時(shí)代的故事》TenderIstheNight(1934)《夜色溫柔》TheGreatGatsby(1925)《了不起的蓋茨比》:Narrativepointofview-NickCarrawayTheme:ThedeclineoftheAmericanDreamHisPointofview.Heexpressedwhattheyoungpeoplebelievedinthe1920s,theso-called“AmericanDream”isfalseinnature..Hehadalwaysbeencriticaloftherichandtriedtoshowtheintegratingeffectsofmoneyontheemotionalmake-upofhischaracter.Hefoundthatwealthalteredpeople'csharacters,makingthemmeananddistrusted.Hethinksmoneybroughtonlytragedyandremorse..Hisnovelsfollowapattern:dream-lackofattraction—failureanddespair.Hisideasof“AmericanDream”Itisfalsetomostyoungpeople.Onlythosewhoweredishonestcouldbecomerich.WilliamFaulkner(1897-1962)Sumary:AnAmericannovelistandpoetInitiatorofAmericanSouthernRenaissanceOneofthemostinfluentialmodernnovelistsof20thcenturyNobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1949MajorWorks:TheSoundandtheFury《喧嘩與騷動(dòng)》AsILayDying《在我彌留之際》LightinAugust《八月之光》Absalom,Absalom《押沙龍，押沙龍！》GoDown,Moses《去吧，摩西》BarnBurning《燒牲口棚》YoknapatawphaCounty(約克納帕塔法縣)：---AfictionalcountyinnorthernMississippi,thesettingformostofWilliamFaulkner'snovelsandshortstories,andpatterneduponFaulkn'esractualhomeinLafayetteCounty,Mississippi.MajorThemesofhisWorks.historyandrace.Deterioration.Conflictsbetweengenerations,classes,races,manandenvironment.Horror,violenceandtheabnormalFaulkner'snarrativetechnique.Withdrawaloftheauthorasacontrollingnarrator.Dislocationofthenarrativetime：Themostcharacteristicwayofstructuringhisstoriesistofragmentthechronologicaltime..themodernstream-of-consciousne(意識(shí)流) techniqueandtheinteriormonologue(內(nèi)心獨(dú)白)：.Multiplepointsofview(多重視角).symbolismandmythologicalandbiblical(圣經(jīng)的) allusionsErnestHemingway(1899—1961)Summary：Novelistandshort-storywriterOneofthegreatAmericanwritersofthe20thcenturyTheSpokesmanofthe“LostGeneration”(AmericanwritersafterWorldWarIself-consciouslyacknowledgedthattheywerelostgeneration,devoidoffaithandalienatedfromtheWesterncivilization．)NobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1954(forhis“masteryoftheartofmodernnarration)”MajorworksTheSunAlsoRises《太陽(yáng)照常升起》AFarewelltoArms《永別了，武器》ForWhomtheBellTolls《喪鐘為誰(shuí)而鳴》/《戰(zhàn)地鐘聲》TheOldManandtheSea《老人與海》AClean,Well-lightedPlace《一個(gè)干凈，明亮的地方》MajorThemes.TheNada”虛無(wú))Concept.Graceunderpressure壓力下的優(yōu)雅)“Manisnotmadefordefeats.Amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeate”d. TheOldManandtheSea(3).CodeHero(準(zhǔn)則英雄/硬漢)TheHemingwayheroisnotathinker;heisamanofaction.“Graceunderpressureistheirmotto.TheHemingwaycodeheroesarebestrememberedfortheirindestructible不可毀滅的)spirit.Artisticfeatures.Theiceberg(冰山)techniqueThedignityofmovementofanice-bergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater..Languagestylesimpleandnaturaldirect,clearandfreshleanandeconomicalsimple,conversational,commonfound,fundamentalwordssimplesentencesIcebergprinciple:understatement,impliedthingsSymbolismEzraPound(1885—1972)Summary:Aleadingspokesmanofthe“ImagistMovement”意(象主義運(yùn)動(dòng))OneofthemostinfluentialAmericanpoetsandcriticMajorworks:Cathay:《華夏集》《神州集》《中國(guó)詩(shī)章》HughSelwynMauberley《休賽爾溫毛伯利》Cantos/《詩(shī)章》Imagism(1909-1917).Background:ImagismwasinfluencedbyFrenchsymbolism,ancientChinesepoetryandJapaneseliterature “haiku”.Defintion:Theimagists,withEzraPoundleadingtheway,holdthatthemosteffectivemeanstoexpressthethesemomentaryimpressionsisthroughtheuseofonedominantimage.:ManifestoofImagism:?Directtreatment?Economyofexpression?NewrhythmInastationoftheMetr《在一個(gè)地鐵站》：aquintessential典型的)imagisttextRobertFrost(1847-1963)Summary:themostpopularAmericanpoetWonPulitzerPrizefourtimesReceivedhonorarydegreesfromforty-fourcollegesanduniversitiesRead“TheGiftOutright”attheinaugurationofPresidentJohnF.Kennedyin1961FamousPoems:FireandIce《火與冰》TheRoadNotTaken《未選擇的路》StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening《雪夜佇立林邊有感》MendingWall《補(bǔ)墻》AfterApple-Picking《摘罷蘋(píng)果》Frost'swritingfeatureHiscombinationofthetraditionalversepatternandacolloquialdistinctivelanguage(NewEnglandSpeech)EugeneO'Neil(188-81953)Summary:America'sgreatestplaywrightWonthePulitzerPrizefourtimesWonNobelPrizein1936FounderoftheAmericandramaMajorWorksBeyondtheHorizon(1920)《天邊外》TheEmperorJones(1920)《瓊斯皇帝》TheHairyApe(1922)《毛猿》DesireundertheElms(1924)《榆樹(shù)下的欲望》Imagism:ImagismisaliterarymovementwhichcameintobeinginBritainandU.S.around1910asareactiontothe