英語教案：unit1-tales of the unexplained-grammar and usage（牛津譯林版2）

學必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精學必求其心得，業(yè)必貴于專精●

GrammarandUsagePresentperfecttense1。Usedifferentmethodstopresentthepresentperfecttense。Herearesomeideas:1）Pleaselookatthescreen。Payattentiontothedifferentformsoftheverbs：

2）Let'scompletethefollowingsentences，inwhichthepredicatepartismissing。

We_____（study)Englishforaboutfiveyears。

They_____（live)inthesouthsincetheirdaughterwasborn。

I_______（read）yourarticlethreetimes。It'swellwritten。

Thestudent________（finish）herhomeworkalready.

Eric__________（go）backtohishometowntoday.

Answers：havestudied

havelived

haveread

hasfinished

hasgone3）Readthefollowingsentencesandpointoutwhattenseortensesareusedinthemandthereasonswhytheyareused.

WehavestudiedEnglishforaboutfiveyears。Webegantostudyitfiveyearsago.

Theymovedtothesouthin1990andhavelivedtheresincethen.Thestudentisdoingherhomework。Shehasn'tfinishedityet.Ericlefthomelastyearandhasjustcomeback。2.Wemaywonderwhysomeverbscan’tbeusedinthepresentperfecttense。Let'sreadthefollowingsentences，andtrytofinddifferentusagesofsomeverbs。Justinhasbeenawayfromhomeforseveraldays。HedisappearedlastFriday.Theyboughtthishousethreeyearsagoandtheyhavelivedheresincethen.Mybrotherwenttoseemygrandpalastweek。Hehasvisitedhimthreetimesthismonth。Soyouseewhenanactionhappensoveraperiodoftimethatbeganinthepastandcontinuestothepresent,thepresentperfecttenseisoftenused。Whenanactionhappenedatadefinitetimeinthepast，thepastsimpletenseisoftenused.3。ReadPoints1and2onpage8tomakesurewhythepresentperfecttenseisusedinthesetwosentences.

4.GooverPoint3onpage8tolearnwhattimeexpressionscanbeusedwiththepresentperfecttense.Payattentiontothedifferentusagesbetweenalreadyandyet,orforandsince。5。ReadPoint4onpage8tolearnthatthepresentperfecttensecanbeusedinasituationwheretheactionwascompletedonlyamomentago。Inthiscase,justisused.6.GooverPoints5and6onpage8andnotethatwhenwewanttoexpressarepeatedaction，weusethepresentperfecttensewiththetimeexpressionsonce/twice/threetimes.。.7。Let’sreadthediaryentryandthencompleteitusingthecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets.Answers：

（2）saw

(3）hasvisited

(4）loves

（5）hasn'tvisited

（6）hasswum

(7)hasnevermet

（8）hasdived

(9)hasfound

（10）hasn’tfound

(11）Has,been

SummaryofThePresentPerfecttense:1。Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutthingsthathappenedintherecentpast,butareconnectedtothepresent。Danielhaslived(live）inBeijingsincehecametoChina.（Connectionwiththepast:DanielcametoChina。Connectionwiththepresent：

DanielislivinginChina。)

2.Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutsomethingthatstartedinthepast，andisstillhappeningnow.

came

haslived

________________________________________

past

now

future3.Weusethepresentperfecttensetotalkaboutactionsthatwerecompletedonlyashorttimeago.

IwenttoEgyptin1986。IwenttoEgyptin2004.Ihavebeen（be)toEgypttwice.4.Wecanalsousethepresentperfecttenseforrepeatedactions。Hasiteversnowed（snow)inHongKong？No，ithasneversnowed（snow)there.5。Weusethepresentperfecttensewhentheexacttimeofanactionisnotclearorimportant。Weuseitwithtimeexpressionssuchas：already，

ever，for,just，lately，never，recently，since,yetNotes:1.

Weusealreadyforaffirmativestatementsandyetfornegativestatementsandinterrogativesentences.2.

Weusefor+aperiodoftimeandsince+apointoftime。3.

Structuresconnectedwiththepresentperfecttense：1）Itis（hasbeen)+aperiodoftime+since—clause。2)This（That/It）isthefirst(second…)time+that-clause

（presentperfecttense）。3）This（That/It)istheonly)…+that—clause（presentperfecttense）.4）This(That/It）isthebest/finest/mostinteresting…+that-clause

ResourcesThepresentperfect—Threehoursagoshebakedacake。Andsincethenlet’ssee…—…She’salreadymadethebeds,writtenaletter,goneshopping，andcookeddinner。-Andnowshe’sjustansweredthetelephoneforthefifthtime.

Englishhasaverbtense,thepresentperfect,whichservestodenotepasthappeningsthatarerelevantto,orthatstillhaveaneffectat,themomentofspeaking。Thistense,formedwiththepresentofhaveplusapastparticiple（answered，cooked,gone，written,made，andsoon),isreallyacombinationofpresentandpasttogether。Noticethekindsofadverbsandadverbialphrasesthatarecloselyassociatedwiththepresentperfect。

He’sbeenasuccessnow，Iwouldsay,since1990.Andnowhe’sjustdecidedtoenterpolitics。

Thesimplepast，denotingpasthappeningsthatarelocalizedinthepast,contrastssharplywiththepresentperfect,ascanbeseenbestbythekindsof“time”adverbialsthatmaybeusedwithonetensebutnotwiththeother.SimplePast

PresentPerfectyesterday

sincethenanhourago

sofarIlearnedanewsong

lastnight

I’velearnedanother

nowonMonday

inthelasthour

already

now

now

then

×

then

then

×

then（past)

(future)

(past)

(future)（Attentionisdrawntothepast

（AttentionisdrawntothepresentknowledgeEventandthetimeittookplace。）

ofthesongandnotonthepreviousactoflearningit.)

Therefore，donotsaythingslike“I’velearnedanewsongyesterday”，whichisaverycommonmistake。Thespeakerchoosesamongtheseandothertensesinpartaccordingtohowhefeelshimselfrelatedtotheevent.PresentperfectcontinuoustenseHerewewilllookattwosituationsinwhichthepresentperfectcontinuoustenseisused。Notehowthetenseisformedandtrytounderstandhowthetenseisusedinsentences。Wewillpractiseformingverbsinthistenseandcompletesentences.1.Wesometimesusethepresentperfectcontinuoustensetotalkaboutactionsthatstartedinthepastandarestillcontinuing,orhavejustfinishedbutarestillconnectedtothepresentinsomeway。Forexample，I’vebeenwaitingforanhourandhestillhasn'tturnedup.I’msosorryI'mlate.Haveyoubeenwaitinglong？2.GooverPoints1and2onpage9tounderstandthistensebetter.3。GooverPoint3toseehowthetenseisformed。4。Fillinthemissingwords.Payattentiontotheverbformintheexamplegiveninthefirstpicture（alltheverbformsherearethepresentperfectcontinuoustense,exceptfortheoneinSentence5).Itisatrapanddoesnotrequirethepresentperfectcontinuoustense。Answers:(2）havebeentalking

（3）havebeentaking

（4）havebeenwatching

（5）haveseen

(6）havebeenwriting5。DowithPartC1onpage82inWorkbooktobecomefamiliarwiththepresentperfecttenseandthepresentperfectcontinuoustense。

Presentperfectorpresentperfectcontinuous?1。GooverPointIonpage10toidentifywhythetwodifferenttensesareusedinthetwosentences。Inthefirstsentence,thepresentperfecttenseisused,whichmeansthattheactionreadisn’tcontinuing，andLiJiaknowswhatthebookisaboutnow。Inthesecondsentence，thepresentperfectcontinuoustenseisused，whichmeansthattheactionreadisstillcontinuing。2.GooverPoint2onpage10.Notethatthepresentperfectcontinuoustensecan'tbeusedwithtimeexpressionssuchastwiceorhowmanytimes,becauseinthistensetheactioniscontinuous,notstoppedandthenstartedagain。3。GooverPoint3onpage10todefinethemeaningofastateverboranactionverb。Notethatastateverbdoesn’tmeananaction,soitcan'tbeusedinacontinuoustense。4。Notethatthepresentperfectcontinuoustensecan'tbeusedwhenthewordsalways,never，yet,alreadyoreverareusedinasentence。5.Finishthetwoexercisesonpage11。Answers：A(1）heard

(2）beendoing

(3）beenresearching

（4)beendoing

(5）started

(6)done

（7)read

(8）found

(9）started

(10）beendoing

(11）beenmakingSampleanswers:B

1.

Hehasbeenwaitingatanundergroundstation。

2.TheyhavebeentravelinginaUFO.Itlookslikeasaucer。（Answersmaybevarious。）

3。TheyprobablyhavetalkedtoanimalsorplantsontheEarthaswellascreaturesonotherplanets。（Answersmaybevarious.)

4。TheyhavevisitedMars，Venus,Jupiterandsomeotherplanets.(Answersmaybevarious.)

6。DowithPartC2onpage82inWorkbooktohaveonemorechancetopractisetheusageofthetwodifferenttenses.

ResourceThePresentPerfectContinuous-Istillhaven’tfiguredouthowshedoesitall。-Ihaven'teither，andI’vebeentryingnowfortenyears.

Thepresentperfecttense,likethesimplepresentandthesimplepast，hasacontinuousformaswell.Theeffectofthepresentperfectcontinuousistomakepasthappeningscontinuousthroughoutatimespanextendinguptothepresent：SimplePast:

Ilearnedanewsong(threehoursago）。

now

Hours

then

×

then(past）

(future）

(pasteventaccomplished,specifictime)PresentPerfect:

I'velearnedanothernow（inthepastfewhours）。

now

Hours

then

×

then（past）

（future）

（pasteventaccomplished，presentrelevance)PresentPerfectContinuous:

I'vebeenlearningstillanothernow(forthepasthour).

now

Hours

then

×

then（past）

（future)

(pasteventnotnecessarilyaccomplished,presentrelevance，possiblystillgoingonatthemomentofspeaking)Verbsdenotingactionthatcanonlybemomentaryorinstantaneous(knock,hit,sneeze，interrupt，introducing,andsoon）canalsooccurinthecontinuous.Themeaning，however,isthenoneofrepetition：You'vebeeninterruptingmenow(forthepastfiveminutes)。

now

then

×

then(past）

（future)

Althoughthisclassofverbsalsoincludesarrive，leave,come,go,andsoon，the“repetition”withtheverbsjustmentionedcannotbeeffectedbyonepersonalone:Theguestshavenbeenarrivingnowforanhour。Butnot“Theguesthasbeenarrivingnowforanhour.ConsolidationI.Relativeitemsinrecentyears’collegeentranceexaminations:1.Myfriend，who____ontheInternationalOlympicCommitteeallhislife,isretiringnextmonth。（2006浙江）

A.served

B.isserving

C。hadserved

D.hasserved2.JohnandI________friendsforeightyears。WefirstgottoknoweachotherataChristmasparty.Butwe________eachotheracoupleoftimesbeforethat。(2002北京春季招生）

A。hadbeen;haveseen

B。havebeen；haveseenC。hadbeen;hadseen

D。havebeen；hadseen3.Withtherapidgrowthofpopulation，thecity________inalldirectionsinthepastfiveyears.(2003北京春季招生）A。spreads

B。hasspread

C。spread

D。hadspread4.--Howlong________athisjob?—-Since1990.（2003北京春季招生)

A.wereyouemployed

B.haveyoubeenemployed

C.hadyoubeenemployed

D.willyoubeemployed5.Howcanyoupossiblymissthenews?It________onTValldaylong.（2004北京春季招生）

A.hasbeen

B。hadbeen

C.was

D。willbe6.Nowthatsheisoutofajob，Lucy________goingbacktoschool,butshehasn'tdecidedyet.（2004北京高考）

A.hadconsidered

B。hasbeenconsidering

C。considered

D。isgoingtoconsider7.-—Howareyoutoday？（2000全國高考）

--Oh,I________asillasIdonowforaverylongtime。A.didn’tfeel

B.wasn’tfeeling

C。don’tfeel

D。haven'tfelt8.I_______Ping—pongquitewell,butIhaven’thadtimetoplaysincethenewyear.（2001全國高考)A.played

B。willplay

C.haveplayed

D。play9。IwonderwhyJenny________usrecently.Weshouldhaveheardfromherbynow.(2002全國高考)

A。hasn’twritten

B.doesn’twrite

C.won'twrite

D。hadn’twritten10。Althoughhehaslivedwithusforyears，he________usmuchimpression。(2004上海春季招生)

A.hadn’tleft

B。didn'tleave

C。doesn'tleave

D.hasn’tleft11。Thefirstuseofatomicweaponswasin1945，andtheirpower________increasedenormouslyeversince.（2004上海高考)

A。is

B.was

C.hasbeen

D。hadbeen12.Shehassetanewrecord，thatis，thesalesofherlatestbook________50million.（2004福建高考)

A。havereached

B。hasreached

C。arereaching

D。hadreached13.Morepatients________inhospitalthisyearthanlastyear.（2004江蘇高考)

A.treated

B.havetreated

C.hadbeentreated

D。havebeentreated14.—-Thewindowisdirty.——Iknow.It________forweeks.（2004廣西高考)

A。hasn'tcleaned

B.didn’tclean

C.wasn’tcleaned

D.hasn’tbeencleaned15Yearsagowedidn'tknowthis,butrecentscience______thatpeoplewhodon’tsleepwellsoongetill。（2005廣東高考）A。showed

B.hasshown

C。willshow

D.isshowing16.Thecoffeeiswonderful!Itdoesn’